(dissenting):
I dissent.
It is with regret that I state my inability to concur with my brothers in their ultimate conclusion that the board of review erred in ordering a rehearing with respect to Private Johnson’s disobedience of a lawful order, in violation of Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 92, 10 USC § 892. Nevertheless, with due deference for their approach to the question before us, I am compelled to conclude that whether a charge sheet be treated as an information or- — as I believe — an indictment, their action overlooks the fundamental nature of the problem which led the board of review to decide that another trial was necessary.
The accused was charged with disobeying the order of the Commanding Officer, Brooklyn Marine Barracks. As the Chief Judge notes, he pleaded guilty and persisted in that plea until the defense counsel, hearing the instructions of the president of the court-martial, became aware of the actual identity of the person alleged to have issued the order. Counsel then brought to the court’s attention the fact that accused had disobeyed the order of the Commanding Officer, Boston Marine Barracks, and thereafter consented to an amendment of the specification so that it averred the proper officer. Thus, as the change originated with accused, who thereby implicitly and judicially admitted that he had committed the offense set forth ip the amended count, *713we are not faced with a question of variance between the pleadings and proof but solely with the issue whether the specification was subject to an alteration of this nature at the trial. It is my conclusion that it could not be so changed without reference to the convening authority.
True it is that this Court early indicated a disposition to permit amendments of charges and specifications freely to be made. United States v Squirrell, 2 USCMA 146, 7 CMR 22; United States v Wilson, 2 USCMA 248, 8 CMR 48. Examination of the rationale of the cited opinions, however, indicates that our observations with reference to liberality of amendment were no more than obiter dicta. In the Squirrell case, the amendment of which we approved was a change in the allegation of the date of the offense from “on or about June 25, 1951,” to “on June 24, 1951.” It is apparent that the alteration was purely formal, for, as noted in the opinion, the date thus alleged was included in the original averment of “on or about June 25, 1951.” United States v Squirrell, supra, at page 149. And in the Wilson case, while the amendment was clearly one of substance, it was accomplished only at the direction of the convening authority, a process which fully accords with the view to which I adhere. United States v Wilson, supra, at page 252.
The opinions of this Court which follow our decisions in United States v Squirrell and United States v Wilson, both supra, make it quite plain that a charge sheet setting forth specifications and charges is to be treated in the same manner as an indictment in the United States courts. Thus, in United States v Rodgers, 8 USCMA 226, 24 CMR 36, we held that it was necessary to look to the actual charge sheet upon which the convening authority referred the accused’s case to trial in order to determine whether the appropriate Statute of Limitations had run. In that ease, the Chief Judge, concurring, noted, at page 231:
. . Until the charge sheet is actually referred to trial, it cannot be compared to an indictment m the civilian community. Very recently, we held that, when justified by the preliminary evidence, the convening authority can change the offense alleged from larceny to robbery. United States v Smith, 8 USCMA 178, 23 CMR 402. A change of such a substantial nature cannot be made in the Federal criminal courts without re-indictment by the Grand Jury. See Heald v United States, 177 F2d 781 (CA 10th Cir) (1949); Carney v United States, 163 F 2d 784 (CA 9th Cir) (1947), cert den 332 US 824, 92 L ed 400, 68 S Ct 165. The Smith case clearly stands for the principle that the charge sheet referred for trial is the only charge sheet upon which the trial can proceed. See Articles 34, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 834.”
See also United States v French, 9 USCMA 57, 25 CMR 319, and United States v Spann, 10 USCMA 410, 27 CMR 484.
I have no doubt of the accuracy of the Chief Judge’s comparison of a charge sheet to an indictment, once the former is referred to trial. Both contain the formal averment of the charges. Both are impartially “returned” by an impartial authority — the one constitutional, the other statutory — which has examined the evidence in light of the law and reached a conclusion concerning an accused’s offenses against the United States. Indeed, the return of the indictment is endorsed on the bill in a manner quite parallel to the Manual’s requirement for reference of the charge sheet to trial by special court-martial. Cf. Code, supra, Article 34, 10 USC § 934. Moreover, were it not for our according the charge sheet a status similar to an indictment, our conclusions in United States v Rodgers, United States v French, and United States v Spann, all supra, would simply be meaningless.
It is undeniable that indictments in the United States courts may not be substantively amended except by reassembly of the grand jury itself. Carney v United States, 163 F2d 784 (CA 9th Cir) (1947), cert den 332 US 824, 92 L *714ed 400, 68 S Ct 165; Edgerton v United States, 143 F2d 697 (CA 9th Cir) (1944); United States v Krepper, 159 F2d 958 (CA 3d Cir) (1946), cert den 330 US 824, 91 L ed 1275, 67 S Ct 865. In like manner, it would clearly appear that a military charge should not be changed in substance unless it is returned to the convening authority. Indeed, that is the precise practice which was involved in United States v Wilson, supra, and United States v Smith, 8 USCMA 178, 23 CMR 402, the latter case being relied upon by the Chief Judge in United States v Rodgers, supra. But, even if the charges be compared to an information, there can be no amendment to allege an offense different from that originally stated. Rule 7(e), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The ultimate question to be decided, therefore, is whether the change made in the specification before us is one of substance.
It is in answering this question that our cases regarding material variance are of assistance, for where such variance exists, it must be concluded that a substantive change has been made by the amendment. In short, as noted by the Federal courts, an indictment is improperly amended when it is altered to charge an offense different from that found by the grand jury. United States v Krepper, supra.
In United States v Marsh, 3 USCMA 48, 11 CMR 48, we squarely held that proof accused was guilty of willful disobedience of the order of one officer did not establish his guilt of disobeying the same order issued by another officer. Cf. United States v Matthews, 8 USCMA 94, 23 CMR 318. Thus, if the charge here were one of willful disobedience, it would seem beyond doubt that the amendment was improper. There is no reason why the result should be different because the offense charged is the lesser crime of failure to obey a lawful order under Code, supra, Article 92. Admittedly, the only distinction between the two offenses is scien-ter, and, indeed, we set aside a conviction of this lesser offense in United States v Matthews, supra, on the basis of our decision in the Marsh case. In short, United States v Marsh, supra, stands for the proposition that one does not prove disobedience of an order issued by Colonel A by proof that accused disobeyed the command of Colonel B. That same element is present in order offenses under Code, supra, Article 92, and I must, therefore, reject the position taken in the principal opinion. Having reached that conclusion, it follows that I believe changing the identity of the officer issuing the order in the specification before us changed the nature of the offense and was, therefore, an amendment not authorized without reference of the charge to the convening authority. United States v Wilson, supra; United States v Rodgers, supra.
One last matter deserves attention. In this case, the amendment was sought by the defense counsel in connection with his client’s plea. In my opinion, this factor should not lead us to affirm the findings of guilty. The accused was represented by an officer quite without legal qualifications. Hence, we may not enforce the doctrine of waiver. United States v Kelley, 7 USCMA 584, 23 CMR 48; United States v Anderson, 8 USCMA 603, 25 CMR 107. But, more importantly, amendments of this nature cannot be made even at the instance of the accused. Thus, in United States v Fawcett, 115 F 2d 764 (CA 3d Cir) (1940), it was pointed out that the rule forbidding substantive changes in indictments required reversal “even if the defendant agrees that the facts stipulated should have the same effect as if set forth in the indictment.” United States v Fawcett, supra, at page 766. To the same effect, see United States v Norris, 281 US 619, 74 L ed 1076, 50 S Ct 424 (1930). For these reasons, I can find no basis for affirmance in the fact that the amendment resulted from the efforts of accused’s untutored representative.
The second certified question inquires whether the board of review was correct in also setting aside accused’s plea of guilty to absence without leave because of the failure of the president to advise the accused upon receiving his plea, or at least prior to sentencing, that, if evidence of two previous con*715victions was received, the maximum permissible punishment might include a bad-conduct discharge. See United States v Zemartis, 10 USCMA 353, 27 CMR 427, and United States v Downing, 11 USCMA 650, 29 CMR 466. As, at the time of his plea and the time of the presentencing procedure, accused was faced with charges that permitted imposition of a bad-conduct discharge without regard to evidence of previous convictions, it is obvious that the president was not required to give the instruction necessitated by our holdings in the Zemartis and Downing cases. To hold otherwise would require that officer to possess sufficient clairvoyance to foretell that part of the findings of guilty would be set aside on appeal. That prescience is denied even to appellate judges. Accordingly, I would answer the second certified question in the negative.
I would set aside the decision of the board of review with respect to the charge of unauthorized absence and remand the case with direction either to affirm the findings of guilty of that charge and reassess the sentence or to direct a rehearing on the disobedience count and the penalty.