FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
April 12, 2013
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 12-5072
DAVID GLEN SHUCK,
Defendant-Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
(D.C. No. 4:11-CR-00166-CVE-1)
Submitted on the briefs:
James Fatigante, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellant.
Danny C. Williams, Sr., United States Attorney, and Leena Alam, Assistant United States
Attorney, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, ANDERSON and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
BRISCOE, Chief Judge.
David Shuck was charged on November 7, 2011, with five counts: conspiracy to
manufacture 100 or more marijuana plants in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,
841(b)(1)(B)(vii); manufacture of 100 or more marijuana plants in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii); two counts of the use and maintenance of a place for the
purpose of manufacturing marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1), (b); and
possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(D). Shuck entered a conditional guilty plea on all five counts and was sentenced
on April 12, 2012, to eighteen months. Shuck argues that the district court erred in
denying his motion to suppress, and that the district erred in denying his motion for an
additional downward departure in sentencing. We have jurisdiction to review these
rulings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, respectively. We affirm the
district court in all regards.1
I
On July 27, 2011, Creek County Sheriff’s Detective Leslie Ruhman received a call
from Ralph Bengston to report that he believed there was a marijuana-growing operation
in the house next door. R. Vol. 2, at 37-40. Approximately thirty minutes after he
received the call, Detective Ruhman, along with Undersheriff Rick Ishmael and Detective
Matt Greco, met with Bengston at his home. Id. at 40-41. Bengston told the officers that
he and his relatives had noticed the smell of marijuana coming from the trailer house next
door, which was located approximately fifty yards from Bengston’s property. Id. at 41.
1
After examining the brief and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is, therefore,
submitted without oral argument.
2
Detective Ruhman was unable to smell the marijuana from Bengston’s property because
he was recovering from a case of pneumonia. Id. at 42. Bengston told the officers that he
had seen David Shuck and Vince Watson at the residence. Id. at 54. Bengston also told
the officers that he had seen a brown Toyota pickup driven by Shuck and a 2000 silver
Infiniti SUV coming and going from the residence. Id. at 50. Bengston gave the officers
the license plate number of the silver Infiniti. Id. at 50-51.
Detective Ruhman, Undersheriff Ishmael, and Detective Greco then drove to the
residence next door. The officers walked to the front of the trailer house, located in the
northeast corner of the yard. Id. at 43. A gated chainlink fence enclosed the front yard
and part of a driveway where a boat was stored. Id. at 43-44. Detective Ruhman testified
that the gate appeared to be locked and that it had not been used in a while because of the
amount of dirt accumulated at the bottom of the gate. Id. at 43. The officers went around
the chainlink fence to the west side of the trailer house where the back door was located.
Detective Ruhman testified that it appeared persons entering the trailer entered through
the back door. Id. The officers saw surveillance cameras above both the front and back
doors of the house. Id. at 44. Detective Ruhman then knocked at the back door but
received no response. Id. at 44, 48. The officers saw a PVC pipe a foot or two to the
right of the back door, which Detective Ruhman described as “hard to miss.” Id. at 47.
Detective Greco got down on his knees to smell the end of the pipe and detected the odor
of marijuana. Id. at 76. Detective Ruhman also noticed that several windows of the
home were boarded up and that all of the windows were covered. Id. at 48. Based on the
3
way that the windows were covered, Detective Ruhman did not think that anyone was
living at the residence. Id. at 50.
After the officers returned to their office, Detective Ruhman called the Creek
County Rural Water District and learned that the residence’s water service was listed
under David Shuck and that the residence was using 1,000 to 2,000 gallons of water a
month. Id. at 49. Detective Ruhman thought that the water usage was particularly high,
especially for a residence that appeared to be uninhabited. Id. Detective Ruhman also
looked up the license plate number on the silver Infiniti and learned that the vehicle
belonged to Christie Watson. Id. at 51. Detective Ruhman obtained a search warrant for
the trailer house based on information the officers had gathered—including information
from Bengston regarding marijuana odor and vehicles coming and going from the
property, the marijuana odor that Detective Greco had noticed, the fact that the windows
at the home were covered, the property’s high water usage, and the surveillance cameras
above the front and back doors. Supp. R. Vol. I, at 16-18. The officers discovered
another address for Shuck in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, because the Sand Springs address
was listed on Shuck’s driver’s license.
Pursuant to the search warrant, the officers searched the trailer house and found
chemicals to grow plant materials, numerous marijuana plants ranging from a foot to nine
feet tall, trash bags full of marijuana, high pressure lights, ballasts, and fans. Id. at 58-59.
The officers then contacted Tulsa County deputies, who obtained consent to search the
Sand Springs residence and discovered more marijuana there. Id. at 111-12.
4
On November 7, 2011, Shuck and co-defendant Vincent Watson were indicted on
five counts: conspiracy to manufacture 100 or more marijuana plants in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B)(vii); manufacture of 100 or more marijuana plants in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(vii); two counts of the use and maintenance
of a place for the purpose of manufacturing marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
856(a)(1), (b); and possession of marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(D). R. Vol. 1, at 10-14. On December 16, 2011, Shuck moved
to suppress evidence seized at both properties. R. Vol. 3, at 10, 12-13. On January 9,
2012, the district court denied Shuck’s motion to suppress. R. Vol. 1, at 48.
On April 13, 2012, Shuck conditionally pled guilty to all five counts. Id. at 57.
After his guilty plea, Shuck assisted the government in its case against Vincent Watson
and provided testimony at trial. R. Vol. 3, at 27-28. Given Shuck’s substantial assistance
in the government’s prosecution of Vincent Watson, the government moved for a six-
level downward departure in his offense level, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 and 18
U.S.C. § 3553(e). Id. at 26. Shuck responded to the government’s motion for downward
departure and requested an additional four-level reduction, arguing that he and his family
are at risk of injury because of his assistance to the government. Id. at 31-32. The district
court granted the government’s motion for a six-level downward departure and denied
Shuck’s request for an additional four-level departure. R. Vol. 2, at 24. On April 12,
2012, the district court sentenced Shuck to eighteen months. Id. at 27.
5
II
Shuck presents two issues to this court. First, Shuck argues that the district court
erred in denying his motion to suppress. Second, Shuck argues that the district court
erred in denying his request for additional downward departure.
Motion to Suppress
In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, “‘we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government, accept the district court’s findings of fact unless
clearly erroneous, and review de novo the ultimate determination of reasonableness under
the Fourth Amendment.’” United States v. Polly, 630 F.3d 991, 996 (10th Cir. 2011)
(quoting United States v. Eckhart, 569 F.3d 1263, 1270 (10th Cir. 2009)).
Shuck contends that the officers violated his Fourth Amendment rights when they
entered his backyard and conducted a search under the guise of doing a knock and talk.
Aplt. Br. at 15. He argues that the officers unlawfully entered the trailer home property
when they decided not to approach the front door but went directly into the backyard. Id.
at 16. Shuck further argues that the officers conducted an illegal search when Detective
Greco dropped to his hands and knees and smelled the PVC pipe. Id.
The Fourth Amendment provides that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause . . . .” U.S.
Const. amend. IV. “[A] ‘knock and talk’ is a consensual encounter and therefore does not
contravene the Fourth Amendment, even absent reasonable suspicion.” United States v.
6
Cruz-Mendez, 467 F.3d 1260, 1264 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Spence, 397
F.3d 1280, 1283 (10th Cir. 2005)). Shuck contends that the knock and talk here was
unconstitutional because the officers conducted the knock and talk at the back door of the
trailer home, without first knocking on the front door. Aplt. Br. at 17.
Shuck argues that the officers unlawfully entered onto the curtilage of his property
by going directly to the back door. Curtilage, the land immediately surrounding and
associated with the home, “is the area to which extends the intimate activity associated
with the ‘sanctity of a man’s home and the privacies of life.’” Oliver v. United States,
466 U.S. 170, 180 (1984) (quoting Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616, 630 (1886)). As
a result, curtilage “has been considered part of home itself for Fourth Amendment
purposes,” and “warrants the Fourth Amendment protections that attach to the home.” Id.
Even assuming the area traversed by the officers was within the curtilage, the
officers would not have violated the Fourth Amendment by walking up to the back door
and knocking, as they did here. See, e.g., Florida v. Jardines, No. 11-564, 569 U.S. __,
2013 WL 1196577, at *4 (Mar. 26, 2013) (holding that “there is no doubt that the officers
entered [the curtilage]” when they entered the front porch of the house). The “portion of
the curtilage” that is “the normal route of access for anyone visiting the premises” is only
a “semi-private area” on which police may set foot if they “restrict their movements to
places visitors could be expected to go (e.g., walkways, driveways, porches).” 1 Wayne
R. LaFave et al., Search & Seizure § 2.3(f) (5th ed., 2012 update) (footnotes omitted).
“[O]bservations made from such vantage points are not covered by the Fourth
7
Amendment.” Id. In United States v. Hatfield, 333 F.3d 1189 (10th Cir. 2003), for
example, two police officers parked on a suspect’s driveway to investigate a tip that
marijuana was being grown behind the house. One officer made contact with the suspect
at his door, while the other officer waited on the driveway. Id. at 1190-91. While on the
driveway, the officer saw small structures in the home’s backyard, which he suspected
could be used to house growing marijuana. Id. at 1191. Although the defendant argued
that these observations were made within his curtilage, we nonetheless upheld the denial
of the suppression motion, reasoning that the officer had a legitimate “knock and talk”
purpose for being on the driveway, and the officer could permissibly make observations
from that vantage point. Id. at 1194-95.
Here, the evidence showed that by approaching the back door as they did, the
officers used the normal route of access, which would be used by anyone visiting this
trailer. This is an area that police may approach even without reasonable suspicion if they
have a “knock and talk” purpose, as these officers did. United States v. Cruz-Mendez,
467 F.3d 1260, 1264-65 (10th Cir. 2006); see also Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d
497, 519 (3d Cir. 2003) (“Officers are allowed to knock on a residence’s door or
otherwise approach the residence seeking to speak to the inhabitants just as any private
citizen may.”). “Thus, a police officer not armed with a warrant may approach a home
and knock, precisely because that is ‘no more than any private citizen might do.’”
Jardines, 2013 WL , at *4 (quoting Kentucky v. King, 131 S. Ct. 1849, 1862 (2011)). See
also United States v. McDowell, No. 11-3337, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. 2013) (holding that
8
the officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment by traversing the driveway and front
sidewalk while conducting a “knock and talk”). Accordingly, the officers did not violate
the Fourth Amendment when they approached the trailer’s back door with an intent to
speak to its occupants regarding the reported odor of marijuana.2
We also conclude that Detective Greco did not violate Shuck’s Fourth Amendment
rights by smelling the PVC pipe. Shuck analogizes Detective Greco’s smelling of the
PVC pipe to a police dog sniff. See, e.g., City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32,
40 (2000) (“The fact that officers walk a narcotics-detection dog around the exterior of
each car at the . . . checkpoints does not transform the seizure into a search.”); Illinois v.
Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 409 (2005) (“[T]he use of a well-trained narcotics-detection
dog—one that ‘does not expose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden
from public view’—during a lawful traffic stop, generally does not implicate legitimate
privacy interests.” (citation omitted)). Shuck argues that cases in which the Supreme
2
Our conclusion that the officers did not violate Shuck’s Fourth Amendment
rights by approaching the back door is consistent with findings of other circuits. See, e.g.,
United States v. Thomas, 430 F.3d 274, 280 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding no reasonable
expectation of privacy when the back door “‘was customarily used as the entrance to the
house’”); United States v. Raines, 243 F.3d 419, 421 (8th Cir. 2001) (“[The officer] did
not interfere with [the defendant’s] privacy interest when he, in good faith, went
unimpeded to the back of [the defendant’s] home to contact the occupants of the
residence.”); United States v. Garcia, 997 F.2d 1273, 1279-80 (9th Cir. 1993) (“If the
front and back of a residence are readily accessible from a public place . . . the Fourth
Amendment is not implicated when officers go to the back door reasonably believing it is
used as a principal entrance to the dwelling.”); United States v. Daoust, 916 F.2d 757, 758
(1st Cir. 1990) (“[I]f [the front] door is inaccessible there is nothing unlawful or
unreasonable about going to the back of the house to look for another door, all as part of a
legitimate attempt to interview a person.”).
9
Court upheld the use of dog sniffs are distinguishable from this case because “the
searched items [in those cases] were already under law enforcement control.” Aplt. Br. at
20. But as the Supreme Court explained in Caballes, the key distinction between lawful
and unlawful searches under the Fourth Amendment is whether there is a “legitimate
expectation that information about perfectly lawful activity will remain private.” 543
U.S. at 410. The Supreme Court distinguished Caballes, in which the Court upheld the
use of a narcotics-detection dog to sniff around the exterior of a vehicle, from Kyllo v.
United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001), in which the Court held that the use of a thermal-
imaging device to detect the growth of marijuana in a home constituted an unlawful
search, based on a legitimate expectation of privacy:
Critical to [Kyllo] was the fact that the device was capable of
detecting lawful activity—in that case, intimate details in a
home, such as at what hour each night the lady of the house
takes her daily sauna and bath. The legitimate expectation
that information about perfectly lawful activity will remain
private is categorically distinguishable from respondent’s
hopes or expectations concerning the nondetection of
contraband in the trunk of his car. A dog sniff conducted
during a concededly lawful traffic stop that reveals no
information other than the location of a substance that no
individual has any right to possess does not violate the Fourth
Amendment.
543 U.S. at 409-10 (quotation and citation omitted). Similar to the facts of Caballes,
Detective Greco’s smell of the PVC pipe in this case could not uncover intimate details or
private activity within the trailer home.
Shuck argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Florida v. Jardines would “shed
10
light upon Fourth Amendment analysis regarding dog sniffs.” Aplt. Br. at 21. In
Jardines, the Supreme Court held that the use of narcotics-sniffing dogs on the front porch
of a home constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Jardines,
2013 WL 1196477, at *6. However, Jardines can be distinguished from this case because
the officers here did not use dogs or other devices to detect the marijuana odor. See id. at
*8 n.2 (“If officers can smell drugs coming from a house, they can use that information; a
human sniff is not a search, we can all agree.”) (Kagan, J., concurring). Further, the
Supreme Court has explained that “the police cannot reasonably be expected to avert their
eyes from evidence of criminal activity that could have been observed by any member of
the public.” California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35, 41 (1988); see also California v.
Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207, 213 (1986) (“That the area is within the curtilage does not itself
bar all police observation. The Fourth Amendment protection of the home has never been
extended to require law enforcement officers to shield their eyes when passing by a home
on public thoroughfares.”).
Here, Shuck’s exposure of the marijuana odor to the public defeated his
subsequent claim to Fourth Amendment protection. Bengston and his family members
could smell marijuana odor from their home next door. See United States v. Angelos,
433 F.3d 738, 747 (10th Cir. 2006) (explaining that the plain smell doctrine is a logical
extension of the plain view doctrine); 1 Search & Seizure § 2.2(a) (discussing “plain
smell” equivalent of the “plain view” rule). In addition, the PVC pipe was clearly
noticeable by anyone standing at the back door of the trailer house, which appeared to be
11
the door commonly used by anyone entering the trailer. Any observations that the
officers made from the vantage point of the back door, including Detective Greco’s smell
of the PVC pipe, are not protected by the Fourth Amendment. Cf. Jardines, 2013 WL
1196577, at *5 (“There is no customary invitation” to introduce “a trained police dog to
explore the area around the home in hopes of discovering incriminating evidence.”).
Because we conclude that the officers did not violate Shuck’s Fourth Amendment
rights in searching the trailer home, we conclude that the search of the Sand Springs
property was not the fruit of an illegal search. Accordingly, the district court did not err
in denying Shuck’s motion to suppress evidence.
Sentencing
“[We] may review a denial of a downward departure only if the denial is based on
the sentencing court’s interpretation of the Guidelines as depriving it of the legal
authority to grant the departure.” United States v. Fonseca, 473 F.3d 1109, 1112 (10th
Cir. 2007). We have no jurisdiction “to review a district court’s discretionary decision to
deny a motion for downward departure on the ground that a defendant’s circumstances do
not warrant the departure.” United States v. Sierra-Castillo, 405 F.3d 932, 936 (10th Cir.
2005). Here, Shuck does not argue that the district court concluded it did not have the
authority to grant his request for downward departure, and our review of the record does
not indicate that the district court concluded that it lacked such authority. Although we
do not have jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of Shuck’s request for
downward departure, we nonetheless may consider the overall reasonableness of his
12
sentence. See United States v. Bergman, 599 F.3d 1142, 1150 (10th Cir. 2010).
“Reasonableness review is a two-step process comprising a procedural and a
substantive component.” United States v. Verdin-Garcia, 516 F.3d 884, 895 (10th Cir.
2008) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). The appellate court
must first ensure that the district court committed no
significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or
improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the
Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a)
factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts,
or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence —
including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range.
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. In reviewing the district court’s sentence for procedural
reasonableness, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
findings for clear error. Fonseca, 473 F.3d at 1112. In reviewing the district court’s
sentence for substantive reasonableness, this court considers the sentence imposed under
an abuse of discretion standard and will “take into account the totality of the
circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range.” Gall,
552 U.S. at 51.
Here, the district court’s sentence is both procedurally and substantively
reasonable. Shuck argues that the district court failed to consider § 5K1.1(a)(4), “any
injury suffered, or any danger or risk of injury to the defendant or his family resulting
from his assistance.” However, at the sentencing hearing, the district court considered
Shuck’s argument regarding the potential threat of retribution from co-defendant Vincent
13
Watson. Shuck argued to the district court that his property had been vandalized and that
his employer had received a potentially threatening telephone call about Shuck’s case. R.
Vol. 2, at 18-20. In determining Shuck’s sentence, the district court properly considered
each of the § 3553(a) factors and found that “there are no factors present that separate
[Shuck] from the mine run of similarly situated defendants in similar cases.” Id. at 25.
The district court also found that it “has granted a significant downward departure based
on [Shuck’s] substantial assistance to the government and finds no reason to grant an
additional variance from the departure guideline range.” Id. We conclude that the district
court’s sentence for Shuck was reasonable.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
14