IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2003-CC-01213-SCT
TITAN TIRE OF NATCHEZ, INC.
v.
MISSISSIPPI COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 5/23/2003
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. DENISE OWENS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: LAURA L. GIBBES
KEITH W. TURNER
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: KELLY RENEE’ RILEY
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - STATE BOARDS AND AGENCIES
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 12/02/2004
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
COBB, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In December 2001, the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ)
issued a written complaint to Titan Tire of Natchez, Inc. asserting that between the years of
1999 and 2000, Titan violated its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit sixteen times. After unsuccessful attempts to work with MDEQ personnel, Titan was
granted an evidentiary hearing before the Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality,
and following a two-day hearing, the Commission found Titan in violation of the permit and
fined it $5,000. Aggrieved, Titan appealed to the Hinds County Chancery Court, First Judicial
District, which affirmed the Commission’s order. We conclude that the chancellor’s judgment
was correct and affirm.
FACTS
¶2. In the early 1980s, Armstrong Tire and Rubber Company (Armstrong) received a permit
allowing it to discharge storm water runoff and treated process water into state waters. In
1987, Fidelity Tire Manufacturing Company (Fidelity) purchased the facility and property from
Armstrong and Armstrong’s permit was reissued to Fidelity. Groundwater contamination
identified on the site prompted the Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality
(Commission) to issue an order mandating that Fidelity remediate the contaminated soil and
groundwater to levels protective of human health and the environment. Fidelity complied.
Through the years, modifications were made to the permit, and in 1996, Fidelity sought an
additional modification to the permit. This modification was granted on March 12, 1996, but
soon thereafter, Fidelity filed for bankruptcy and never made the modifications provided for
in the 1996 permit. Titan Tire of Natchez, Inc. (Titan) purchased the facility in 1998 and began
operating under the existing permit.
¶3. The following time-line details the sequence of events leading up to the present appeal:
Early 1980s: Armstrong obtained NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System) Permit No. MS0001287
March 1987: Fidelity purchased the Armstrong plant
August 9, 1988: NPDES Permit No. MS0001287 was reissued to Fidelity
1990: The Commission issued an order requiring Fidelity to remediate
contaminated soil and groundwater
1991: NPDES Permit No. MS0001287 was modified
January 25, 1994: NPDES Permit No. MS001287 reissued to Fidelity for a 5 year period
(to expire January 24, 1999)
2
1996: Fidelity requested a modification to the permit
March 12, 1996: Modification granted
September 1998: Titan purchased Fidelity’s facility and applied for a renewal of NPDES
Permit No. MS0001287
April, June 1999: TSS (total suspended solids) violations
Aug.-Dec. 1999 Arsenic violations
February 2000: Arsenic violations
June 2000: NPDES Permit No. MS0001287 reissued to Titan
December 2000: Arsenic violations
December 2001: MDEQ issued formal complaint
¶4. For many years, Armstrong used the location and facility for its tire manufacturing
business. Because the manufacturing process involved a discharge of treated water into a local
stream, a NPDES permit1 was required. In accordance with state law, Armstrong applied for
and received NPDES Permit No. MS0001287 from the MDEQ permit board, which allowed
discharge of stormwater runoff and treated process water.
¶5. When Armstrong sold the facility to Fidelity, the permit board reissued the permit to
Fidelity. Groundwater contamination was discovered on Fidelity’s site, prompting an
investigation by MDEQ’s Hazardous Waste/Uncontrolled Site Branch. The contaminate of
concern was identified as naphtha and its associated compounds. This discovery prompted
MDEQ’s Hazardous Waste Branch and Fidelity to enter an agreed order requiring Fidelity to
install a remediation system which would treat the contaminated groundwater and then
discharge the treated water into state surface waters.
¶6. Although MDEQ’s Hazardous Waste Branch possessed authority to issue the order
1
The general purpose of a NPDES permit is to regulate industrial and municipal wastewater
discharges.
3
mandating the installation of the remediation system, the necessary NPDES permit could only
be issued by MDEQ’s Environmental Permitting Branch. The discharge from Titan’s
remediation system did not easily conform to the NPDES permit regulations, because
ordinarily industrial and municipal wastewater systems maintain a constant discharge volume,
but the volume of discharge resulting from a remediation system such as the one installed by
Fidelity generally was not a constant volume.
¶7. A facility experiencing problems with an industrial wastewater system ordinarily has
the authority to cease operations or modify the manufacturing process while correcting the
malfunction. Titan’s situation, however, was unique in that the site must operate according to
the agreed order which required Titan to continuously operate the remediation system to
discharge the wastewater associated with the system. Thus Titan argued that MDEQ would not
allow Titan to turn off the remediation system when problems arose.
¶8. MDEQ provided Titan with several alternatives that could have eliminated the problem.
MDEQ also informed Titan that the agency would consider making arrangements for Titan to
close the pump and treat system, allowing the contaminated groundwater to naturally attenuate.
However, Titan never demonstrated how natural attenuation would be effective at the site, so
MDEQ never allowed the system to be shut down.
¶9. In 1996, a modified NPDES permit had been issued to Fidelity so that it could install
additional groundwater monitoring wells to further determine the existing contamination.
Once the wells were in place, the quantity of water treated and discharged by the system would
have increased. Because the modified NPDES permit increased the amount of water
4
discharged, the allowable concentration levels for contaminants was decreased. To put it
another way, because the mass quantity of any regulated substance discharged must not exceed
a certain limit, the discharge of higher quantities of water means that lower concentration
levels of the substance must exist in the water.
¶10. Although the modified 1996 NPDES permit was issued to Fidelity, the anticipated
groundwater wells were never installed, and Fidelity filed bankruptcy soon after the modified
permit was granted. In 1998, Titan purchased the facility and began operations, and according
to MDEQ, Titan became responsible for all environmental conditions of the property and
facility, including adherence to the modified NPDES permit and the remediation system. Titan
argued that MDEQ should not have enforced the permit against it since the additional
groundwater wells were never installed.
¶11. MDEQ took the position that Titan conducted due diligence when purchasing the
facility, and it was responsible for all environmental conditions of the facility including
compliance with the NPDES permit. MDEQ additionally maintained that because Titan failed
to request any modifications to the existing permit, Titan assumed responsibility for the
conditions specified in the 1996 modified NPDES permit. When the modified permit expired
and Titan subsequently applied for a new permit, Titan never requested a modification to the
1996 permit, and the permit levels in the renewed NPDES permit remained the same as
established in the 1996 permit.
¶12. Titan retained some of Fidelity’s employees during Titan’s purchase of the facility, and
one of these employees was Ken Young, Fidelity’s environmental manager (who later held the
5
same position with Titan). MDEQ claimed that as a result of this position with both
companies, Young was familiar with the conditions of Fidelity’s, and later Titan’s, permits.
Titan, however, responded to this accusation that Young was an employee of Fidelity during
the relevant time period and was therefore not acting on behalf of Titan.
¶13. Titan also asserted that MDEQ applied a flawed method for the calculation of the
concentration of regulated substances. Although Titan argued that the permit should be based
on mass limits, the NPDES permits are based on concentration limits. Titan explained the
practical differences between the two limits as follows: when a facility reduces its water flow
or has a volume of discharge below that set forth in its NPDES permit, it might exceed its
concentration permit limit despite having reduced the total mass of the regulated substances
in the discharge. Conversely, if a facility was allowed to comply with mass based limits that
recognized the total pollutant load allowed in the flow, then a reduction in the flow would not
cause a violation even with an increase in the concentration levels. Titan referred to MDEQ’s
adherence to the concentration limit permit as a flaw which has been recognized by the EPA.
ANALYSIS
¶14. “The scope of review of the findings and actions of an administrative agency is well
established.” Miss. Comm'n on Envtl. Quality v. Chickasaw County Bd. of Supervisors, 621
So.2d 1211, 1215 (Miss. 1993). “When an agency interprets a statute that it is responsible for
administering, we must defer to the agency's interpretation so long as the interpretation is
reasonable.” Parkerson v. Smith, 817 So.2d 529, 534 (Miss. 2002) (citing Chevron U.S.A.,
Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 2782,
6
81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984)). Rather than applying its own interpretation when the applicable
statute is silent or ambiguous regarding a specific question, the court determines whether the
agency’s interpretation was reasonable. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-44. “The reviewing court
is concerned only with the reasonableness of the administrative order, not its correctness.”
Miss. Dep’t on Envtl. Quality v. Weems, 653 So.2d 266, 281 (Miss. 1995).
¶15. Rather than reviewing an administrative agency decision de novo, this Court has set
forth the following factors to be taken into account when determining whether a reviewing
court should uphold an agency’s order:
Administrative agencies must perform the functions required of them by law.
When an administrative agency has performed its function, and has made the
determination and entered the order required of it, the parties may then appeal
to the judicial tribunal designed to hear the appeal. The appeal is a limited one...
since the courts cannot enter the field of the administrative agency. The court
will entertain the appeal to determine whether or not the order of the
administrative agency (1) was supported by substantial evidence, (2) was
arbitrary or capricious, (3) was beyond the power of the administrative
agency to make, or (4) violated some statutory or constitutional right of the
complaining party.
Weems, 653 So.2d at 273 (emphasis added) (
citing Miss. State Tax Comm’n v. Package
Store, Inc., 208 So.2d 46, 48 (Miss. 1968). See also Montalvo v. Miss. State Bd. of Med.
Licensure, 671 So.2d 53, 55-56 (Miss. 1996). “These are the only grounds for overturning
an agency action; otherwise, the agency’s determination must remain undisturbed.” Chickasaw
County, 621 So.2d at 1215. In addition, “[t]he burden of proof rests with the party challenging
the actions of an administrative agency.” Elec. Data Sys. Corp. v. Miss. Div. of Medicaid, 853
So 2d 1192, 1204-05 (Miss. 2003) (citing Melody Manor Convalescent Ctr. v. Miss. State
7
Dep't of Health, 546 So.2d 972, 974 (Miss. 1989).
(1) Substantial Evidence
¶16. In considering this first factor, this Court has held that “[s]ubstantial evidence is not
such a malleable term of art that it may escape definition. Indeed, we have defined substantial
evidence as evidence that a reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Tucker v. Prisock, 791 So.2d 190, 192 (Miss. 2001). In addition, substantial
evidence is something “‘more than a mere scintilla of evidence’ or ‘something less than a
preponderance of the evidence but more than a scintilla or glimmer.’” Weems, 653 So.2d at
280-81. Accord, Falco Lime, Inc. v. Mayor & Aldermen of Vicksburg, 836 So.2d 711, 721
(Miss. 2002). “The reviewing court is ‘only to determine whether substantial evidence
supports the agency’s decision and whether the agency exercised its discretion reasonably and
with due consideration.’” Weems, 653 So.2d at 280 (citing 2 Am. Jur. 2d Administrative Law
§ 537 Substantial Evidence Standard (1994)).
¶17. The Commission was presented with discharge monitoring reports submitted by Titan
indicating that Titan had exceeded the limits contained in the NPDES permit. A permit has
been violated when maximum limitations contained in the permit have been exceeded.
Substantial evidence regarding the actions of both Titan and MDEQ was presented to the
Commission during the two-day evidentiary hearing.
(2) Arbitrary or capricious
¶18. A second factor to be considered when determining whether an agency’s order was
8
appropriate is whether the order was “arbitrary or capricious.” Weems, 653 So.2d at 273. This
Court has held that:
[a]n act is arbitrary when it is done without adequately determining principle; not
done according to reason or judgment, but depending upon the will alone,--
absolute in power, tyrannical, despotic, non-rational,--implying either a lack of
understanding of or a disregard for the fundamental nature of things... An act is
capricious when it is done without reason, in a whimsical manner, implying
either a lack of understanding of or a disregard for the surrounding facts and
settled controlling principles.
Elec. Data Sys. Corp. v. Miss. Div. of Medicaid, 853 So 2d at 1205. An agency has acted
arbitrarily and capriciously “if the agency ‘entirely failed to consider an important aspect of
the problem,’” or provided a reasoning that was inconsistent with the evidence presented.
Weems, 653 So.2d at 281.
¶19. This Court has held “[w]hether a decision is arbitrary and capricious seems to have
melted somewhat into the substantial evidence standard . . . . ‘a holding which is supported by
substantial evidence cannot be arbitrary and capricious.’” Falco Lime, 836 So.2d at 721
(citing Miss. Bureau of Narcotics v. Stacy, 817 So.2d 523, 526 (Miss. 2002)). Although
Titan contends that the order was not supported by substantial evidence, the record of the
hearing belies that contention. Between April 1999 and December 2000, Titan violated the
NPDES permit 16 times. Although Titan could have been fined a maximum of $400,000, the
Commission fined Titan only $5,000. MDEQ provided evidence of the violations during the
evidentiary hearing. According to the NPDES permit, Titan is required to submit discharge
monitoring reports (DMRs). The information contained in these DMRs was presented at the
9
evidentiary hearing. In 1999 and 2000, Titan violated the maximum arsenic and TSS limits set
in the NPDES permit. Witnesses for both parties were examined, cross-examined, and
questioned by the Commission. Upon examination of the evidence, the Commission was able
to determine that “[t]he discharge levels reported in the DMRs for the months listed in the
complaint letter exceed the levels allowed by the permit.” Thus, the Commission’s decision
was not arbitrary or capricious.
(3) The power of the administrative agency
¶20. The third factor to be considered is whether the administrative agency has the power to
make the decision which is being challenged. The Commission is authorized under Miss. Code
Ann. §§ 49-17-1 through 49-17-43 to impose a penalty of up to $25,000 for each violation of
a statute or regulation. Based upon the violations committed by Titan and following an
evidentiary hearing by the Commission, the Commission possessed substantial evidence to
impose a moderate penalty of $5,000 for the violations.
¶21. Miss. Code Ann. § 49-17-43 also provides factors for the Commission to consider
when determining whether a company should be fined. The Commission’s order addresses
each applicable factor and provides a statement of the Commission’s findings.
¶22. Titan argues that the methodology used to determine the permit’s concentration limits
was flawed. Titan offered evidence that the Environmental Protection Agency allows for
companies to use mass limits. On being questioned by Commissioner Billy Van Devender,
Titan’s expert witness Dr. Gazi George testified that had the limits been “properly done,
represented by mass balance, we would not be anywhere close to those limits [concentration
10
limits contained in the NPDES permit].” Although Titan offered evidence in support of mass
limits, Titan’s permit was based on concentration limits and the permit was violated. In
addition, the EPA allows for both limits to be used.
¶23. This Court “give[s] great deference to the administrative agency in interpreting its own
regulations.” Weems, 653 So.2d at 273. Based on the expertise of MDEQ, this Court defers
to MDEQ’s decision regarding the methodology limits the agency implements. The
Commission’s order was within its power when determining whether the permit was “fatally
flawed” under the methodology implemented.
(4) Violation of statutory or constitutional rights
¶24. The fourth and final factor to be considered is whether the order violated Titan’s
statutory or constitutional rights. Titan argues that MDEQ enforced penalties against only
Titan, while the agency failed to take any action against an adjacent facility that “is the likely
source of the contamination at issue here.” Titan considers this as “selective enforcement”
and therefore inadmissible. (citing Everwood Treatment Co. v. EPA, 1998 WL 1674543
(S.D. Ala. Jan. 21, 1998). Titan asserts that in order to prove that selective enforcement has
occurred, the defendant must show that government officials have not prosecuted others for
the same conduct prosecuted against the defendant. However, Titan quotes the requirement
for “selective enforcement” while omitting the remainder of the second prong of the test:
“‘[t]he decision to prosecute this defendant was based upon impermissible grounds such as
race, religion or the exercise of constitutional rights.’” (emphasis added) ( iting Rybachek
c
v. United States, No. 91-35160, 1993 WL 385454, at 4 (9th Cir. Sept. 29, 1993) (an
11
unpublished opinion)).
¶25. In agreement with the chancery court, we hold that Titan’s constitutional rights of equal
protection have not been violated. We conclude, as did the chancery court, that Titan has not
proved either prong of the test. Titan has not demonstrated that it was singled out, nor that it
was selected for prosecution based upon protected classifications.
CONCLUSION
¶26. We agree with the Hinds County Chancery Court that substantial evidence supported
the Commission’s decision to fine Titan $5000. Further, the Commission’s decision was
neither arbitrary nor capricious. In addition, Titan failed to present evidence that the
Commission acted outside its power and authority or that it violated Titan’s constitutional right
of equal protection. We affirm the judgment of the Hinds County Chancery Court.
¶27. AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES, DICKINSON AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
12