IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2005-CT-00237-SCT
JIMMIE ROACH
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/30/2004
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: JULIE ANN EPPS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: W. GLENN WATTS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ELEANOR J. PETERSON
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
APPEALS IS REVERSED. THE JUDGMENT
OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIRST
JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF HINDS COUNTY IS
REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED - 04/23/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
CARLSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Jimmie Roach was convicted by a Hinds County jury of possession of cocaine and
possession of hydromorphone. Roach was sentenced as a Mississippi Code Section 41-29-
147 second/subsequent drug offender and as a Section 99-19-81 habitual offender, as to both
charges, and received consecutive sentences of forty-eight years for the possession-of-
cocaine charge and sixty years for the possession-of-hydromorphone charge, respectively,
to be served in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. See Miss. Code
Ann. § 41-29-147 (Rev. 2005) and Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-81 (Rev. 2007). On direct
appeal, a divided Court of Appeals reversed the convictions and sentences based on the
majority’s finding that the trial court had erred in denying Roach’s motion to suppress the
search warrant and its fruits inasmuch as insufficient information was provided to the
magistrate who issued the search warrant. The State filed this petition for writ of certiorari
asserting the opposite premise – that sufficient information was provided for a probable-
cause determination, thus justifying the issuance of the search warrant. Upon a grant of
certiorari, this Court reverses the Court of Appeals and reinstates and affirms the judgment
of conviction and sentence of the Circuit Court for the First Judicial District of Hinds
County.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT 1
¶2. On January 22, 2003, a confidential informant (CI) reported to Shannon Bullock, an
investigator with the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department, that he had witnessed the
possession and distribution of cocaine at the home of Jimmie Roach. In turn, Investigator
Bullock relayed this information to another Hinds County investigator, Richard Spooner. On
the same day, Investigators Spooner and Bullock met with the CI to arrange a controlled buy
1
While the facts set out under this heading are in large part gleaned from the Court
of Appeals opinion (Roach v. State, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 538 (Miss. Ct. App. Aug. 21,
2007)), we will add relevant facts from the record as we deem necessary.
2
of crack cocaine from Roach at his residence. Investigator Spooner testified that following
the purchase, field tests of the substance confirmed it was crack cocaine.
¶3. The following day, January 23, 2003, Investigator Spooner signed and presented an
Affidavit for Search Warrant to Hinds County Judge Mike Parker for the purpose of
obtaining a search warrant for Roach’s residence. Without relaying any information about
the controlled buy one day earlier, Investigator Spooner, in the affidavit, characterized the
CI as being a “truthful, credible, and a reliable source” who had furnished him with
“information in the past.” Attached to the Affidavit for Search Warrant was a document
entitled “Underlying Facts and Circumstance Sheet,” likewise signed by Investigator
Spooner. We set out here verbatim the language of the Underlying Facts and Circumstances:
On the morning of Thursday, January 23, 2003,[2] I, Investigator R.W.
Spooner, received information from a Confidential Informant that cocaine was
being stored and sold from a residence located at 217 Foxboro Drive, Jackson,
Mississippi. This Confidential Informant has observed cocaine being stored
and distributed from this location within the last twenty-four hours and has
identified the owner of this residence to be a black male known only to the
Confidential Informant as “Jimmy Roach.”
This Confidential Informant, having furnished me with information in the past
that has proven to be true and correct regarding the trafficking of illicit
narcotics, is known by me to be a truthful, credible, and a reliable source of
information.
Based upon these underlying facts and circumstances, I, Investigator R.W.
Spooner, request that a search warrant be issued for the search of the residence
2
This is inaccurate. While Investigator Spooner signed the Affidavit for Search
Warrant and the attached Underlying Facts and Circumstance Sheet on Thursday, January
23, 2003, the date the information was received from the CI, as already noted, was January
22, 2003.
3
located at 217 Foxboro Drive in the First Judicial District of Hinds County,
Jackson, Mississippi, for the search and seizure of cocaine, paraphernalia
related to the trafficking of cocaine, and any monetary instruments derived
from the trafficking of cocaine. This search to include any outbuildings,
vehicles located on the property, and any safe or locked containers found on
the premises.
On January 23, 2003, Judge Parker issued the search warrant for Roach’s residence, and it
was executed the same day. The return on the warrant, signed by Investigator Spooner,
reveals an inventory of the items taken from Roach’s residence. Investigator Spooner would
later testify at the suppression hearing that, in the Underlying Facts and Circumstance Sheet,
he did not include information about the controlled buy that took place prior to the issuing
of the warrant for fear of revealing the identity of the CI. Investigator Spooner also testified
that he had spoken with this particular CI on several occasions, each of which involved
another officer’s case.
¶4. The search warrant executed on January 23, 2003, resulted in the detention and
questioning of five people, including Roach and his wife, Petrice. During the course of the
search, cocaine and hydromorphone were recovered. A small bag filled with crack cocaine
was found in one of the couch cushions in the living room. Jamie Johnson, a Mississippi
Crime Laboratory employee who is a forensic scientist specializing in the field of drug
identification, testified at trial that this substance was cocaine with a weight of 1.86 grams.3
3
Of course, Ms. Johnson could not, and did not, testify as to where this cocaine was
recovered in the Roach residence, but the chain-of-custody evidence at trial revealed that this
substance was recovered from the couch cushion in the living room.
4
In front of the refrigerator in the kitchen, a bag containing crack cocaine and 400 dosage
units of Dilaudid was discovered.4
¶5. During the course of the trial, defense witness John Henry Clark, Jr. testified that he
possessed most of the drugs recovered from the Roach residence,5 and that he had dropped
the drugs during the course of his flight from the residence just after the police arrived. Clark
admitted on cross-examination that in another case in Tennessee, he had falsely confessed
to possession of illegal drugs, a crime with which another person subsequently was charged
and convicted.
¶6. Petrice and Jimmie Roach were tried together. At the conclusion of the presentation
of all the evidence, the trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of Petrice due to
insufficient evidence that she was in possession of the drugs. However, the jury rendered a
guilty verdict against Jimmie Roach, who was sentenced to consecutive terms of forty-eight
years for the cocaine and sixty years for the hydromorphone. The trial judge found Roach to
be a drug recidivist pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 41-29-147 (Rev. 2005), and thus
4
Ms. Johnson identified the substances as being cocaine, with a weight of 17.12
grams, and 400 tablets of “hydromorphone also known under the trade name of Dilaudid.”
5
Since Clark testified that he had on his person approximately 400 Dilaudid pills and
“a half ounce of crack [cocaine],” and since conversion tables reveal that there are
28.3495231 grams in one ounce, Clark in essence asserted that he in fact possessed the 400
Dilaudid pills and 17.12 grams of cocaine which were discovered in a bag in front of the
refrigerator in the kitchen.
5
doubled the statutory maximum penalty.6 The trial judge likewise found Roach to be a
habitual criminal pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 99-19-81 (Rev. 2007), directing that
these sentences be served without the benefit of reduction or suspension of sentence or
eligibility for parole or probation. Aggrieved by his convictions and sentences, Roach timely
appealed, and this case was assigned to the Court of Appeals.
PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
¶7. On direct appeal, Jimmie Roach presented the following assignments of error to the
Court of Appeals for its review: (1) that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress the search warrant and its fruits, (2) that the trial court erred in refusing to order the
State to reveal the identity of its confidential informant, (3) that the trial court erred in failing
to grant a mistrial after a defense witness was arrested after testifying, (4) that the trial court
erred in refusing to grant Petrice Roach’s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the
State’s case-in-chief, (5) that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction, and (6)
that his sentence violated the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The
Court of Appeals found merit in Roach’s contention that the trial court had erred in denying
his motion to suppress the search and its fruits; therefore, the Court of Appeals reversed and
6
Pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 41-29-139(c)(1)(D) (Rev. 2005), the maximum
penalty for possession of ten (10) grams but less than thirty (30) grams of cocaine, a
Schedule II controlled substance, is, inter alia, twenty-four (24) years imprisonment.
Pursuant to Mississippi Code Section 41-29-139(c)(1)(E) (Rev. 2005), the maximum penalty
for possession of forty (40) dosage units or more of hydromorphone, a Schedule II controlled
substance, is, inter alia, thirty (30) years imprisonment.
6
remanded for a new trial. Roach v. State, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 538, *2, ¶1 (Miss. Ct.
App., Aug. 21, 2007).
¶8. The Court of Appeals’ majority found that the motion to suppress should have been
granted on the basis that there was no substantial basis for probable cause in the magistrate’s
issuance of the warrant. Id. at *23, ¶20. The Court of Appeals took issue with the affidavit
presented by Investigator Spooner to Judge Parker inasmuch as Investigator Spooner stated
he had gotten credible information from the CI in the past without mentioning that his first
encounter with the CI had occurred on the previous day, January 22. Id. The Court of
Appeals stated:
It is the second paragraph of Officer Spooner’s affidavit that is particularly
troubling. In that paragraph, Officer Spooner states that the CI in question had
furnished him “with information in the past that has proven to be true and
correct regarding the trafficking of illicit narcotics. . . .” However, Officer
Spooner’s testimony during the suppression hearing indicates that the CI had
never provided him with information prior to January 22, 2003. Although
Officer Spooner waffled and attempted to rectify the situation by asserting that
the CI had provided him with credible information in the past that had not
actually led to arrests, Officer Bullock's testimony clarified that it was apparent
when Officer Spooner and the CI met on January 22, 2003, that the two had
never met before. Officer Bullock also testified that, to his knowledge, Officer
Spooner had never worked with the CI prior to January 22, 2003.
There are two interpretations of the statement in the affidavit that the CI had
furnished Officer Spooner with information in the past: (1) that Officer
Spooner had a working relationship with the CI, who had given him reliable
information that had been verified in the course of past cases; or (2) that
Officer Spooner was referring only to the January 22 controlled buy when he
stated that the CI had given him reliable information in the past. Of these two
interpretations, we find that the issuing judge was far more likely to assume
the first from Officer Spooner’s averment in the affidavit. This Court is also
of the opinion that that is most likely what Officer Spooner intended for the
judge to believe.
7
Id. at **16-18, ¶¶15-16. The majority went further and stated that even if “in the past”
referred to the controlled buy conducted on the previous day, “in the absence of any mention
of the buy in the affidavit for the search warrant, it was impossible for Judge Parker to take
the buy into the consideration of the totality of the circumstances in issuing the warrant.” Id.
at *19, ¶17. Furthermore, according to the Court of Appeals, if Investigator Spooner had
included the controlled buy in the underlying facts and circumstances attached to the
affidavit, then a substantial basis for probable cause “might” have existed. Id. at *23, ¶20.
¶9. The Court of Appeals’ dissenting opinion contends that the information contained in
Investigator Spooner’s affidavit was correct and thus sufficient to support a finding of
probable cause. Id. at * 29, ¶31. Judge Myers, dissenting, wrote:
The language of the affidavit that the majority finds troubling is the portion
that the officer averred to have been given information from the informant “in
the past” regarding drug trafficking. However, I find that the underlying facts
in this case have shown that Officer Spooner did, in fact, receive and use
information provided to him by the confidential informant to arrange a
controlled buy of narcotics between the confidential information and Roach
before submitting an affidavit for a warrant. This fact was testified to by
Officers Spooner and Bullock and remains uncontested otherwise. Therefore,
the statement that Officer Spooner made in his affidavit concerning his
receiving information from this confidential informant "in the past" is correct
and supportive of a finding of probable cause. It matters none that the “past”
occurred within the same day. To hold otherwise, I think, would be punishing
speedy police work in apprehending one involved in illicit drug crimes.
Id.
8
DISCUSSION
¶10. The State of Mississippi petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari on the sole issue
of whether the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.
This Court granted certiorari to review the Court of Appeals’ opinion that there was no
substantial basis for a conclusion of probable cause by Judge Parker because Judge Parker’s
determination was based on false and/or omitted information provided by Officer Spooner,
namely that the CI in this case had provided him with information “in the past.” Id. at **17-
18, ¶¶15-16.
I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE SEARCH WARRANT AND ITS
FRUITS.
¶11. In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1983), the
United States Supreme Court established a totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining
whether probable cause exists for the issuance of a search warrant. This Court adopted the
Gates totality-of-the-circumstances test in Lee v. State, 435 So. 2d 674, 676 (Miss. 1983).
In Gates, the Supreme Court stated:
The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, common-sense
decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before
him, including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying
hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of
a crime will be found in a particular place. And the duty of a reviewing court
is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a “substantial basis for . . .
[concluding]” that probable cause existed.
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39. As aptly stated by the Court of Appeals, probable cause exists
when the facts and circumstances within an officer’s knowledge are “sufficient to justify a
9
man of average caution in the belief that a crime has been committed and that a particular
individual committed it.” State v. Woods, 866 So. 2d 422, 426 (Miss. 2003) (quoting Strode
v. State, 231 So. 2d 779, 782 (Miss. 1970)). In Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct.
2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978), the United States Supreme Court reviewed the question of
whether a criminal defendant has the right, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments,
to challenge the truthfulness of factual statements made in an affidavit for a search warrant.
In finding that the Constitution affords a defendant the right to such a challenge, the Supreme
Court stated:
[W]e hold that, where the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing
that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard
for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the
allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the
Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be held at the defendant’s request.
In the event that at the hearing the allegation of perjury or reckless disregard
is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence, and, with
the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the affidavit’s remaining content
is insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant must be voided
and the fruits of the search excluded to the same extent as if the probable cause
was lacking on the face of the affidavit.
Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56.
¶12. As to the proper standard of review, this Court has stated:
In reviewing a magistrate’s finding of probable cause, this Court does not
make a de novo determination of probable cause, but only determines if there
was a substantial basis for the magistrate's determination of probable cause.
Smith v. State, 504 So. 2d 1194, 1196 (Miss. 1987).
Petti v. State, 666 So. 2d 754, 757-58 (Miss. 1995).
10
¶13. The Court of Appeals found that “in the past” was the false information contained in
the affidavit before the magistrate. Furthermore, when given two possible interpretations of
“in the past,” the first being that Investigator Spooner intended the judge to believe that he
had received credible information from this CI “in the course of past cases,” the second being
that Investigator Spooner was referring to the controlled buy which occurred prior to giving
the affidavit, the Court of Appeals found the first interpretation to be more reasonable.
Roach, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 538, at *17-18, ¶¶15-16.
¶14. The State, in support of its counter-argument that a substantial basis existed for a
determination of probable cause, submits that the controlled buy on the previous day served
as corroboration of Investigator Spooner’s statements made in his affidavit despite not having
been in the statement of facts before the magistrate. Essentially, the State argues that the
omission of information relating to the controlled buy on the previous day from the affidavit
did not make Investigator Spooner’s characterization of the CI’s prior reliability any less
truthful. According to the State, Investigator Spooner just as easily could have been referring
to the January 22 controlled buy when he stated that the CI had given him reliable
information in the past. Such was the contention of Judge Myers in his dissent. Investigator
Bullock received information (from a CI previously known to Investigator Bullock) that the
CI had witnessed the possession and distribution of drugs at Roach’s residence. Investigator
Bullock relayed the information to Investigator Spooner. Working in conjunction, the two
officers arranged a controlled buy with this particular CI that resulted in the CI purchasing
what was conclusively determined to be cocaine. This controlled buy served to corroborate
11
the CI’s previous statement. This corroboration occurred prior to Investigator Spooner
presenting his affidavit to Judge Parker for the issuance of the warrant. We thus respectfully
disagree with the Court of Appeals when it states that “in the past” could not have referenced
an event occurring only one day prior to the issuance of the warrant.
¶15. Further, the Court of Appeals majority stated that, had Investigator Spooner disclosed
the controlled buy in his affidavit, there would have been a substantial basis for probable
cause. The Court of Appeals majority flatly rejected Investigator Spooner’s testimony that
he was protecting the identity of the CI when he elected not to include that information in the
facts attached to the affidavit. Moreover, the majority clearly favored Investigator Bullock’s
testimony that Investigator Spooner had his first contact with this CI on January 22, over that
of Investigator Spooner that he had had contact with this CI on several occasions.
¶16. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on Pipkens v. State, 592 So. 2d 947 (Miss. 1991)
in reaching this conclusion. The analogous facts in Pipkens and today’s case relied upon by
the Court of Appeals are that the CIs in both cases were described by the officers as having
provided reliable information to them “in the past,” when both officers had worked with the
informants personally only on one occasion. However, Pipkens is easily distinguished from
today’s case. In Pipkens, no information was provided to the law enforcement agent that led
to the confiscation of narcotics prior to the agent giving a sworn statement that he previously
had received credible information from this particular CI. Id. at 951-952. In Pipkens, there
was no controlled buy or any other independent, investigatory corroboration of the CI’s
statements, as there was in this case. Id. at 952. Therefore, the agent in Pipkens could not
12
possibly have been referring to any prior corroboration of the CI for the purpose of
establishing reliability. However, in today’s case, Investigator Spooner received information
that Roach was in possession of cocaine, which was corroborated with a controlled buy. This
all occurred prior to Investigator Spooner providing his underlying facts and circumstances
attesting to the reliability of the CI.
¶17. Prior to Pipkens, this Court, in Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699 (Miss. 1990) (reversed
on other grounds), upheld the validity of a search warrant even where there were errors in
the underlying facts. In Bevill this Court stated:
It is true that subsequent events proved [the officer] erred in some of the
statements set forth in the underlying facts, e.g. that the hair in the victim's
hands was the same color as Bevill’s, the similarity of Bevill’s tennis shoes'
footprints and the footprint at the scene, and bloodstain on the tennis shoes.
Even so, at the suppression hearing [the officer] was cross-examined at great
length by Bevill’s attorney, and there was no showing that [the officer]
intentionally misrepresented those facts, or made them in reckless disregard for
the truth. Moreover, the remaining underlying facts clearly constituted
probable cause for the issuance of the search warrants.
Id. at 713. We find similarities with Bevill in the present case in that there is no showing that
Investigator Spooner intentionally misrepresented facts or made them in reckless disregard
for the truth. Investigator Spooner described the CI as reliable in the past because he knew
him to be a reliable CI used by the department on occasion. Furthermore, he was able
independently to corroborate the CI’s reliability when the controlled buy resulted in Roach
selling cocaine to the CI. We do not equate Investigator Spooner’s omission of the fact that
there was a controlled buy the day before as a reckless disregard for the truth, given that
Investigator Spooner testified he was protecting the identity of the CI.
13
¶18. In sum, we find the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the trial court’s judgment of
conviction and sentence on this issue. Because the Court of Appeals understandably did not
address certain assignments of error on appeal inasmuch as it reversed and remanded on this
issue, we now proceed to discuss the remaining issues not previously discussed on appeal.7
7
However, the Court of Appeals did address two other assignments of error. As to
Roach’s second assignment of error that the trial court erred in refusing to order the State to
reveal its confidential informant, this Court adopts the reasoning of the Court of Appeals
that, because the CI did not participate in the crime for which Roach was on trial, and was
not an eyewitness to the crime, the trial court did not err in refusing to compel the State to
reveal the CI’s identity. Roach, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS 538, at **24-25, ¶¶22-23. As to
Roach’s sixth assignment of error that his sentence violated the Eighth Amendment, we also
agree with the Court of Appeals that Roach’s sentences as a drug recidivist pursuant to
Mississippi Code Annotated Section 41-29-147 (Rev. 2005) and as a habitual offender
pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated Section 99-19-81 (Rev. 2007) are constitutional. Id.
at *26. As a general rule, sentences not exceeding the statutory limits are not disturbed on
appeal. Rogers v. State, 928 So. 2d 831, 835 (Miss. 2006) (citing Hoops v. State, 681 So.
2d 521, 537 (Miss. 1996)). However, notwithstanding the statutory legality of an imposed
sentence, a proportionality attack under the Eighth Amendment may be subject to the three-
pronged proportionality analysis set out in Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 292, 103 S. Ct.
3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983) in cases where a threshold comparison of the crime
committed to the sentence imposed leads to an inference of “gross disproportionality.” Ford
v. State, 975 So. 2d 859, 869 (Miss. 2008). On the other hand, a less-than-statutory-
maximum sentence for a Section 99-19-81 habitual offender is the exception and not the
rule. Barnwell v. State, 567 So. 2d 215, 221 (Miss. 1990). In today’s case, Roach was
convicted of two separate drug offenses, and one of his prior convictions used to enhance
punishment under both Sections 41-29-147 and 99-19-81 involved a drug offense.
Additionally, Roach’s case is distinguishable from White v. State, 742 So. 2d 1126, 1134-38
(Miss. 1999), which involved the sentence enhancer found in Section 41-29-142 (drug
dealing within certain distances of schools, churches and other public buildings and
locations), and did not involve a defendant who was a drug recidivist and/or habitual
offender, such as Roach.
14
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
GRANT A MISTRIAL AFTER A DEFENSE WITNESS WAS
ARRESTED SUBSEQUENT TO TESTIFYING.
¶19. Roach argues that the arrest in open court of defense witness John Henry Clark, Jr.
violated his Sixth-Amendment right to compulsory process because his right to present
witnesses on his own behalf was violated. The State contends Roach waived his claim that
the arrest of his witness, Clark, prejudiced his defense because Roach did not raise this issue
at the trial level. According to the record, following Clark’s testimony, the prosecutor moved
the court to take Clark into custody. During a bench conference with the trial judge, defense
counsel objected to the witness being taken into custody and moved for a mistrial based upon
the fact that the arrest was being ordered as a result of the alleged questionable weight of the
witness’s testimony. The State argues the objection that “based on the weight of the
testimony” is not the same objection raised in Roach’s brief that the defense was prejudiced
by the witness being taken into custody in front of the jury. The State relies on Burns v.
State, 729 So. 2d 203, 219 (Miss. 1998), which states “an objection at trial cannot be
enlarged in a reviewing court to embrace an omission not complained of at trial.”
¶20. In essence, Roach’s objection is the same on appeal as his objection at trial that the
arrest was a result of the trial judge usurping the jury by deeming that Clark’s testimony was
so incredible that it was worthy of a perjury charge and immediate arrest. From the record
we can deduce that defense counsel believed that the arrest of a witness who had just testified
for Roach would have a negative impact on the jury adverse to Roach. While the couching
15
of the issue for appellate review does not track verbatim the objection made at trial, we are
satisfied that Roach has sufficiently preserved this issue for appellate review.
¶21. To fully address this issue, it is critical to set the stage by citation to the record. At
the conclusion of the State’s opening statements, and prior to the commencement of the
State’s case-in-chief, Roach, through counsel, appropriately reserved his right to make an
opening statement after the State had rested its case-in-chief. Thus, after the State had rested
its case-in-chief, and prior to calling John Henry Clark, Jr., to testify in his case-in-chief,
Roach, through counsel, made the following comments as part of his opening statements to
the jury:
And there was also a fellow by the name of John Henry Clark, Jr., who was in
that house, but who ran out the back door and as he ran out the back door his
package of drugs fell on the kitchen floor. He’s going to come in here and
he’s going to tell you that those were his drugs. They are not Jimmie’s drugs.
They are not Petrice’s drugs. They didn’t know anything about it. John Henry
Clark is going to come in here and take the heat. He’s going to admit that
those are his drugs.
(Emphasis added). Upon informing the jury in opening statements that John Henry Clark,
Jr., would come into the courtroom and “take the heat” for the crimes with which Roach was
charged, Roach’s attorney announced before the jury that the first witness in Roach’s case-in-
chief would be John Henry Clark, Jr. At this juncture, the trial judge wisely dismissed the
jury and permitted Clark to be examined under oath by Roach’s attorney outside the presence
of the jury, thus revealing that Clark indeed was prepared to testify under oath that on the day
in question, he had possessed part of the drugs which the State asserted belonged to Roach.
The trial judge appropriately conducted his own examination of Clark and advised Clark of
16
his constitutional rights, including the right to remain silent, thus not incriminating himself,
and his right to legal counsel. After a thorough examination of Clark, the trial judge found
that Clark fully understood his constitutional rights and knowingly and voluntarily waived
his right against self-incrimination and his right to counsel. The jury was then brought back,
whereupon Clark was examined by Roach’s attorney and by the prosecutor. On direct
examination before the jury, Clark testified that as he ran out of the house, through the
kitchen, he had dropped the bag containing the 400 Dilaudid pills and cocaine which law
enforcement stated was found by the refrigerator when conducting the search of the house.
On cross-examination by the assistant district attorney, Clark was questioned about a
previous conversation he had with the assistant district attorney a few days prior to trial. The
following colloquy occurred:
[PROSECUTOR]: At that time I asked you if I could speak with you and you
agreed to speak with me. Do you remember that?
[CLARK]: Uh-huh.
[PROSECUTOR]: Is that a yes?
[CLARK]: Yes, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. Now at that time I also asked you if you had done
anything like this before. Have you ever gone in and somebody else was
charged with a crime and you claimed the drugs?
[CLARK]: No, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: You have never done that before?
[CLARK]: I think you asked me something about have I been to Tennessee.
17
[PROSECUTOR]: No, I didn’t.
[CLARK]: Oh, you didn’t?
[PROSECUTOR]: No. I didn’t ask you that. But for the record you have
never - - nobody else has ever been charged and you didn’t go and claim the
drugs?
[CLARK]: No, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: You have never done that?
[CLARK]: No, sir.
¶22. At this point, the prosecutor requested a conference at the bench with defense counsel,
whereupon the trial court put the jury in recess for lunch. In due course the jury returned,
and the assistant district attorney’s cross-examination of Clark continued:
[PROSECUTOR]: Mr. Clark, before we left you told the jury that you had
never before gone and made a statement where someone else was charged with
a crime. Is that correct?
[CLARK]: No, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: That’s not what you said earlier?
[CLARK]: Yeah, that’s what I said.
[PROSECUTOR]: That’s what you said earlier; right?
[CLARK]: But that was not correct.
[PROSECUTOR]: So you lied to the jury?
[CLARK]: Did I tell the jury that?
[PROSECUTOR]: The jury probably remembers that.
18
[CLARK]: Well, I just wasn’t - - I wasn’t for sure, but yeah, I said that I hadn’t
testified against someone like this.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. So I believe my question was: When someone else
was charged with a crime have you ever gone in and claimed responsibility for
it, something to that effect, and you told the jury, no you hadn’t. Was that a
correct statement?
[CLARK]: No, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. So your earlier statement was not truthful?
[CLARK]: Right.
The next several pages of the trial transcript reveal that the assistant district attorney
questioned Clark at length about Clark’s acquaintance with a man named Mario Jones. Clark
admitted that Jones had been charged with possession of approximately 7,000 Dilaudid pills
in Tennessee and that he (Clark) had stated under oath in a deposition in Jones’s case that he
had purchased 6,700 Dilaudid pills, thus asserting ownership of most of the Dilaudid pills
which had been found in Jones’s possession. When Clark was asked about whether he had
lied to a Tennessee assistant district attorney in Jones’s case, the following occurred:
[CLARK]: I might have lied then, if I did.
[PROSECUTOR]: You might have lied then? And before you took that
deposition you raised your hand and swore to tell the truth; didn’t you?
[CLARK]: I wasn’t in front of no judge.
[PROSECUTOR]: But you still raised your hand - -
[CLARK]: I might have did.
[PROSECUTOR]: You might have did. Okay. So you don’t mind lying?
19
[CLARK]: Yeah, I mind lying, just depends.
[PROSECUTOR]: Okay. It depends on how much money you are being paid?
[CLARK]: No. I ain’t said that now. It just depends on the lie and the
situation.
[PROSECUTOR]: The lie and the situation?
[CLARK]: Yeah. I ain’t going to say I won’t lie.
....
[PROSECUTOR]: So you do admit that you lied in this statement?
[CLARK]: Yes, sir.
¶23. Once Roach’s attorney concluded his redirect examination of Clark, the assistant
district attorney stated to the trial court in front of the jury, “We ask the witness be taken into
custody.” Roach’s attorney requested a bench conference, whereupon the following occurred
in the presence of, but outside the hearing of, the jury:
[ROACH’S ATTORNEY]: I just heard the prosecutor ask that the witness be
taken into custody in front of the jury.
[THE COURT]: Uh-huh.
[ROACH’S ATTORNEY]: I don’t think that’s proper and I think it’s grounds
for a mistrial.
[THE COURT]: Why?
[ROACH’S ATTORNEY]: Because it goes to the weight of his testimony.
[THE COURT]: The whole defense is he committed the crime. Why shouldn’t
he be taken into custody?
[ROACH’S ATTORNEY]: Okay. Fair enough.
20
Roach, through counsel, then continued his case-in-chief by calling his next witness. It is
interesting to note that while Roach’s attorney stated that he felt that the prosecutor’s act of
requesting in front of the jury that Clark be taken into custody was “grounds for a mistrial,”
Roach’s counsel never moved for a mistrial, nor did he request the trial court to rule on a
motion for a mistrial. Once the trial judge explained to counsel at the bench conference that
he felt that Clark had admitted to a crime and asked, “[w]hy shouldn’t he be taken into
custody,” Roach’s attorney replied, “[o]kay, [f]air enough.”
¶24. There is no further explanation as to why the prosecutor called for Clark’s arrest or
why the trial judge ordered the arrest. The record does not note at what point Clark was
arrested, nor does the record reveal whether Clark was arrested in the presence of the jury
or outside of the presence of the jury. Nor do we know, assuming arguendo, that Clark was
taken into custody before the jury, whether Clark was handcuffed or shackled before the jury.
In fact, Roach does not assert that any restraining devices were put on Clark in the presence
of the jury. We only know from the record that Roach’s attorney, in his closing arguments
before the jury, described “the arrest” as having taken place in front of the jury:
Now what I don’t understand is they [the State] call him a liar and they say
that his testimony is incredible, is absolutely without credibility. However, that
same testimony is what they are going to use [to] justify taking him into
custody which occurred right here in front of you yesterday.
....
My point here is: How can the state, which is what these gentlemen represent,
and these officers who testified yesterday, they represent, how can they say,
Mr. Clark, your testimony is credible, therefore, we are going to arrest you
right here in front of this jury, we are going to take you into custody right here
21
in front of this jury and the next day, less than 24 hours they come in here and
they tell you his testimony is not credible.[8 ]
(Emphasis added).
¶25. Roach argues that the State arrested Clark for perjury, and that while the State has the
right to charge a witness with perjury, the State does not have the right to arrest a witness in
the presence of the jury. An arrest of a witness for perjury in the presence of the jury may
constitute reversible error. Brandon v. State, 75 Miss. 904, 906, 23 So. 517, 518 (1898)
(arrest of witness in presence of jury pursuant to statute providing for arrest of “palpable
perjurers” was fatal error based on “very doubtfully balanced state of the testimony”). See
e.g., Stephens v. State, 592 So. 2d 990 (Miss. 1991) (finding no reversible error where bench
warrant was issued for defense witness for perjury before conclusion of trial but outside of
jury’s presence); Chase v. State, 75 Miss. 502, 22 So. 828 (1897). There is no precedent on
whether an arrest in the presence of the jury for an offense other than perjury may constitute
reversible error.
¶26. At the bench conference outside the hearing of the jury, the trial judge stated, “The
whole defense is [Clark] committed the crime. Why shouldn’t he be taken into custody?”
Thus, from the record, it is apparent that the trial judge was having Clark arrested, not for
8
Prior to Roach’s closing arguments, the State, in its closing arguments, had
characterized as “absurd” Clark’s testimony “that the drugs in the kitchen were his.”
Additionally, the assistant district attorney reminded the jury that even if the jury believed
Clark’s “absurd story” that the drugs found in the kitchen belonged to Clark, then “what
about that crack that was found in the couch?” In other words, Clark did not attempt to
claim the cocaine found in the couch.
22
perjury, but for admitting under oath to a felony offense, namely possession of 400 Dilaudid
pills and a half ounce of crack cocaine. Also, it is important to remember that during his
closing arguments to the jury, Roach’s attorney stated, “how can [the State] say, Mr. Clark,
your testimony is credible, therefore, we are going to arrest you right here in front of this
jury, we are going to take you into custody right here in front of this jury and the next day,
less than 24 hours they come in here and they tell you his testimony is not credible.” Thus
Roach’s attorney claims that Clark was arrested because the State believed that his testimony
was credible (meaning that the State believed Clark’s testimony that the drugs attributable
to Roach were indeed Clark’s drugs). In his closing arguments, Roach’s attorney argued to
the jury the State’s inconsistency for, on the one hand, requesting Clark’s arrest because of
his credible testimony of admitting to a crime, namely possession of the drugs, and on the
other hand, coming before the jury in the State’s closing arguments and claiming that Clark’s
testimony about the drugs belonging to him was “an absurd story.”
¶27. Although not wholly applicable to today’s case, we note that, even in cases where a
defendant has appeared before the jury shackled or handcuffed, we have not found that the
defense was prejudiced. As this Court stated in Wilcher v. State, 863 So. 2d 719 (Miss.
2003), “Generally, we have not found the right to a fair trial to have been abridged where the
defendant has been seen in the courtroom by the jury in shackles or handcuffs." Wilcher, 863
So. 2d at 744 (quoting Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276, 287 (Miss.1996); Lockett v. State,
517 So. 2d 1317, 1329 (Miss. 1987)). Furthermore, if anything, Clark’s arrest for possessing
drugs recovered from the Roach residence bolstered the defense’s theory that Clark, not
23
Roach, had been in possession of at least some of the drugs. Accordingly, this issue is
without merit.
III. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO
GRANT PETRICE ROACH’S MOTION FOR A DIRECTED
VERDICT AT THE CLOSE OF THE STATE’S CASE-IN-CHIEF.
¶28. At the conclusion of the presentation of all the evidence, the trial court granted a
directed verdict in favor of Petrice Roach due to insufficient evidence that she was in
possession of the drugs. However, Roach argues that because the trial court failed to grant
his wife’s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case-in-chief, his Sixth- and
Fourteenth-Amendment rights to compulsory process were violated. According to Roach,
had the trial court granted the directed verdict at the close of the State’s case-in-chief,
Petrice, no longer facing the threat of prosecution, would have provided exculpatory
testimony for Roach.
¶29. Roach understandably cites no authority for his standing to claim trial-court error for
failure to grant a co-defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Instead, Roach cites an Illinois
appellate-court decision which found that the defendant had not shown how he was
prejudiced due to the trial court’s failure to grant the codefendants’ motion to dismiss until
after the defense had rested. People v. Ramirez, 244 Ill. App. 3d 136, 613 N.E.2d 1116 (Ill.
App. 1993).
¶30. Thus, attached to Roach’s amended motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict/new trial was Petrice’s signed post-trial affidavit in which she stated, under oath,
inter alia:
24
At the conclusion of the state’s case my attorney requested a dismissal of the
charges against me, and that motion was denied with comment from the bench.
During the case for the defense, I wanted to testify, but after consulting with
my attorney and relying on his advise (sic) asserted my right not to do so. The
reason I did not testify was that the charges were pending against me. If the
charges against me had been dismissed at the conclusion of the state’s case I
would have testified on behalf of Jimmie Roach.
If I had testified I would have confirmed and corroborated the fact that John
Henry Clark “Pee Wee” was in the house at the time I exited the house and
was gone from the house after law enforcement arrived and conducted their
search. I would have also testified that at the time I left the house just prior to
the arrival of law enforcement, there had been no discussion of drugs, and I
had not seen any drugs or suspicious activity in the house while I was there.
I would have also testified that I had never seen the drugs which were
introduced as exhibits at the trial.
¶31. However, there is no need to consider the application of an Illinois appellate-court
case in order to decide this issue.
¶32. The record reveals that after the State rested its case-in-chief, the trial court denied the
respective motions for a directed verdict by Jimmie Roach and Petrice Roach. Immediately
after the denial of these motions, the trial court took up an evidentiary issue concerning
Roach’s late production of photographs of the Roach residence taken the previous afternoon,
as well as a schematic diagram of the floor plan of the house. Once the proceedings
reconvened in open court before the jury, the attorneys for Roach and Petrice made their
opening statements to the jury. In his case-in-chief, Roach called Clark, Cynthia Lawson
(Petrice’s sister, who was one of the four individuals standing in the yard when law
enforcement officials arrived at the Roach residence on the day in question), and Joe Pate,
also in the yard on the day in question.
25
¶33. After Pate testified, the trial judge was made aware of the fact that the defendants
would most likely not call any additional witnesses, and that it was time for the defendants
to announce to the court their intentions concerning whether they would testify. Outside the
presence of the jury, the trial judge dutifully advised Roach and Petrice, inter alia, of their
rights to testify or not testify, based on their constitutional rights against self-incrimination.
In the end, both Roach and Petrice, through counsel, announced to the trial court that they
would not testify in their own behalf. Thereafter, Roach, through counsel, announced in
open court before the jury that that he rested his case-in-chief. Petrice, through counsel, then
announced that she rested her case-in-chief. The trial court then informed the jury that they
would be put in recess for the remainder of the day, to return the following morning.
¶34. After the jury left for the day, the trial court heard each defendant’s motion for a
directed verdict, and the trial court denied Roach’s motion but granted Petrice’s motion, thus
releasing her. The trial judge then conducted a jury-instruction conference. Once court was
reconvened the next morning, the trial judge read the instructions to the jury, the attorneys
made their closing arguments to the jury, and the jury retired to deliberate, eventually
returning guilty verdicts against Roach on both counts of the indictment.
¶35. Absent from this procedural scenario is any effort on the part of Roach, during the
trial, to make a proffer to the trial judge, outside the presence of the jury, as to what Petrice
would have testified to if called as a witness in Roach’s case-in-chief. Also absent from this
procedural scenario is any plea to the trial judge as to the perceived harmful effect on Roach
of the trial judge’s denial of Petrice’s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s
26
case-in-chief.9 Finally, also absent is any effort on Roach’s part to call Petrice as a witness
in open court during his case-in-chief and to ask her questions, the answers to which (in
Roach’s mind) would have been beneficial to his case. Roach could have called Petrice as
a witness in his case-in-chief, notwithstanding the fact that he believed she would invoke her
constitutional right to remain silent on some or even all of the questions propounded to her.
¶36. In Hall v. State, 490 So. 2d 858 (Miss. 1986), the defendant attempted to call as a
witness Arnold Jones, who was a charged accomplice in the armed robbery for which Hall
was on trial. Id. at 859. The trial judge permitted Hall’s attorney to question Jones outside
the presence of the jury. Id. Jones refused to answer questions concerning the robbery, but
Jones did answer certain questions describing Wayne Lampkin as being involved in the
robbery. Hall’s defense was that Lampkin was the perpetrator of the robbery. Id. The trial
judge refused to allow Hall the opportunity to put Jones on the witness stand in front of the
jury “to either answer questions or claim his right to remain silent in the presence of the
jury.” Id. On appeal, this Court reversed Hall’s conviction and remanded this case for a new
trial, stating:
9
If Roach was concerned about the perceived negative effect of the trial judge’s denial
of Petrice’s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s case-in-chief, thus not
“freeing her up” to be able to testify as a witness in his case-in-chief, Roach had a golden
opportunity to convince the trial judge at that very moment to reconsider his denial of
Petrice’s motion when the trial judge stated: “Well, it’s (the evidence) certainly much thinner
concerning your client (Petrice), but I think it’s sufficient to overcome the motion for a
directed verdict. I will revisit the issue, certainly, when it comes time for a peremptory
instruction to be requested.”
27
The right of a defendant to call a witness when it is known that the witness
would claim the Fifth Amendment right to refuse to answer questions has been
previously addressed by this Court. In Stewart v. State, 355 So. 2d 94 (Miss.
1978), we held it was reversible error to refuse to permit the defendant to call
a witness to the stand and question him in the presence of the jury even though
it had been demonstrated that the witness would refuse to answer most of the
questions on grounds of self-incrimination. See also, Coleman v. State, 388
So. 2d 157 (Miss. 1980). We are of the opinion Jones’ testimony describing
the appearance and characteristics of Wayne Lampkin was relevant to the
determination of who committed the robbery. Jones should have been
permitted to testify in the presence of the jury and either answer those relevant
questions or claim his Fifth Amendment rights.
Hall, 490 So. 2d at 859. See also Edmonds v. State, 955 So. 2d 787, 793-95 (Miss. 2007).
¶37. In the end, we find that the trial court will not be placed in error on an alleged
untimely grant of a motion for a directed verdict in favor of a codefendant, based on the other
codefendant’s compulsory-process argument under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.
This issue is thus without merit.
IV. WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO
SUSTAIN ROACH’S CONVICTION.
¶38. Roach argues that there was insufficient evidence for establishing his constructive
possession of the cocaine and hydromorphone. He argues that, while there is a presumption
of possession against the owner of premises where contraband is recovered, that presumption
is rebutted when there are no “additional incriminating facts” connecting the defendant to the
contraband. Powell v. State, 355 So. 2d 1378, 1379 (Miss. 1978). The rule, as stated in
Powell is as follows:
The correct rule in this jurisdiction is that one in possession of premises upon
which contraband is found is presumed to be in constructive possession of the
articles, but the presumption is rebuttable. We have held that where contraband
28
is found upon premises not in the exclusive control and possession of the
accused, additional incriminating facts must connect the accused with the
contraband. Where the premises upon which contraband is found is not in the
exclusive possession of the accused, the accused is entitled to acquittal, absent
some competent evidence connecting him with the contraband. Sisk v. State,
290 So. 2d 608 (Miss. 1974).
Id. at 1379.
¶39. The State cites several facts from the record establishing exclusive control and
possession of the contraband by Roach. No one else was found in the house; Roach’s wife
was outside the residence when the officers arrived. Investigator Spooner testified that, in
addition to Petrice Roach, three other individuals were standing in the front yard, and that
all of these individuals denied possession of the drugs. Roach was found “within arm’s
reach” of the bag of crack cocaine found in the couch cushion, and in close proximity to the
bag containing cocaine and hydromorphone discovered on the kitchen floor in front of the
refrigerator. No one else was found inside the house near the couch where cocaine was
found. “[T]here must be sufficient facts to warrant a finding that the defendant was aware of
the presence and character of the particular [contraband] and was intentionally and
consciously in possession of it.” Williams v. State, 971 So. 2d 581, 587 (Miss. 2007)
(quoting Curry v. State, 249 So. 2d 414, 416 (Miss. 1971)).
¶40. Based on the record, we find that the evidence was legally sufficient to establish
constructive possession of the contraband by Roach. In the end, we must consider the
appropriate criteria concerning the sufficiency of the evidence. On this point, we have stated:
Should the facts and inferences considered in a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence “point in favor of the defendant on any element of the offense
29
with sufficient force that reasonable [jurors] could not have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty,” the proper remedy is for the
appellate court to reverse and render. Edwards v. State, 469 So. 2d 68, 70
(Miss. 1985) (citing May v. State, 460 So. 2d 778, 781 (Miss. 1984)); see also
Dycus v. State, 875 So. 2d 140, 164 (Miss. 2004). However, if a review of the
evidence reveals that it is of such quality and weight that, “having in mind the
beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof standard, reasonable fairminded
[jurors] in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions
on every element of the offense,” the evidence will be deemed to have been
sufficient. Edwards, 469 So. 2d at 70; see also Gibby v. State, 744 So. 2d 244,
245 (Miss. 1999).
Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 843 (Miss. 2005).
¶41. From the record before us, and in applying the appropriate criteria concerning an
attack on the legal sufficiency of the evidence, there was sufficient evidence before the jury
to find beyond a reasonable doubt that on the day in question, Roach knowingly, willfully,
unlawfully, and feloniously had in his possession cocaine in an amount greater than ten
grams but less than thirty grams; and that Roach knowingly, willfully, unlawfully, and
feloniously had in his possession hydromorphone in an amount greater than forty dosage
units. Accordingly, this argument is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶42. For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the
judgment of conviction and sentence of the Circuit Court for the First Judicial District of
Hinds County is reinstated and affirmed.
¶43. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED. THE
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
OF HINDS COUNTY IS REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED. COUNT I:
CONVICTION OF POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE (COCAINE)
AND SENTENCE OF FORTY-EIGHT (48) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
30
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AS AN HABITUAL
OFFENDER, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF POSSESSION OF A
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE (HYDROMORPHONE) AND SENTENCE OF SIXTY
(60) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS, AS AN HABITUAL OFFENDER, AFFIRMED. SENTENCES
SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVELY.
WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH, LAMAR AND PIERCE, JJ.,
CONCUR. GRAVES, P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION
JOINED IN PART BY GRAVES, P.J. CHANDLER, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶44. Today’s decision marks the end of a poor performance by our state’s criminal justice
system in the case of this defendant. Roach may very well be guilty of the crimes of which
he is accused, but our fidelity to the law must transcend our attention to specific results. “It
is not enough to justify a conviction that the defendant be guilty. He has a right to be tried
in accordance with the rules of law.” Rutherford v. United States, 258 F. 855, 863 (2nd Cir.
1919). Today’s ruling falls short of that charge, and therefore, I respectfully dissent.
I.
¶45. Consistent with the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and its counterpart
in the Mississippi Constitution of 1890 (Article 3, Section 26), a police officer seeking
judicial authority to conduct a search must submit his assertions concerning probable cause
to “a neutral and detached magistrate,” who is in a more objective position to judge the
evidence dispassionately than “the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of
ferreting out crime.” Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14, 68 S. Ct. 367, 92 L. Ed. 436
31
(1948). When the magistrate’s judgment has been satisfied that probable cause exists, a
search warrant should issue. Under limited circumstances, a search will be judged valid, even
when the search warrant itself is not. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S. Ct.
3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984) (announcing the so-called good-faith exception to the warrant
requirement).
¶46. When the police officer’s search warrant contains false information of a material
nature, any warrant predicated upon it is rendered invalid. Leon notwithstanding, Franks v.
Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978), still stands for the
proposition that when a defendant “makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false
statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included
by the affiant in the warrant affidavit,” that defendant is entitled to a hearing to determine
whether the affidavit did, in fact, include false information. Id. at 155-56. At that hearing,
if the defendant shows by a preponderance of the evidence that information within the
warrant application is false, then that portion of the affidavit is stricken, and the remainder
of the affidavit is examined to ascertain whether probable cause survives. Id. at 156.
¶47. At this juncture, we need not determine whether the search warrant in this case should
be held invalid. What we should do, though, is state the obvious: that Roach has made a
substantial showing that the police applied for this search warrant on the basis of information
that they knew, or should have known, was wrong, namely, that the confidential informant
had a proven history of providing reliable information to the applying officer, who had met
him only the day before. Whether this patently inaccurate and clearly material representation
32
rises to the level of perjury, and whether exclusion of that information invalidates the
magistrate’s finding of probable cause, are questions not now before this Court. But
applicable constitutional guarantees and basic considerations of fairness demand that we now
remand this case for such determinations to be made in circuit court.
II.
¶48. But this case’s most flagrantly egregious moment was saved for the trial itself, when
the trial judge allowed the defendant’s most important witness to be arrested in front of the
jury.
¶49. If the prosecution had sought to introduce character evidence of a prior arrest against
this witness, the trial judge would have been obligated to reject it. Miss. R. Evid. 609(a)(1)
(limiting attacks against a nonparty witness’s credibility to crimes of which he has been
convicted). And if the prosecution had attempted to compel the witness to submit to an in-
court re-enactment of such an arrest, the trial judge likewise would have been duty bound to
refuse the request. See Goggins v. State, 529 So. 2d 649, 653-54 (Miss. 1988) (in-court re-
enactment of an identification was inappropriate because the performance carried no
probative value and could prejudice the jury). Nevertheless, the trial judge exceeded both of
those limitations and assented to the dramatic, in-court arrest of a defense witness in the
presence of the jury. How the trial judge could have believed that Roach’s right to a fair trial,
by a jury that was influenced only by applicable law and credible, relevant evidence, was not
negatively impacted by this spectacle is beyond the comprehension of any rational mind.
33
¶50. The infirmity of in-court arrests is not a phenomenon of first impression in
Mississippi. More than a century ago, in Chase v. State, 75 Miss. 502, 22 So. 828 (1897),
this Court considered the misdemeanor conviction of a defendant who, like Roach, watched
as the trial judge allowed a defense witness to be arrested in court and in full view of the jury.
Our judicial forebears affirmed the conviction, but only because the trial judge himself
acknowledged that his conduct had amounted to reversible error and afforded the defendant
the opportunity to impanel a new jury, which defense counsel waived. Id. at 504-05. “The
conduct of the judge of the lower court,” the Chase justices noted, “was open, manly and
most honorable.” Id. at 505.
¶51. In 1927, this Court again considered the kind of unusual circumstances that present
themselves in the instant case. In reviewing a trial overseen with less magnanimity than that
on display in the case of Chase, this Court reversed the conviction of a defendant during
whose trial the sheriff arrested a defense witness at the behest of the trial judge. Johnson v.
State, 141 Miss. 49 (1927). Speaking for a unanimous Court, Justice Anderson wrote that the
trial judge’s actions violated the ancient and well-established prohibition against judges
commenting on the credibility of witnesses.
We can hardly conceive of how a witness could be more thoroughly
discredited than by the action of the trial judge in ordering his arrest as he is
leaving the witness stand, whether his arrest be upon the ground that he had
committed perjury on the witness stand or has been guilty of some crime
elsewhere.
Id. at 54.
34
¶52. The statute upon which the Johnson Court based its decision lives on today at Section
99-17-35 of the Mississippi Code, which commands that a trial judge “shall not sum up or
comment on the testimony, or charge the jury as to the weight of the evidence . . . .” Miss.
Code Ann. § 99-17-35 (Rev. 2007). On these grounds, we have reversed convictions ruled
over by judges who were far kinder to witnesses. See Stallworth v. State, 310 So. 2d 900
(Miss. 1975) (holding that a judge’s warning to a witness who rendered testimony
inconsistent with his statement to police constituted impermissible comment on the
evidence). But where the episode ends in the arrest of a defense witness in the jury’s
presence, the question is far less difficult. Short of ordering the immediate assembly of a
firing squad, one has a hard time imagining a more powerful comment on a witness’s
credibility than the judge’s having him shackled and led away from the immediate environs
of the very people who were there to assess that credibility: the jurors.
¶53. Our state is among a multitude of jurisdictions in which this precise problem has
arisen in courtrooms. And across the centuries, with near-universal voice, our sister
jurisdictions have rejected the notion that such a sideshow does not require reversal. One
state’s high court addressed this problem long ago in this way:
It is clear to us that the remarks of the prosecuting attorney and the action of
the court in ordering the witness into the custody of the sheriff was most
prejudicial to the defendant. The action of the court informed the jury that it
was satisfied that the witness had committed either perjury or [another crime],
which very much discredited him in the minds of the jury as well as prejudiced
the defendant’s case. It is a well-recognized fact that jurors as a rule are quick
to discern the opinion of the trial court as to the guilt or innocence of a
defendant, or his opinion as to the truthfulness of a witness, and if a juror
concludes from the act or suggestions of the court that it disbelieves a witness,
35
it is sure to have a prejudicial effect against the litigant calling the witness . .
. .”
State v. Clark, 27 Idaho 48, 56-57, 146 P. 1107 (1915). See also Burke v. State, 66 Ga. 157
(1880); People v. Wolcott, 51 Mich. 612, 17 N.W. 78 (1883); Huff v. Territory, 15 Okla.
376, 85 P. 241 (1905); State v. Swink, 151 N.C. 726, 66 S.E. 448 (1909); McDonough v.
Blossom, 109 Me. 141, 83 A. 323 (1912); Blackwell v. State, 76 Fla. 124, 79 So. 731 (1918);
People v. Filipak, 322 Ill. 546, 153 N.E. 673 (1926); Knox v. State, 111 Tex. Crim. 601, 13
S.W.2d 378 (1929); Lile v. State, 186 Ark. 483, 54 S.W.2d 293 (1932); People v. Harris, 8
N.Y.S.2d 521, 255 A.D. 1011 (N.Y. App. Div. 1938); State v. Kish, 4 Ohio App. 3d 252, 448
N.E.2d 455 (1981); Williams v. State, 629 P.2d 54 (Alaska 1981); State v. Ferrell, 186 W.
Va. 307, 412 S.E.2d 501 (1991); Johnson v. State, 352 Md. 374, 388, 722 A.2d 873 (1999)
(citing favorably Long v. State, 31 Md. App. 424, 432, 356 A.2d 588 (1976)); Rutherford
v. United States, 258 F. 855 (2nd Cir. 1919); McNutt v. United States, 267 F. 670 (8th Cir.
1920); United States v. Bates, 468 F.2d 1252 (5th Cir. 1972).
¶54. And though, ultimately, any designation of error rests with the trial judge, we should
not let this case pass from our chambers without also noting, with disapproval, the behavior
of the prosecutor. A prosecutor “may prosecute with earnestness and vigor – indeed, he
should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones.”
Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629, 79 L. Ed. 1314 (1935). The Rules
of Professional Conduct further establish that “[a] prosecutor has the responsibility of a
minister of justice and not simply that of an advocate. This responsibility carries with it
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specific obligations to see that the defendant is accorded procedural justice and that guilt is
decided upon the basis of sufficient evidence.” Miss. R. Prof’l Conduct 3.8 cmt.
¶55. That responsibility was compromised in this case. And for what? The State adduced
evidence that was more than ample to convict Roach in a fair trial. Not satisfied with
presenting a strong case in a straightforward and professional manner, this prosecutor
permitted his zeal for a conviction to overcome his ethical obligations, and in doing so,
violated our state and national constitutions and unfairly tainted these proceedings.
Zealousness is a worthy quality in a prosecutor; but when prosecutorial zeal is allowed to
undermine a defendant’s constitutional rights, not only is justice endangered, but also the
people by thrusting upon appellate courts the duty to reverse convictions of some persons
from whom the public should be protected. Such shortsightedness is unbecoming a public
servant, particularly one entrusted with the vital role of a prosecutor.
¶56. The same fault lies with the trial judge in this case. Generally speaking, this Court has
made very clear that a trial judge commits reversible error when he or she takes any action
that will “cause the jurors to question [the court’s] impartiality toward the parties.” Jasper
v. State, 759 So. 2d 1136, 1140 (Miss. 1999). More specifically, we have held that, even in
civil matters, a trial judge clearly invades the province of the jury by commenting on a
witness’s credibility and that such comments are “tantamount to informing the jury that the
witness is being deceitful and evasive.” MIC Life Ins. Co. v. Hicks, 825 So. 2d 616, 625
(Miss. 2002). The judge’s obligation to remain neutral in word and deed is even stricter in
criminal cases. “It is the supreme duty of a trial judge, in so far as it is humanly possible, to
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hold the scales of justice evenly balanced between the litigants.” West v. State, 519 So. 2d
418, 422 (Miss. 1988). “[P]otential prejudice lurks behind every intrusion into a trial made
by a presiding judge. The reason for this is that a trial judge’s position before a jury is
overpowering. His position makes his slightest action of great weight with the jury.” Id. at
423 (quoting United States v. Hickman, 592 F.2d 931, 933 (6th Cir. 1979)). By conceding
to the arrest of a witness in front of the jury, the trial judge recklessly compromised his duty
of neutrality in a fundamental way.
¶57. Roach may indeed be guilty of the crime of which he was accused. And if this is so,
he should be held accountable. But if he is to suffer the judgment and consequences of guilt,
then American justice demands that this must occur in the context of a fair trial, propelled
by evidence from a constitutionally valid investigation, conducted by an ethically sensitive
prosecutor, and overseen by a neutral trial judge. Anything less not only prejudices
defendants, but indeed, prejudices the credibility and trustworthiness of the criminal justice
system itself. Under such circumstances, this Court should reverse and remand for a
judgment fairly rendered.
GRAVES, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.
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