Private Gloria was convicted, pursuant to his guilty pleas, of one unauthorized absence totalling 189 days, in violation of Article 86, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 886 (1976). The military judge sentenced him to a bad-conduct discharge and confinement at hard labor for two months. The convening authority approved the sentence but suspended the discharge in accordance with a pretrial agreement. The supervisory authority approved the sentence approved by the convening authority.
Staff Sergeant Ulrich preferred the charges upon which the appellant was tried. Article 30(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 830. Thereafter, Sergeant Ulrich served as court reporter.
In United States v. Moeller, 8 U.S.C.M.A. 275, 24 C.M.R. 85 (1957), the court reporter signed and swore to the charges. Two types of accusers were identified: those persons who “have been injured by accused’s misconduct” (actual accusers) and those who performed the statutory function of preferring charges (nominal accusers). Moeller, supra at 276-277. If actual accusers are used as court reporters it would be “contrary to the concept of a fair trial.” However, nominal accusers “should” not, as a “general proposition” serve as court reporters. Moeller, supra at 277. The court reporter in Moeller was a nominal accuser. Despite this apparent distinction, the Court in Moeller ordered both the findings and sentence set aside, even though the error occurred only in deliberations as to the sentence.
Paragraph 7, Manual for Courts-Martial, 1969 (Rev.) (MCM), states that “no person may act as reporter ... in any case in which he is an accuser.” This statement is based upon Moeller. See Analysis of Contents, MCM, DA Pam 27-2, p. 3-2 (1970).
Consequently, there was error. However, under the facts and circumstance of this case, the findings and sentence need not be set aside.
The particular facts in Moeller dictated the result. The Court of Military Appeals noted that the reporter “was called into the secret chambers of the court-martial while it was deliberating on the sentence, and he became the fountain head of law on the sentence.” 1 The reporter also failed to record what occurred during these deliberations. Moeller, supra at 276. The Court indicated that the accuser status of the reporter and his unathorized participation in the trial were interrelated. Moeller, su*520pra at 276. Prior to Moeller, the Court of Military Appeals had, at times, set aside both findings and sentence when a record of trial was incomplete and an unauthorized individual had participated in deliberations on the sentence. See e. g., United States v. Vaughan, 3 U.S.C.M.A. 121, 11 C.M.R. 121 (1953). Further, in Moeller, the president of the court presided and the defense counsel was not a lawyer.2
There are many other factors that distinguish the present case from Moeller. Unlike Sergeant Martyn in the Moeller case, Sergeant Ulrich did not deviate from his demanding task of recording and transcribing the trial proceedings.3 Moeller was a contested case involving a number of larceny and orders violations whereas Private Gloria pled guilty to one specification alleging unauthorized absence. Private Gloria was represented by a certified military lawyer and the record of trial was authenticated by a military judge, who presided.4
Waiver is applicable for a number of reasons. The defense had notice of Sergeant Ulrich’s dual role. The accused and his counsel were provided with a copy of the charge sheet and Sergeant Ulrich was identified as the statutory accuser on page 3 therein. During the trial, he was also identified as the accuser. (R. 3). Sergeant Ulrich also was identified, by name, as the court reporter in open court. (R. 2). Unlike the Moeller case, this accused was represented by a certified military lawyer.5 If the trial defense counsel had objected, the situation could have been clarified. See United States v. Wilson, 6 M.J. 214 (C.M.A.1979). In United States v. Payne, 12 U.S.C.M.A. 455, 462, 31 C.M.R. 41, 48 (1961), a general court-martial case, there was a factual dispute as to whether the accuser had acted as reporter at a pretrial investigation and had taken (as stenographer) two oral depositions. Chief Judge Quinn noted, citing Moeller:
No objection was made either at the investigation or at the trial. Nor was the deposition or any other testimony adduced at the investigation admitted in evidence at the trial. Consequently, there is no possibility that the accused *521was prejudiced by the use of the accuser as the reporter.
Indeed, a failure to object to a failure to swear to charges may be waived. United States v. Taylor, 15 U.S.C.M.A. 565, 36 C.M.R. 63 (1965); paragraph 29e, MCM. Consequently, the defense waived this issue.
In any event, if there be prejudice it did not rise to a level which warrants setting aside the findings and sentence.
The findings and sentence are correct in law and fact and no error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant was committed. Accordingly, the findings and sentence as approved on review below are affirmed.
Judge BOHLEN concurs.. The reporter in the Moeller case executed an affidavit:
AFFIDAVIT
. . . CARL E. MARTYN, Sergeant, 1348439, U. S. Marine Corps, duly sworn on oath, deposes and says:
That he was the accuser in the special court-martial, United States vs Moeller, tried at Marine Barracks, Fifteenth Naval District, Rodman, Canal Zone on 5, 6, 7 September 1956, and, also, acted in capacity as the reporter for that court-martial. That after evidence in extenuation and mitigation was received and the court had closed to deliberate on the sentence, he was called by the court to instruct on the sentence that could be adjudged. That upon question of whether the accused could be given two years confinement for violation of a lawful general order or regulation he instructed the court as to the maximum sentence that could be awarded by a special court-martial. That he also instructed the court of the policy of reducing a person to the lowest pay-grade when imposing a punative (sic) discharge.
Affiant further says that he did not instruct the court as to what sentence it should award, but as to what sentence it could legally impose, and that during the conference with the court neither the trial counsel nor the defense counsel were present, however, prior to entering the court at the president’s call, both consented to the conference.
/s/_ CARL E. MARTYN
. This fact has been determined by a review of the original record of trial in Moeller.
The defense counsel in the Moeller case executed an affidavit:
AFFIDAVIT
... I, ROLAND R ELY, Jr., LTJG, 593844, USNR, do swear and affirm the following: That I was Defense Counsel in the case of the United States vs. Robert G. MOELLER, U. S. Marine Corps. That to the best of my knowledge, after the evidence of extenuation and mitigation, the Court was closed to deliberate the sentence that was to be imposed on the Defendant. While waiting for the Court to re-open, the Defendant, the Court Reporter, Trial Counsel, one Sergeant Long, and I were talking about the case in a nearby room. It was suggested by either the Trial Counsel or the Court Reporter that the Defendant would probably get six-six and a kick. Whoever made the statement, the other, either Trial Counsel or the Reporter, agreed. 1 remember this distinctly because I had never heard the phrase “Six-six and a kick” before, and also because I disagreed with them as to the severity of the sentence because of the relatively trifling amount involved. As we were talking, the Court Orderly called the Reporter into the Court Room and the door was closed behind him. I did not hear the conversation which took place between the Reporter and the Members of the Court, this conversation was not recorded. I had not been consulted as to legality of such procedure at the time. Being inexperienced in these matters, I did not realize possible seriousness of such a practice and did not voice an objection. At the time it didn’t occur to me that the Reporter also had been the Accuser in this case.
. The court reporter’s responsibilities, insofar as the record of proceedings is concerned, do not involve personal judgment or discretion. Court reporting is a highly technical skill requiring high standards of professionalism. However, the reporter “can exert no appreciable influence on the results of trial.” United States v. Dionne, 6 M.J. 791 (A.C.M.R.1978).
. The legal qualifications of participants in the special court-martial legal “arena” have been drastically altered by legislation since Moeller. Compare present Articles 26 and 27, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 826 and 827, with their predecessors.
. The principles of waiver often were not applied when an accused was not represented by a lawyer. See United States v. Moore, 4 U.S.C.M.A. 675, 16 C.M.R. 249 (1954).