IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
8/12/97
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 93-KA-00856 COA
DANYEL L. CLEMONS APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND
MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B
TRIAL JUDGE: HONORABLE MARCUS D. GORDON
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: NESHOBA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOHNNIE E. WALLS, JR.
LYNDA CAROL ROBINSON
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: DEIRDRE
MCCRORY
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: HONORABLE J. KENNEDY TURNER
NATURE OF THE CASE: MURDER
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CONVICTED OF MURDER AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IN
PRISON
MANDATE ISSUED: 11/13/97
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
EN BANC.
THOMAS, P.J., FOR THE COURT:
The petition for rehearing filed by the State of Mississippi is hereby granted. The previous opinions
are withdrawn and these opinions are substituted therefor.
Danyel L. Clemons was indicted, tried and convicted of murder in the Circuit Court of Neshoba
County. Aggrieved, Clemons appeals assigning as error the followings:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN INSTRUCTING THE JURY TO CONSIDER THE GUILT
OR INNOCENCE OF THE DEFENDANT FOR THE CHARGE OF MURDER, SINCE THE
OVERWHELMING CREDIBLE EVIDENCE COULD NOT SUPPORT A CONVICTION
FOR MURDER, BUT ONLY FOR MANSLAUGHTER GIVEN THE FACTS AS ADDUCED
AT TRIAL.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING DEFENDANT A BATSON CHALLENGE TO
THE COMPOSITION OF THE JURY.
III. THE APPOINTMENT OF A WHITE MALE AS FOREPERSON OF THE JURY BY THE
COURT FOR THE REASONS ANNOUNCED THEREFOR TAINTED THE
DELIBERATIONS AND DENIED APPELLANT A FAIR TRIAL.
FACTS
On December 22, 1992, Clemons, a black male, fatally shot Kevin Tolbert, a white male, after a
verbal and physical confrontation occurred between the two men. The confrontation began after
Clemons attempted to exchange a carburetor that he had purchased at Tolbert's auto salvage business
in House, Mississippi. Tolbert told Clemons that company policy precluded refunding the money for
the carburetor without a receipt; however, Clemons could exchange the part. One of Tolbert's
employees and Clemons searched the salvage yard for a replacement, but they were unable to locate a
suitable part for the exchange. Clemons then demanded a refund without a receipt, and Tolbert
refused again, stating store policy. The two men began to furiously argue, at which point, Tolbert
asked Clemons to leave the salvage yard immediately, or he would call the police. At that point,
Clemons got into his car and pulled off through the gated entrance. However, Clemons parked his
car, walked back through the gate, and hit Tolbert, knocking him to the ground. Clemons jumped on
top of Tolbert and hit him while Tolbert was on the ground. A bystander eventually broke up the
fight. Thereafter, Clemons got into his car as if to leave. However, Clemons backed the car inside the
gate, almost hitting Tolbert. Tolbert threw a brick through the right rear quarter glass of the car,
shattering the window. Clemons stated that when he heard the brick hit the window, he thought it
was a gunshot. Clemons got out of the car with a pistol in his hand. Tolbert backed away from
Clemons, and turned to run away from Clemons. Clemons then shot Tolbert, who was unarmed.
Shortly thereafter, Clemons surrendered himself to the sheriff's office.
On March 2, 1993, Clemons was indicted by the grand jury of Neshoba County for the murder of
Kevin Tolbert. Clemons was convicted of murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
ANALYSIS
I.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN INSTRUCTING THE JURY TO CONSIDER THE GUILT
OR INNOCENCE OF THE DEFENDANT FOR THE CHARGE OF MURDER, SINCE THE
OVERWHELMING CREDIBLE EVIDENCE COULD NOT SUPPORT A CONVICTION
FOR MURDER, BUT ONLY FOR MANSLAUGHTER GIVEN THE FACTS AS ADDUCED
AT TRIAL.
Clemons contends that the trial court erred in submitting the case to the jury on the issue of murder,
arguing that the evidence at most would only support a conviction of manslaughter. Without
restating the facts outlined herein above, we simply note that there was a jury issue created over
whether this homicide was murder or manslaughter and only the jury could resolve the matter.
Windham v. State, 602 So. 2d 798, 801 (Miss. 1992). See also Strong v. State, 600 So. 2d 199, 203
(Miss. 1992); Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1139 (Miss. 1985).
Clemons's argument, that the evidence could not support a murder instruction, necessarily tests the
sufficiency of the evidence. As such, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State
under our well settled standards of review. Wetz v. State, 503 So. 2d 803, 808 (Miss. 1987). The
evidence shows Clemons initiated the incident by first threatening to beat Tolbert and then
threatening to kill him. Clemons thereafter attempted to back over Tolbert, and when Tolbert broke
Clemons's car window with a brick, Clemons exited his vehicle with a gun, approached an unarmed
Tolbert and shot him in the back from a distance of approximately 20 to 25 feet as Tolbert was trying
to retreat. These facts overwhelmingly support a finding of a deliberate and cold-blooded killing.
Harris v. State, 532 So. 2d 602, 603-05 (Miss. 1988) (murder conviction was supported by evidence
that the defendant started a fight with an unarmed victim and shot him three times).
Intertwined under this assignment is also an argument the trial court erroneously granted
manslaughter instructions S-4 and C-1 over Clemons's D-6. The instructions read as follows:
S-4
The Court instructs the jury that every killing of a human being without the authority of law is either
murder or manslaughter. Murder when done with the deliberated design to effect the death of the
person killed, and manslaughter when done in the heat of passion, without malice and without any
premeditation.
If the State has failed to prove all of the essential elements of the crime of Murder, you may consider
the lesser charge of Manslaughter. However, it is your duty to accept the law given to you by the
Court, and if the facts and the law warrant a conviction of the crime of Murder, then it is your duty to
make such finding uninfluenced by your power to find a lesser offense. This provision is not designed
to relieve you from the performance of an unpleasant duty. It is included to prevent a failure of justice
if the evidence fails to prove the original charge but does not justify a verdict for the lesser crime.
C-1
The Court instructs the Jury that manslaughter is the killing of a human being without authority of
law, not in necessary self-defense, in the heat of sudden passion, without malice aforethought.
D-6
The Court instructs the jury that murder is done deliberately with malice aforethought and
manslaughter is done without malice or deliberation, but in the heat of passion, by use of a deadly
weapon, without authority of law and not in necessary self-defense.
If you, the jury, find from the evidence in this case, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Kelvin Tolbert
died as a result of his having been shot by Defendant, Danyel Clemons, through the use of a deadly
weapon, while Danyel Clemons, was angry and in the heat of passion, and that the shooting was not in
necessary self-defense, then you shall find the Defendant guilty of manslaughter.
There was no objection to S-4, and Clemons cannot be heard here to complain over the granting of
the same. Settles v. State, 584 So. 2d 1260, 1262 (Miss. 1991). Clemons's objection to C-1 was that
"it doesn't go further to tell the jury that if they find him guilty of manslaughter, that they should find
him guilty of manslaughter." Instructions S-4 and C-1 are correct statements of the law, and D-4 is
nothing more than cumulative. Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1148 (Miss. 1985). (The trial
court "is not required to grant several instructions on the same question in different verbiage").
II.
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING DEFENDANT A BATSON CHALLENGE TO
THE COMPOSITION OF THE JURY.
Clemons asserts that he was denied the right to challenge the State's use of its peremptory strikes
under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). As seated the jury consisted of five Native
Americans, seven whites, and a Native American as an alternate. Clemons was black, and Tolbert
was white. The State used all twelve of its peremptory strikes; it struck six blacks, four whites and
two Native Americans. Clemons likewise used all twelve of his peremptory strikes; all twelve were
white.
After both the State and Clemons had exercised their peremptory challenges and a jury of twelve with
one alternative had been chosen, the following exchange occurred:
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, according to my understanding, if we make a Batson challenge, this
would be the time for us to make it, and we would move the Court to deny those peremptory
challenges exercised by the State against --
BY THE COURT: But, you are not timely. You should have made them at the time he was
exercising his challenges. The same would apply to you, also, because the Batson now applies to the
Defendant, also. It applies to him, as well as the State, and I would have been ruling on your
challenges and his at the time --
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, I --
BY THE COURT: -- on whether or not the challenge is acceptable.
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, it was my understanding that the only way you could make that
challenge is to wait and look at the totality of the challenges, and see if the State, in fact, used it
against all Black jurors, and in this particular instance, I wouldn't know until he completed his
challenges.
BY THE COURT: No. His first challenge would by Rita McBeth, a Black lady, and I ask him what's
his reason. He would have to give me a racially neutral reason, and then I go through his, and then I
make a ruling, and also for you, you exercising your challenges, you first excused John Hollis Munn,
who is White, and you would give me your reason, and then I would rule he could exercise this
challenge and this and this challenge, and then I would rule you could exercise this challenge and this
challenge. But, now, you have denied me that right.
BY MR. WALLS: Well, Your Honor, I didn't mean to deny the Court that right. Let me just say, I
guess, for the record, I am simply following the procedure that has been used by some of the other
Judges. That is not to say they are right in the way they do it, but I normally wait until after the State
has made all its challenges and then make an objection, and then the State, of course, has the right to
do the same thing.
BY THE COURT: Now, let's say he fails to give me a racially neutral reason to Juror say No. 5, and
I say I an going to disallow that strike, and then I am going to disallow your strike to Juror No. 8.
He's used his challenges and gotten on down here, and then I turn around to you, and I want your
reasons, and I disallow your strike to Juror No. 2 and Juror No. 10, and here we are with four jurors,
and none of you know what challenges you have got left and what challenges you don't have.
BY MR. WALLS: I understand, but normally -- well, I won't say normally. The way I have seen it
done, once the challenges are made, then the Court goes back and requires the State to justify their
reasons as non-racial reasons, and then make that same requirement of the Defendant Then, if the
Court is satisfied those reasons were not valid, then the Court would disallow those challenges, and
we would have to go back and put those people back on the jury.
BY THE COURT: Then, how would you keep up with how many strikes you have exercised and how
many you haven't?
BY MR. WALLS: It will be difficult, Your Honor. I will have to admit that.
BY THE COURT: But, the procedure that should be followed is you announce to me at the
beginning of the selection of the jury, you are going to exercise Batson. Then when he challenges a
Black, I ask him why, and then if he doesn't give me a racially neutral reason, I disallow the strike, and
then when he finally presents you twelve, then I rule that he has not exercised his strikes according to
Batson, and then I get with you, and if you don't comply with the decision, then I disallow your
strikes, and then when we are through, you know how many strikes you have exercised and how many
you have remaining.
I will try to cure it in some fashion. I don't know if I can do it or not, but I want to know why you
strike -- I am coming back to yours separately now, and I am going to disallow your strikes unless
you have a racially neutral reason.
We will start all over. Beverly Ann Wallace. She is Indian. You accepted her. You struck Rita
McBeth. Why did you strike Rita McBeth?
MR. DUNCAN: Because her son, Charles McBeth, has been convicted by us, or in Neshoba County.
BY MR. TURNER: Sheriff's Office case, aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer.
BY THE COURT: All right. You exercised a challenge to Ernestine Pickens who is Black.
BY MR. DUNCAN: Her and her husband were recently charged with arson by the local law
enforcement.
BY THE COURT: Bobbie Gail Boyd.
BY MR. DUNCAN: Your Honor, she is somehow closely related to another Defendant in the same
aggravated assault case on law officers as McBeth was.
BY MR. TURNER: That would be Billy Ray Boyd.
BY MR. DUNCAN: That was convicted, a Neshoba County case.
BY THE COURT: You exercised a strike to Arlessa Clemons, who is Black.
BY MR. DUNCAN: Your Honor, she answered on voir-dire that she was related to the Defendant in
this case.
BY THE COURT: I am going to allow all strikes -- wait a minute. I believe that is all, isn't it?
BY MR. TURNER: We had also excused Jay Hugh Graham, and the reason for that is he is the
brother of Dorothy Graham, who was sent to jail by this same Sheriff's Office, and she is also related
to Michael Graham, who has also been imprisoned in cases made by these officers.
BY MR. WALLS: Also, Marcus Dupree.
BY MR. DUNCAN: We excused him, Your Honor, because as I understand it, the Court has had
problems getting him to come for jury service, in the first place, and, also, he has been arrested on
numerous occasions and held in the Neshoba County Jail for various reasons.
BY THE COURT: I am going to permit the strikes of all jurors except Bobbie Gail Boyd as being
racially neutral reasons. So, I am going to put her back on.
****
BY THE COURT: What about Mrs. Boyd, who they believe -- what was the reason again?
BY MR. TURNER: She is closely related to Billy Ray Boyd, who this Sheriff's Office convicted of
aggravated assault on a law officer.
BY THE COURT: She is kin to somebody who was convicted of a crime by the Sheriff's Office.
BY MR. WALLS: The Court disallowed that challenge?
BY THE COURT: That is a much better reason than somebody who just raised their hand because
they had heard of the case.
BY MR. WALLS: Quite honestly, Your Honor, I would think that is a reason, a racially neutral
reason, I would think. That's the kind of reason the Courts have normally used, sustained if a person
had some problem with law enforcement or members of the family, and, likewise, people who you
ordinarily would be able to challenge on the basis of cause.
BY THE COURT: Of course, Batson gives everybody concern. I guess if a juror says, "Well, I just
don't like Blacks," that would be a -- or, "I don't like Whites," I think that would be cause.
All right. I am going to back up then. I am going to rule on the strikes the State has exercised as being
non-racial, as well as the strikes of the Whites by the Defendant himself. So, I am going to accept the
strikes as exercised.
Clemons couches this assignment of error in terms that he was denied the right to challenge under
Batson, the State's use of its peremptory strikes. However, the record bears out that while the trial
court initially held Clemons's objection under Batson to come too late, the trial court nonetheless
went back and required the State to come forward with race neutral reasons for its use of strikes
against blacks, which it did so and which the trial court accepted. Particularly, as to Bobbi Gail Boyd,
whom the trial court initially denied the State the right to challenge, even Clemons admitted the
reason given to strike her by the State was race neutral when the trial court reconsidered the same
and allowed. Although Clemons's brief on this assignment is less than clear and cites us to no case
except Batson, he seems to be arguing that since no blacks were seated on the jury this was error,
particularly in view of the fact he allegedly could not argue a "practice and pattern" argument. It is
abundantly clear from the record Clemons said all he wanted to say, added nothing more, nor
attempted to make any other argument or proffer. Clemons has failed to advance any meaningful
argument or citation to authorities so as to show any merit to this assignment. Hoops v. State, 681
So. 2d 521, 526 (Miss. 1996). Certainly, being related to the defendant, having a prior criminal
history, and having relatives involved in criminal pasts are all reasons previously held neutral and
allowable in exercising peremptory strikes. Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346, 1350-57 (Miss. 1987)
(See Appendix I of Lockett for other valid race-neutral reasons). The fact that the ultimate jury
selected contained no member of the same race as the defendant in and of itself is not error. Hughes
v. State, 420 So. 2d 1060, 1062 (Miss. 1982).
We do note a point that merits comment, and that is when a Batson challenge ought to be invoked.
The trial court obviously took the position that when the State started to strike a black that Clemons
should have invoked Batson immediately. Clemons thought it preferable to wait and see the total
composition of the jury. There is no case, rule or statute that provides direction. We decree no rule
but simply comment that invoking Batson early on gives the trial court the opportunity to
immediately cure a problem if one exists while at the same time putting the trial court on notice of
any overall developing patterns.
III.
THE APPOINTMENT OF A WHITE MALE AS FOREPERSON OF THE JURY BY THE
COURT FOR THE REASONS ANNOUNCED THEREFOR TAINTED THE
DELIBERATIONS AND DENIED APPELLANT A FAIR TRIAL.
At the conclusion of the case, the trial court instructed the jury as to the law and then allowed closing
arguments. The trial court then recessed for lunch. When all necessary parties reassembled after lunch,
the trial court excused the alternate juror and then stated:
BY THE COURT: Mr. Hill, the Court has a need for someone to serve as a spokesman from the
jury to the Court, and I am going to appoint you as the spokesman. Mrs. Patterson will furnish you
the exhibits, a clean sheet of paper.
Now, there is one instruction that has the forms of the three verdicts that this jury can return. All
twelve of you must agree to a verdict. In the event all twelve of you do agree, refer to that
instruction, track the exact wording onto the clean sheet of paper.
Would you come around now and receive these matters from the clerk? Would the jury, please, be
retired.
The record reflects that after the jury was excused to deliberate, the trial court, court reporter,
Clemons and all attorneys retired to chambers, whereupon the following discussion occurred:
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, when the Court submitted the case to the jury, the Court appointed a
gentlemen, I've forgotten his name, as a spokesperson or foreman of the jury, and we object to that,
and quite honestly, I will state to the Court I don't know what the law is. It has been my understanding
that the jurors, once they enter into deliberations, select their own foreperson, and the way the Court
did it, it could be inferred by some of the jurors that this gentleman has a higher responsibility and
should be believed and listened to a little more than the other jurors, since the Court singled him out,
and that is the basis of our objection, and we would move the Court to --
BY THE COURT: Do you have any offer of prejudice to the Defendant by reason of that, in the way
of testimony?
BY MR. WALLS: No, Your Honor, we don't.
BY THE COURT: Or showing of prejudice, prejudice to the welfare of the Defendant?
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, we don't know, we can't offer any prejudice to that. The only thing,
I guess -- nothing that we know of.
BY THE COURT: Do you move for a mistrial?
BY MR. WALLS: Your Honor, I think for the record, I have to.
BY THE COURT: All right. I am going to overrule your objection. This person, I named him as a
spokesperson, told him I had a need for a person to serve as spokesman between the jury and the
Court.
He asked to be relieved from jury service, because he was one of the managers of the office at U. S.
Motors, the largest industry here in Neshoba County. His information sheet indicates he is an
educated man, and on this jury, there are very few on there that were educated. I think there's only
one lady on there that had any college at all.
I indicated this person to serve as a spokesperson, because I felt he was the most capable person to
bring in a verdict from the jury to the Courtroom. He is a White male. There are six native
Americans, or Indians, on the jury. Of the six, I think there are only two that has a high school
education, and I believe Mrs. Gail Bates, or whatever her last name is, is the only other juror who has
any college.
So, considering all of the jurors, I think he is the most qualified person to serve.
Now, I am familiar with the rule you are talking about. It has been my practice, usually, to not appoint
a person, but to let the jury select from among their number. In fact, I think I am the one that started
this proceeding in Johnson v. State, requiring the jury to select someone as the spokesman, but in this
particular case, it appeared to me the best thing to do was appoint this one person, because he seemed
to be the only qualified person.
The State argues that Clemons failed to contemporaneously object when the trial court appointed the
foreperson but instead waited until all had retired to chambers before voicing an objection; thus, the
State argues Clemons waived any alleged error. Mark v. State, 532 So. 2d 976, 984 (Miss. 1988).
Although there is some merit in this argument, Clemons has an even worse obstacle to hurdle.
Clemons did not assign this error in his original appeal. Alleging reversible error over the trial court's
appointing the foreperson was not assigned by Clemons until the filing of his rebuttal brief, which
brief contained a frank admission by Clemons that the issue was not raised in his original brief. Issues
cannot be raised for the first time in a rebuttal brief. Sanders v. State, 678 So. 2d 663, 669-70 (Miss.
1996).
Without waiving our procedural bar rules, we nonetheless hold this assignment substantially to have no
merit. This trial concluded July 20, 1993. In effect at that time was former Rule 5.14 of the Uniform
Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice which provided in pertinent part: "The court may direct the
jury to select one of its members to preside over the deliberations. . . ." The identical language of this
rule has been brought forward in Rule 3.10 of the Uniform Rules of Circuit and County Court.
Obviously, the language of the rule connotes discretion in the trial court and certainly does not
prohibit him from appointing the foreperson. No rule, statute, nor case prohibited the trial court's
action at the time of this trial.
Since the date of trial in this case, our own Supreme Court has issued two opinions dealing with the
foreperson appointment issue. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625 (Miss. 1996) (a death penalty case);
Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242 (Miss. 1995) (a death penalty case). In Ballenger, one of the
alleged errors raised was that the trial court appointed the foreperson of the jury. No objection was
made at trial, the matter being assigned as error only after appeal. In holding the defendant
procedurally barred from raising the issue for the first time on appeal, our Supreme Court stated, "[i]
n the future, trial judges are advised not to appoint jury foremen. Who is to be the foreman is a
decision which should be made by fellow jurors." Ballenger, 667 So. 2d at 1258-59.
Thereafter, in Hunter, our Supreme Court held an identical argument procedurally barred, repeated
the advice of Ballenger, and observed that the advice was prospective.
Clemons complains about the remarks the trial court made regarding the make-up of the jury in
commenting on his selection of the foreperson. The comments can readily be read as offensive by
some and certainly would require us to view the case differently if they had been stated in front of the
jury, which fortunately they were not. The comments were made in chambers and outside of the jury's
hearing. After appointing the foreperson, there was no further communication with the jury by the
court until the verdict was returned into court.
Clemons could not advance at trial nor has he demonstrated in this appeal any meaningful argument
as to how he was prejudiced by the trial court appointing the foreperson.
Without waiving the procedural bar, we hold on the merits there was no error. Finally, even were we
to assume error, there has been no showing of prejudice.
THE JUDGMENT OF THE NESHOBA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF CONVICTION OF
MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS
APPEAL ARE TAXED TO CLEMONS.
BRIDGES, C.J., McMILLIN, P.J., PAYNE, AND SOUTHWICK, JJ., CONCUR. KING, J.,
DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY COLEMAN AND DIAZ,
JJ. HERRING AND HINKEBEIN, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
8/12/97
OF THE
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 93-KA-00856 COA
DANYEL L. CLEMONS
APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
APPELLEE
THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND
MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B
KING, J., DISSENTING:
I would respectfully dissent from the majority opinion offered herein:
At the close of arguments and jury instructions, the court appointed Mr. Hill as jury foreman.
Clemons complains that the trial judge's appointment of the jury foreman foreclosed his right to a fair
and impartial trial. Clemons specifically addresses the judge's use of impermissible criteria in
appointing the jury foreman. In a dialogue between the judge and the defense counsel, the judge
refers to Mr. Hill's race, gender, and education as determinative factors in making the appointment.
The following is an excerpt of the dialogue:
MR. WALLS: Your Honor, when the court submitted the case to the jury, the court appointed a
gentleman, I've forgotten his name, as a spokesperson or foreman of the jury, and we object to that,
and, quite honestly, I will state to the court I don't know what the law is. It has been my understanding
that the jurors, once they enter into deliberations, select their own foreperson, and the way the court
did it, it could be inferred by some of the jurors that this gentleman has a higher responsibility and
should be believed and listened to a little more than other jurors, since the court singled him out, and
that is the basis of our objection, and we would move the court to --
THE COURT: Do you have any offer of prejudice to the defendant by reason of that, in the way of
testimony?
MR. WALLS: Your Honor, we don't know, we can't offer any prejudice to that. The only thing, I
guess -- nothing that we know of.
THE COURT: Do you move for a mistrial?
MR. WALLS: Your Honor, I think for the record, I have to.
THE COURT: All right. I am going to overrule your objection. This person, I named him as a
spokesperson, told him I had a need for a person to serve as spokesman between the jury and the
court. I recall a conversation this particular juror had with me on the first day he was summonsed to
court. He asked to be relieved from jury service, because he was one of the managers of the office at
U.S. Motors, the largest industry here in Neshoba County. His information sheet indicates he is an
educated man, and on this jury, there are very few on there that were educated. I think there's only
one lady on there that had any college at all.
I indicated this person to serve as a spokesperson, because I felt he was the most capable person to
bring in a verdict from the jury to the courtroom. He is a White male. There are six native Americans,
or Indians, on the jury. Of the six, I think there are only two that has a high school education, and I
believe Mrs. Gail Bates, or whatever her last name is, is the only other juror who has any college.
So, considering all of the jurors, I think he is the most qualified person to serve. Now, I am familiar
with the rule you are talking about. It has been my practice, usually, to not appoint a person, but to let
the jury select from among their number. In fact, I think I am the one that started this proceeding in
Johnson v. State, requiring the jury to select someone as the spokesman, but in this particular case, it
appeared to me the best thing to do was appoint this one person, because he seemed to be the only
qualified person.
Certainly, this colloquy and its implications deserve this Court's full attention. Our case law
addressing this subject is very sparse. In fact we have only two cases of record that raised the court's
appointment of a trial jury foreman as an assignment of error. Neither of these cases is analogous to
the present case because the defendants failed to timely object to the court's conduct. In Ballenger v.
State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1258 (Miss. 1995), no objection was raised by the defense until after the jury
had completed its deliberations on guilt, and was about to return to address the penalty phase of the
case. In Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625, 636-37 (Miss. 1996), the defense made no objection and
did not raise an objection during post-trial motions. In both cases the defendants were procedurally
barred from raising the argument on appeal. Nevertheless, the supreme court held prospectively that
the jurors, not the court, should select the jury foreman. Id.; Ballenger, 667 So. 2d at 1258. "Who is
to be the foreman is a decision which should be made by fellow jurors." Hunter, 684 So. 2d at 636
(quoting Ballenger, 667 So. 2d at 1258). Both Hunter and Ballenger were decided subsequent to the
present case; therefore, the trial judge did not have the benefit of these decisions. Nevertheless I
believe it was error for the trial judge to have appointed Hill as jury foreman in this case.
Unlike the defendants in Ballenger and Hunter, Clemons did not remain silent. Although the
objection was not simultaneous, it was raised within a sufficiently contemporaneous period of time to
allow the court to correct its error. As such, the underlying considerations for contemporaneous
objections were met. Those considerations include avoiding costly new trials, allowing the offending
party an opportunity to obviate the objection, and allowing the court the opportunity to rule on the
objection. Oates v. State, 421 So. 2d 1025, 1030 (Miss. 1982). The record suggests that the
following sequence of events occurred relative to the trial judge's appointment of the jury foreman:
1. The judge appointed a foreman and dismissed the jury to deliberate.
2. The jury immediately left the courtroom.
3. The judge and lawyers immediately left the courtroom.
4. The defendant immediately lodged an objection to the appointment of a jury foreperson.
There is no record of the time lapse between these events. However, it would not be a stretch of the
imagination to suggest that no more than five minutes passed from the appointment of the foreman to
the point of bringing it to the court's attention. Within this time frame, no real jury deliberation had
begun, and the court could have easily recalled the jury to correct its error. The contemporaneous
objection requirement is not a static rule, particularly where the objection is not to an evidentiary
matter, but to the basic right to a fair and impartial trial. The record indicates that the victim was a
white male, and that allegations of racial animosity led to the killing. When viewed in context, the
trial judge's actions and comments along with the events preceding the court's appointment raise a
question about the overall fairness of the trial, and whether the net impact has impaired a fundamental
right. I believe that it has.
As such I would hold that the trial judge both exceeded the intention of section 13-5-1 of the
Mississippi Code and violated Clemons' rights ensured by Sections 14 and 26 of the Mississippi
Constitution.
First, section 13-5-1 of the Mississippi Code establishes the relevant criteria that the presiding judge
shall use to determine the competency of jurors. According to the statute:
Every citizen not under the age of twenty-one years, who is either a qualified elector, or a resident
freeholder of the county for more than one year, is able to read and write, and has not been convicted
of an infamous crime, or the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquors within a period of five years and who
is not a common gambler or habitual drunkard, is a competent juror.
Miss. Code Ann. § 13-5-1 (1972). While the statute mentions several necessary qualifications, it does
not require jurors to be of a particular race or sex, nor does it require jurors to have a college
education. In fact, the statute specifically states that jurors are competent if they have the ability to
read and write. Id. Thus, the trial court's rationale for selecting Mr. Hill as jury foreman is contrary to
the mandate of the statute. In fact, the court specifically seemed to call into question the competency
of the six Native American jurors. If the court considered the impaneled jurors incompetent to return
a verdict, then the court should have dismissed the panel.
The court, by it's own admission, selected the sole white male, who was in the court's opinion the
most educated and professional individual, to serve as the liaison between the court and the jury.
The court's designation of Mr. Hill as foreman placed the court's stamp of approval upon his actions
or arguments during deliberations and impinged upon the customary independence of each individual
juror. Dorshkind v. Harry N. Koff Agency, Inc., 134 Cal. Rptr. 344, 347 (1976). Such judicial
interference necessarily conveys the impression that the court had singled out one juror and placed its
imprimatur on his words and actions. Id.
Finally, the trial court abridged Clemons' constitutional right to a fair and impartial trial under the
Mississippi Constitution. The constitution unquestionably guarantees the criminal defendant a fair and
impartial trial without which the State cannot deprive the defendant of life or liberty. See Miss.
Const. art. III, §§ 14, 26. This right to a fair and impartial jury is the hallmark of the Mississippi
judicial system. Mhoon v. State, 464 So. 2d 77, 80 (Miss. 1985). While the constitution does not
guarantee a trial without flaws, it does provide for a fair trial. Fulgham v. State, 386 So. 2d 1099,
1100 (Miss. 1980). The trial court may not have intended to prejudice Clemons, but the nature of the
appointment created an atmosphere ripe for prejudicial influence. From the outset, the case had
significant racial overtones because of the victims alleged use of racial slurs and pre-trial publicity
surrounding the killing of a white male by a black male. These facts alone signified the need to guard
against any hint of partiality. However, the court used impermissible criteria such as race,
employment, gender, and education to pronounce Mr. Hill as the "most qualified" person to preside
over the deliberations. Clearly, the court intended to use Mr. Hill to lead the other "unqualified"
jurors. I am concerned that those jurors attached some inflated importance or gave undue deference
to the opinions of Mr. Hill. Such acquiescence is unacceptable. A jury must remain neutral and
impartial in carrying out its responsibility of deciding the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Mhoon,
464 So. 2d at 81 (Miss. 1985).
While the jury was not present during the court's discussion with defense counsel, it is the court's
appointment and the fact that the court anticipated a need for a juror with the "qualifications" held by
Mr. Hill that raise a question of impartiality. See Dorshkind, 134 Cal. Rptr. at 347 (trial judge's
selection of a jury foreman constitutes an inherent danger to the inviolateness of the jury system). The
court must protect the criminal judicial system from even the appearance of partiality. "If [the jury
was] exposed to improper influences, which might have produced the verdict, the presumption of law
is against its purity; and testimony will not be heard to rebut this presumption. It is a conclusive
presumption." Fulgham, 386 So. 2d at 1101 (quoting Green v. State, 97 Miss. 834, 838 (1910)).
Thus, I conclude that the lower court interfered with the jury's independence and created the
appearance of partiality that abridged Clemons' right to a fair and impartial trial. For the foregoing
reasons, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
COLEMAN AND DIAZ, JJ., JOIN THIS DISSENT.