Case: 12-40008 Document: 00512196116 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/03/2013
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
April 3, 2013
No. 12-40008
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
MANDELL RHODES, JR.,
Petitioner - Appellant
v.
RICK THALER, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE,
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS DIVISION,
Respondent - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
Before KING, HIGGINBOTHAM, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
Under Texas law, a person who serves a month in prison has that month
of “calendar time” credited toward his sentence. A person who serves a month
on parole may likewise earn a month of “[s]treet-time credit,” a form of calendar
time which also counts toward a sentence.1 We consider whether, in Texas, a
person convicted of aggravated rape who was paroled by mistake is entitled to
street-time credit for the period between his release and the revocation of his
release.
1
Ex parte Spann, 132 S.W.3d 390, 392 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“Street-time credit
refers to calendar time a person receives towards his sentence for days spent on parole or
mandatory supervision.”).
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No. 12-40008
I.
Mandell Rhodes, Jr. was convicted of aggravated rape in 1980. Texas
paroled him in 2004,2 but he returned to prison in 2006 after violating a
condition of his release. Rhodes claims that he is being denied street-time credit
for the two years that he was on parole, credit that he claims “could be used to
accelerate his automatic release to mandatory supervision.” According to
Rhodes, Texas law requires that when an inmate is released in error through no
fault of his own, he is entitled to be credited with all earned street-time credit
upon his return to prison. The denial of such credit, he contends, is a denial of
due process.
Rhodes sought habeas relief in federal district court.3 The district court
denied his petition, for reasons that we will explain. Rhodes obtained a
Certificate of Appealability (COA), which grants us jurisdiction to decide this
appeal.4 Per the COA, we consider Rhodes’s argument that his street time should
have been restored because he was erroneously released to parole.
II.
Rhodes is in custody pursuant to the judgment of a Texas court. In the
usual case, we could grant him federal habeas relief only if he cleared the hurdle
2
As the district court noted, “Rhodes contended that his release on parole was in error
because he had been convicted of aggravated rape and thus could only be released by an
‘extraordinary full board vote,’ rather than the vote of a panel. He stated that for inmates
convicted of aggravated rape, two-thirds of the full board, or five of the seven board members,
had to vote in favor of release, but his case was heard by a three-member panel, two of whom
voted for release.”
3
The government concedes that Rhodes exhausted state remedies.
4
Gonzalez v. Thaler, 132 S. Ct. 641, 649 (2012) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A)).
The certificate was granted so that we could evaluate whether Ex parte Hale, 117 S.W.3d 866
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (en banc), vitiates Thompson v. Cockrell, 263 F.3d 423, 426–28 (5th Cir.
2001).
2
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No. 12-40008
of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). That provision ordinarily forecloses relief unless a state-
court decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of
Federal law,” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the State Court proceeding.”5 But it is of no
moment whether Rhodes could overcome this deferential standard of review, for
even were we to review afresh the decision of the district court, Rhodes’s claim
lacks merit.
III.
As relevant here, we may grant Rhodes’s petition only if one of his
constitutional rights has been violated.6 He contends that he was deprived of
street-time credit without due process, in violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Rhodes cannot prevail on this argument unless he has a “liberty
. . . interest” in his claimed street-time credit;7 if he does not have a liberty
interest in that street-time credit, he was due no more process than he received.8
Whether Rhodes has such a liberty interest turns on Texas state law.9 In
2001, we held in Thompson v. Cockrell that a Texas prisoner had a protected
liberty interest in receiving credit for the time between his erroneous release
5
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
6
See id. § 2241; Thompson, 263 F.3d at 425.
7
Meza v. Livingston, 607 F.3d 392, 399 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v.
Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989)).
8
See Ky. Dep’t of Corr., 490 U.S. at 460 (“[A]n individual claiming a protected [liberty]
interest must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.”); but cf. Teague v. Quarterman, 482
F.3d 769, 776 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding that an “addendum to Texas’s mandatory supervision
scheme, with its narrowly limited modicum of discretion, [does not] deprive all inmates of their
constitutional expectancy of early release”).
9
See Ky. Dep’t of Corr.,490 U.S. at 460 (explaining that liberty interests may arise from
the Due Process Clause or from state law); Thompson, 263 F.3d at 426 (holding that the
Clause does not create a liberty interest in calendar-time credit).
3
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from custody and the revocation of that release.10 We did so based in part on the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’s (CCA’s) decision in Ex parte Morris.11 In
Morris, the CCA held that a prisoner was “entitled to be granted credit on his
formal sentence for the calendar time when he was at liberty on parole.”12 But
as the district court recognized—and Rhodes conceded below—Morris is no
longer good law.
In 2003, the CCA expressly overruled Morris (and similar cases) in Ex
parte Hale.13 The CCA further explained that “[t]he law that should apply to [a
person paroled in error] is . . . the law that governs releasees.”14 Accordingly, to
determine whether Rhodes has a liberty interest in the street-time credit he
demands, we must evaluate Texas’s law of releasees.15
We turn to the law in effect when Texas revoked Rhodes’s release.16
Because revocation occurred in 2006, Texas’s “street-time credit statute,” TEX.
GOV’T CODE § 508.283, controls.17 Section 508.283(b) provides:
10
263 F.3d 423, 427 (5th Cir. 2001).
11
Id. (citing 626 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (en banc)) overruled by Ex
parte Hale, 117 S.W.3d 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (en banc).
12
626 S.W.2d at 757.
13
117 S.W.3d at 872 n.26.
14
Id. at 872.
15
Thompson notwithstanding, our rule of orderliness does not prevent this inquiry. See
Jacobs v. Nat'l Drug Intelligence Ctr., 548 F.3d 375, 378 (5th Cir. 2008) (“It is a well-settled
Fifth Circuit rule of orderliness that one panel of our court may not overturn another panel’s
decision, absent an intervening change in the law, such as by a statutory amendment, or the
Supreme Court, or our en banc court. (emphasis added)); cf. Farnham v. Bristow Helicopters,
Inc., 776 F.2d 535, 537 (5th Cir. 1985) (“A panel of this court cannot ‘overturn’ the decision of
another panel. In diversity cases, however, we are to follow subsequent state court decisions
that are clearly contrary to a previous decision of this court.”).
16
See Ex parte Hernandez, 275 S.W.3d 895, 897 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (evaluating the
law in effect at the time of parole revocation).
17
Ex parte Noyola, 215 S.W.3d 862, 864 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (explaining that the
statute “applies to all revocations of parole . . . that occur on or after September 1, 2001”).
4
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If the parole, mandatory supervision, or conditional pardon of a
person described by Section 508.149(a) is revoked, the person may be
required to serve the remaining portion of the sentence on which the
person was released. The remaining portion is computed without
credit for the time from the date of the person’s release to the date
of revocation.18
As emphasized above, § 508.283 excludes from street-time credit those persons
described in § 508.149(a).19 According to the CCA, § 508.149(a) encompasses
persons—like Rhodes—who have been convicted of aggravated rape.20 Thus,
Rhodes cannot establish a violation of his right to due process because, as a
person described by § 508.149(a), he is not entitled to street-time credit.
Rhodes disagrees. Citing § 508.283(b), he contends that Texas may not
forfeit his earned street-time credit unless he was actually paroled. Rhodes was
not lawfully on parole, he argues, because he never signed a valid parole
contract. However, in light of Hale’s direction that persons paroled in error be
treated as though they were releasees for purposes of § 508.283, this argument
lacks force.21
18
TEX. GOV’T CODE § 508.283(b) (emphasis added).
19
See id. § 508.283(c).
20
See Ex parte Ervin, 187 S.W.3d 386, 387–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Section
508.149(a) describes several types of offenders, including those “serving a sentence for or . . .
previously convicted of . . . a felony under Section 22.011 . . . [or] a first degree felony under
Section 22.021” of the Texas Penal Code. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 508.149(6), (8). Ervin held that
§ 508.149(a) “includes the predecessors to the enumerated offenses” listed therein. 187 S.W.3d
at 389. Section 21.09 is a predecessor of Sections 22.011 and 22.021 of the Penal Code. Id. at
388. Thus, § 508.149(a) includes violations of the now-repealed § 21.09 of the Penal Code,
under which Rhodes was convicted.
The Ervin court did not indicate that only certain types of felonies under § 21.09 were
included under § 508.149(a), and Rhodes does not contend that we should so limit its reach.
In any event, the CCA expressed that it “[could not] believe that the legislature intended” to
omit aggravated rape from the scope of § 508.149(a). Id.
21
We therefore need not decide (1) whether Rhodes’s petition was timely filed; (2)
whether he is eligible for mandatory release; or (3) whether he was actually released in error.
5
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***
Rhodes is entitled to federal habeas relief only if he was deprived of street-
time credit without due process. Because he had no protected liberty interest in
the street-time credit that he claims to have accrued, his due-process right was
not violated. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s denial of his habeas
petition.22
22
This is not a case in which a person released in error was returned to custody before
violating a condition of that release. Cf. Ex parte Rowe, 277 S.W.3d 18, 18–19 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (per curiam) (holding that person who was “erroneously released from custody through
no fault of his own,” and “violated no laws nor any terms of release that would have applied
to him had he been properly” paroled, was entitled to street-time credit).
6