dissenting:
I find no error in the determination of the trial judge.
The member’s answers during the voir dire and defense counsel’s challenge for cause raised a question within the context of paragraph 62f(13) of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition) (MCM 1969 (Rev)), which provides as one set of grounds for such challenges:
“Any other facts indicating that he should not sit as a member or military judge in the interest of having the trial and subsequent proceedings free from substantial doubt as to legality, fairness, and impartiality. Examples of the facts which may constitute grounds for challenge are . . . ” [Emphasis supplied.]
This case does not fall within the examples given after the quoted language, but the challenge was one to the impartiality of the member which, it is said, flowed from his highly qualified admission that he might rely more heavily on the statements of the trial counsel than on those of defense counsel. In this posture, the challenge was well within the Manual language quoted above. The issue then is whether the trial judge acted properly in denying the challenge at trial and whether appellant has met his burden before us.
That issue does not raise a problem of a Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury. Whelchel v. McDonald, 340 U.S. 122, 71 S.Ct. 146, 95 L.Ed. 141 (1951). Therefore, useful as analogies to civilian practice may be in doubtful areas, our military jurisprudence is the primary resort for the determinants of decision.
The right of an accused person to challenge individual members of a court-martial for cause has been recognized since the beginnings of our military law. Benet, A Treatise on Military Law and the Practice *777of Courts-Martial, 81-87 (6th Ed., 1868). Challenges then recognized fell into two groups, Principal Challenges and Challenges for Favor. The first group included prior participation in the case as an investigator, accuser or witness. Upon proof of such status, excusal of the member challenged was mandatory. Paragraph 121a, MCM, 1921. Challenges for Favor were those averring prejudice, bias or intimate personal friendship. Upon such challenges “. . . it is for the court ... to determine whether the grounds stated and proved or admitted are sufficient in fact to disqualify a challenged member.” Id, paragraph 121b. Thus, the determination of status resulted in automatic excusal when the first category of challenge was found, but the second category involved a determination of quantum, a measurement of the size of the threat to fair proceedings before excusal was to be invoked.
The Manual which implemented our present Code abandoned the formal division of the types of challenges and simply listed 13 groups of illustrative challenges, all of which contain conditions or actions replicative of the old Principal Challenges. Paragraph 62f, MCM, 1951. The present Manual contains a similar formulation. Paragraph 62f, MCM 1969 (Rev). However, the thirteenth group is a hybrid one, containing instances of both of the older groupings prefaced by the language quoted above.
Of significance to the present problem are the normative phrase “should not sit,” the quantitative determinant “free from substantial doubt,” and the conditional phrase “facts which may constitute grounds,” all contained in the Manual. Whereas the first twelve groupings were intended as automatic disqualifications when found to exist, those contemplated by the thirteenth were to be subject to the tests of “oughtness” and quantity announced therein. Commentary on paragraph 62/(13), Analysis of Contents, MCM, US, 1969 (Rev), DA Pam 27-2 (1970) at p. 11-3.
Thus, the issues of fact and of consequence are both litigable; the usual statement is that both are addressed to the sound discretion of the military judge. United States v. Wright, 47 C.M.R. 640 (N.C.M.R.1973). See also United States v. Wolf, 102 F.Supp. 824 (D.C.Pa.1952) and cases cited therein. This military judge was confronted by a court member who admitted that his work relationship with the trial counsel “might make an impact on me.” He further admitted to heavy reliance on the judgment of trial counsel in their relationship and to a “possibility” that he “could” give “a little bit more weight” to the judgments of the trial counsel expressed in argument. At the same time, the member insisted that he would try to treat both counsel the same and that he would have to wait “until I see what transpires” before making a final judgment concerning the impact of his respect for the trial counsel. He also responded affirmatively to defense counsel’s request for a specific promise to give the accused “the benefit of your individual judgment on this ease in arriving at a sentence.”
In addition to the demeanor of the member which we do not have before us, the military judge was aware of the scope and nature of the work relationship between a brigade commander and his judge advocate. That relationship is neither that of attorney and client, nor, indeed, of master and servant. The judge advocate and commander each have independent, statutory duties in those criminal cases as to which the judge advocate renders advice, such that none of the familiar common-law relationships is at all descriptive. Ideally, the relationship is productive of mutual trust and confidence, but to assume the impact suggested by this challenge is to assume the violation of an oath.
Further, the military judge knew from his own experience about the relationship between senior commanders and young military attorneys. Blind faith is not a typical mark of such relations, nor is abdication of the responsibilities of position. General military experience supports this view; there is nothing in the work relationship here described to raise an inference that the *778member’s mind was subject to controlling influences adverse to the accused.
The challenge here was an assertion of bias in favor of the government’s position on the sentence. The existence of bias is a question of fact, and there are no acceptable degrees thereof. United States v. Deain, 5 U.S.C.M.A. 44, 17 C.M.R. 44 (1954). However, bias does not flow from the work relationship, per se, so it must be shown. The defense at trial offered nothing but the product of the voir dire, although the burden of maintaining the challenge rests on the challenger. Paragraph 62h, MCM 1969 (Rev). This means, in the case of challenges under the thirteenth grouping in paragraph 62f, all aspects of the challenge. Thus, the defense must come forward with evidence and argument to show why the challenged member should not sit and to show how the basic facts may raise substantial doubts about the legality, fairness or impartiality of the trial. By denying the challenge, the military judge necessarily found no bias in the member at the time of his ruling, a finding we should affirm.*
On appeal from such exercises of discretion, the appellant must show an abuse of discretion and prejudice. United States v. Massey, 14 U.S.C.M.A. 486, 34 C.M.R. 266 (1964); Wright, supra; United States v. Carruthers, 152 F.2d 512 (7th Cir. 1945). United States v. Howell, 240 F.2d 149 (3rd Cir. 1956). No questions from the jury at the proceedings on sentence or other action by the jury suggests that the trial judge erred. Further, the jury accepted the judge’s instructions concerning their independent responsibility and discretion. Appellate tribunals are bound to find that the trial judge’s instructions were followed, in the absence of contrary evidence of record. State v. Fouts, 79 Ohio App. 255, 72 N.E.2d 286 (1947), cert. den. 331 U.S. 853, 67 S.Ct. 1738, 91 L.Ed. 1861 (1947).
Finally, the proceedings on sentence were marked by strenuous argument of the proseeutor for a lengthy sentence. Defense counsel did not object to his argument, nor do I. However, a court under the influence of the prosecutor as averred by appellant would certainly have returned a sentence exceeding that agreed to by the accused by more than one year, had it been so influenced. As it was, the accused received four years, a not unreasonable period of confinement for three armed robberies. He had agreed to three in return for his plea of guilty. Thus, appellant has shown no error and no injury.
Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence should be affirmed.
The finding made in the trial forum is that persuasive because the trial judge has the “. . . primary judicial responsibility to assure that a court-martial is conducted in accordance with sound legal principles.” United states v. Heflin, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 505, 50 C.M.R. 644, 1 M.J. 644 (1975); United States v. Graves, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 434, 50 C.M.R. 393, 1 M.J. 50 (1975).