Filed 4/29/13 P. v. Martinez CA4/2
Opinion on remand from Supreme Court
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California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E054731
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF10000762)
SAMSON MARTINEZ, OPINION ON REMAND
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Edward Forstenzer,
Judge. (Retired judge of the Mono Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part and reversed in part with directions.
Siri Shetty, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, and Collette Cavalier and Lise S.
Jacobson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
On April 6, 2010, defendant Samson Martinez, a True Crimes Boy (TCB) gang
member, was driving around Desert Hot Springs with several friends. They drove by a
crowd of people whom defendant identified to his cohorts as members of a rival gang
called West Drive Locos or West Drive. Defendant shot into the crowd of gang
members. A short time later, Marcos Mendez, a documented West Drive gang member,
went into the Desert Hot Springs police station with a gunshot wound to his arm.
Defendant was convicted of attempted murder with several weapons use and gang
allegations being found true.
On appeal, defendant argues that (1)The evidence did not establish that anyone
was hurt during the drive-by shooting or that Mendez was present in the crowd that was
shot upon to support his conviction of the enhancements found true pursuant to Penal
Code sections 12022.7, subdivision (a) and 12022.53, subdivision (d);1 (2) The trial
court erred by denying his section 1118.1 motion, as insufficient evidence of great bodily
injury to Mendez was shown by the People‟s case-in-chief; and (3) There was insufficient
evidence of the gang enhancements found true under section 186.22, subdivisions (a) and
(b)(1), as he acted alone, without the assistance of any fellow TCB gang members.
In our original opinion, filed November 30, 2012, we rejected all of defendant‟s
arguments and affirmed the judgment. Based on case law relevant at the time of the
opinion that a perpetrator of a crime need not be with another gang member when
committing a crime in order to be convicted of the substantive gang crime, we concluded
that sufficient evidence supported his convictions of section 186.22, subdivisions (a) and
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.
2
(b)(1). We acknowledged that the issue was pending review in the California Supreme
Court.
Defendant petitioned for review to our Supreme Court. By its order of March 13,
2013, the Supreme Court granted defendant‟s petition and directed that we vacate our
decision and “reconsider the cause in light of People v. Rodriguez (2012) 55 Cal.4th
1125,” (Rodriguez). We have examined Rodriguez and find that defendant‟s conviction
of violating section 186.22, subdivision (a) should be reversed. In all other respects, our
original disposition remains unchanged.
I
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was convicted by a jury of one count of attempted murder
(§§ 664/187). The jury found true the allegations that in the commission of the crime
defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused great
bodily injury or death to another person (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)); he committed the
offense for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with a criminal street
gang with the specific intent to promote, further, and assist in any criminal conduct by
gang members (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)); and he caused great bodily injury (§12022.7,
subd. (a)). Defendant was also found guilty of the substantive crime of street terrorism.
(§ 186.22, subd. (a).)
Defendant was sentenced to 7 years for the attempted murder, plus 25 years to life
pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivision (d). Sentence on the remaining allegations was
stayed. He received a total sentence in state prison of 32 years to life.
3
II
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. People’s Case-in-Chief
1. Witnesses in the car with defendant
On April 6, 2010, C.R. was 15 years old. Daivon Johnson2 was a close friend of
C.R.‟s. Johnson was also friends with William Shack. C.R., Shack, and Johnson all
knew defendant as “Doughboy.”
The three presented differing stories as to what occurred prior to the shooting of
the West Drive gang members. Shack said he drove to Johnson‟s house in Desert Hot
Springs. Defendant was at the house along with C.R. and Johnson, but Shack later
testified that they picked defendant up off of the street. Johnson said they all got in the
car at Johnson‟s house and then went to a couple of stores.
C.R. indicated that he, defendant, Johnson, and Shack went target shooting in the
desert either before or after the shooting. They had one gun with them, which was a .22
caliber. Johnson carried the gun for protection. Only C.R. was shooting. C.R. indicated
they then went to the gun store to buy ammunition and were heading to C.R.‟s house
when defendant told them to go somewhere else. They disagreed whether they went to
buy beer before or after the shooting.
They all agreed, however, about how the shooting occurred. Shack was in the
driver‟s seat, Johnson was in the passenger‟s seat, C.R. was behind Shack, and defendant
2 Johnson was unavailable for trial, and his preliminary hearing testimony
was read into the record. He had a prior felony conviction.
4
was behind Johnson. They were driving down Hacienda Avenue in Desert Hot Springs
when defendant told Shack to turn down Via Real Street. Defendant saw a group of what
he called “wet dicks,” which was a derogatory name for West Drive members. Johnson
heard defendant call them West Drive. C.R. described the group as “gang banger-type.”
There were 7 to 10 of them, there were older and younger men, and they were all
Hispanic. C.R. knew some of the younger men in the crowd. One of them was named
Ruben, who was known as Negro, and another was known as Little One. Shack indicated
that there were “like . . . five” people in the group that was shot at, and they were a
mixture of races. Johnson indicated that there were four or five Hispanic males in the
group of what appeared to be teenagers.
As they drove by, defendant opened up the back passenger‟s side door, hung out
the door by the seatbelt, and started shooting with his own gun. Shack heard more than
three shots fired. He did not stop the car. Johnson heard six to seven gunshots and said
the gun was brown and black. It looked like a revolver. C.R. described the gun that
defendant used as a .357 revolver. He heard defendant say under his breath after the
shooting, “I got those fuckers.”
C.R. stated that they dropped off defendant at an apartment complex called
Country Hills, which was near where the shooting had occurred. Defendant took the gun
with him. Shack indicated that defendant was dropped off at one of the stores where they
went to buy beer. Johnson stated that defendant was dropped off within two or three
minutes after the shooting in front of some apartments.
Shack and Johnson were mad at defendant about the shooting. Shack, Johnson,
and C.R. went to a friend‟s house for about 30 minutes. They left the house and were
5
driving back to C.R.‟s house, which was one block from where the shooting occurred,
when they were pulled over by police. Johnson estimated that they were pulled over
about 30 to 45 minutes after the shooting. The .22-caliber gun they had been using for
target practice was still in the car. One of them hid ammunition for the gun in a sock.
All three men identified defendant as the shooter in a six-pack photographic
lineup. C.R. and Johnson denied that they were members of a gang. Johnson told police
that defendant took the empty cartridges out of the gun and threw them out the window of
the car. A search of the area where they were purportedly thrown revealed no casings.
C.R. told officers later that defendant said after the shooting that he had “put in work for
[his] hood,” and that he hoped he shot someone in the crowd.
2. Witnesses in the neighborhood
On that day, in the early afternoon, Carmen Notte was visiting a friend who lived
at the corner of Hacienda and Via Real. Notte was in the garage that he claimed at trial
was only partially open. Notte saw a group of kids walking down Hacienda and then
witnessed them turn onto Via Real.
A car drove up and stopped. Someone started shooting from the passenger‟s side
of the car. Notte was not sure if the shooter exited the car. He heard two or three quick
gunshots. He could not see the gun. Notte later told the police that the shooter was a
Hispanic male and that he was in the car shooting back toward the kids. Notte believed
that the kids who were shot at ran to the desert.
Scott Wittig was employed by the City of Desert Hot Springs. On that day, he was
at a building located near Via Real and Hacienda Avenue. Wittig heard three gunshots
and called 911. Wittig told the 911 operator that there had just been a shooting. He also
6
described that he was watching three to five “kids” or teenagers running in a vacant field
near West Drive and Hacienda Avenue, just north of the shooting. They were hiding in
the bushes. One of the people he saw in the desert had on a black shirt. Wittig described
the people who had fled the shooter to the 911 operator, including a person in a blue and
white plaid shirt.
Andrew Falcon-Nava was living on Via Real on April 6, one house from the
corner of Via Real and Hacienda. His girlfriend was Sharon Taff. He told Taff to call
911 because someone was shooting from a car by his house. He heard “a bunch of
gunfire.” Nava saw a Hispanic “kid” hanging out of the passenger‟s side door of the car.
He was holding onto the car with his left hand, and his right hand was out the door
shooting. The car did not stop. Nava could not identify defendant as the shooter. Nava
saw a “bunch of kids” running into the desert. Nava explained that when he saw the
shooter, the shooter was pointing the gun toward the ground. However, he heard shots
before this and could not say the direction that they went.
Taff reported to the 911 operator that she lived at 13088 Via Real. She had seen
some “Mexican kids” standing on the corner near Hacienda and Via Real. A car drove
by and fired shots at them. Taff did not know if anyone was shot. There were four
people in the car.
3. Police investigation
Desert Hot Springs Police Officer Paul Tapia was on patrol that day. He received
a call at 3:25 p.m. that shots had been fired and a description of the suspect vehicle.
About 4:58 p.m., he initiated a traffic stop two streets from where the shooting occurred.
Shack was driving, Johnson was in the passenger‟s seat, and C.R. was in the backseat.
7
Johnson blurted out, “Officer, I‟ll tell you everything. I know everything. I promise.”
Johnson told Officer Tapia that there was a gun in the car. Officer Tapia went to the
scene of the shooting and found nothing of evidentiary value. Officer Tapia did not recall
if any other calls regarding shots being fired in Desert Hot Springs were received that
day.
Terry Sherman was a crime scene investigator employed by the Desert Hot
Springs Police Department. He was called on that day to the police station to take
photographs of Marcos Mendez. He took a picture of a red mark on Mendez‟s arm. He
could not be sure from the photograph if it was a gunshot wound. Mendez also had a red
substance on his shirt that was suspected to be blood. After he photographed Mendez, he
went to where Johnson, C.R., and Shack had been pulled over and took photographs of
the vehicle and its contents.
A fully loaded .22-caliber gun was found in the center console in the front of the
car. That type of gun would not expel casings. No casings were found in the car. Beer
cans were found in the vehicle. Live ammunition for a .22-caliber gun was found in a
sock in the vehicle. A preliminary gunshot residue test was conducted on C.R., Johnson,
and Shack. They were all negative. Fingerprints were taken from the inside and outside
of the vehicle. Two of Martinez‟s fingerprints were found on the vehicle.
David Topping was an investigator employed by the Riverside County District
Attorney‟s Office but also contracted out as a detective for the Desert Hot Springs Police
Department. At 3:25 p.m. on the date in question, he was at a city facility located on
Hacienda Avenue, about 100 yards from Hacienda and Via Real. He heard three or four
8
shots being fired. Based on the sound of the shots, he believed that either a nine-
millimeter or a .38-, .357- or .40-caliber gun was used.
Topping was not aware of any other shootings that occurred that day in Desert Hot
Springs.
After Topping heard the gunshots, he heard calls on the police radio that the
victim had arrived at the Desert Hot Springs police station. Topping then went to the
Desert Hot Springs police station and saw Mendez. Topping spoke with Mendez at the
hospital after Mendez had been transported by ambulance. Mendez had what appeared to
be a gunshot wound. Mendez told Topping that he did not know who had shot him. He
had no information about the shooting.
Desert Hot Springs Police Officer Stephen O‟Connor was on duty on April 6,
2010, at 3:30 p.m. He responded to shots being fired at Via Real and Hacienda. He
contacted Notte. Notte told Officer O‟Connor that he saw two juveniles walking on Via
Real. He then saw a car drive down the street with what he described as four Hispanic
males. The rear passenger leaned out of the vehicle and shot three to four shots directly
at the two juveniles. The juveniles then ran to the desert. Notte said nothing about only
being able to partially see because the garage door was only up halfway.
Officer O‟Connor “at some point,” after speaking with Notte, returned to the
Desert Hot Springs police station. He had contact with Mendez, who had what he
described as a “wound.” He appeared to Officer O‟Connor to be suffering. Mendez was
drifting in and out of consciousness.
9
4. Gang evidence
Desert Hot Springs Police Detective Michael Valentich was assigned to a
violent-gang task force. He explained that committing violent crimes earns a gang
member respect in the gang. The common symbol for the True Crime Boys gang was
TCB. TCB was a rival of West Drive. Detective Valentich had personally arrested at
least two TCB members who were in possession of guns.
Detective Valentich stated that on April 6, 2010, TCB had more than three
members and engaged in the primary activities or violent crimes of a gang. In 2009,
Enrique Delgado was a passenger in a vehicle in Palm Springs that was stopped by
police. He was found with a loaded shotgun, admitted he was a TCB gang member, and
was convicted of being a gang member in possession of a firearm. In 2008, Delgado had
also been in possession of a loaded firearm in a vehicle. In 2007, another TCB gang
member was convicted of being in possession of a firearm.
Detective Valentich surmised that defendant was an active TCB gang member.
Defendant had referred to the group that was fired on as West Drive or “wet dicks,”
which was a derogatory term for West Drive members. After the shooting, defendant
stated to those in the car that he hoped he got one of the them and that they were his
enemy. Defendant had been in the presence of other TCB gang members in the past.
Defendant‟s MySpace page had his moniker, references to TCB, and derogatory terms for
West Drive gang members.
Defendant also had TCB gang tattoos. Detective Valentich had no information
that Shack, C.R., or Johnson were active gang members.
10
In Detective Valentich‟s opinion, a TCB gang member would be putting in work
for the gang by killing or attempting to kill a West Drive member. Little One and Negro,
who C.R. said were in the crowd, were West Drive members. Mendez, the victim, who
was also known as Marcos Vasquez, was a documented member of West Drive.
Detective Valentich had not seen Mendez since the shooting.
In Detective Valentich‟s opinion, when given facts identical to the ones in this
case, he surmised that this type of shooting was committed for the benefit of the TCB
gang. He based his opinion on the fact that the shooting was against a rival gang
member, which was “one of the most glamorous things that somebody can do” for a
gang. He concluded, “Obviously, this crime . . . wasn‟t a one-on-one shooting; he did
it . . . in the presence of others. He identifies them before and after. He says, “They‟re
my enemy.” This also creates fear and intimidation in the rival gang, and also, as the
word spreads through the community, it will make that gang more fierce and more feared
in the community allowing them to do essentially whatever they want with little or no
interference.”
B. Defense
Amanda Ramsey lived three houses down from the corner of Via Real and
Hacienda. She had just pulled into her driveway when she heard some “pops.” She said
that it sounded like a firecracker or gunshots from a smaller gun, such as a .22-caliber
gun.
Mendez was treated at the hospital around 4:30 p.m. that day. Mendez had no
injuries to his bones. He had small metal fragments, which could not be identified as a
bullet by the treating physician, and soft tissue swelling on his arm. The fragments were
11
not removed and did not cause Mendez any problems. He required surgery because he
had an injury to a main artery in the arm. The artery had to be repaired by using a vein
taken from his leg. It was a major injury that if left untreated would have caused Mendez
to bleed out and possibly lose his arm.
III
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT
MENDEZ WAS A VICTIM OF THE CRIME
Defendant contends that the evidence does not support that Mendez was a victim
of the shooting committed by him. As such, the great bodily injury and weapons use
enhancements found true by the jury (§§ 12022.7, subd. (a), 12022.53, subd. (d)) lack
sufficient evidence.3
A. Standard of Review
“Our task is clear. „On appeal we review the whole record in the light most
favorable to the judgment to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence -- that is,
evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value -- from which a reasonable trier
of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.] The
standard of review is the same in cases in which the People rely mainly on circumstantial
evidence. [Citation.] “Although it is the duty of the jury to acquit a defendant if it finds
that circumstantial evidence is susceptible of two interpretations, one of which suggests
guilt and the other innocence [citations], it is the jury, not the appellate court which must
3 Evidence that Mendez told police where he was shot was excluded by the
trial court as hearsay. Mendez did not testify at trial.
12
be convinced of the defendant‟s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. „“If the circumstances
reasonably justify the trier of fact‟s findings, the opinion of the reviewing court that the
circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding does not
warrant a reversal of the judgment.”‟ [Citations.]” [Citation.]‟ [Citations.] The
conviction shall stand „unless it appears “that upon no hypothesis whatever is there
sufficient substantial evidence to support [the conviction].”‟ [Citation.]” (People v.
Cravens (2012) 53 Cal.4th 500, 507-508.)
B. Analysis
Here, defendant does not dispute that if the evidence established that Mendez was
part of the crowd that was shot at, the elements of the crimes would be shown by the
evidence. Hence, we only consider whether the evidence shows that Mendez was shot by
defendant.
“„A reasonable inference . . . “may not be based on suspicion alone, or on
imagination, speculation, supposition, surmise, conjecture, or guess work. [¶] . . . A
finding of fact must be an inference drawn from evidence rather than . . . a mere
speculation as to probabilities without evidence.”‟ [Citations.]” (People v. Cluff (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 991, 1002.) However, “[a]n appellate court must accept logical
inferences that the jury might have drawn from the circumstantial evidence.” (People v.
Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 396.) Here, the evidence that Mendez was shot by
defendant was supported by reasonable inferences drawn from the record, not speculation
or imagination.
The jury could reasonably infer that Mendez was shot by defendant. At 3:25 p.m.,
defendant shot at a group of West Drive gang members. Defendant fired anywhere from
13
three to six times. After he shot, C.R. heard him say that he “got those fuckers,” and he
also said that he hoped he got someone. Although no witness testified that they saw
someone in the group get shot, the jury reasonably could infer from defendant‟s
statements that he was clearly trying to shoot them and, based on C.R.‟s testimony, that
he was shooting at the crowd.
In addition, Wittig told the 911 operator that, just after he heard the gunshots, he
saw a group running into the desert and hiding in the bushes. He described them as
follows: “[O]ne guy was a wearing a blue and white plaid shirt, a white t-shirt, a blue, a
black t-shirt.” In the photographs of Mendez, he is wearing a blue and white plaid shirt
that had blood on it. It is a reasonable inference from this evidence that Wittig saw
Mendez running from the scene of the shooting.
Finally, Mendez showed up at the Desert Hot Springs police station “shortly” after
the calls of gunshots at Hacienda and Via Real. Although there was no specific time
given as to when Mendez arrived at the police station, the jury could reasonably infer it
was just after the shooting that occurred at 3:25 p.m., based on Topping‟s testimony that
right after the shooting he heard calls that Mendez was at the police station and evidence
that he was treated at the hospital at 4:30 p.m. Moreover, officers testified that they were
unaware of any other calls of shots fired in Desert Hot Springs during that time period.
Based on the foregoing, it was a reasonable inference from the evidence that
Mendez was in the group of West Drive members that was shot at by defendant. Mendez
suffered a gunshot wound. As such, defendant‟s convictions were supported by the
evidence.
14
IV
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF GREAT BODILY INJURY TO SURVIVE A
PENAL CODE SECTION 1118.1 MOTION
Defendant contends that even if the evidence supports that he shot Mendez, the
evidence at the conclusion of the People‟s case-in-chief did not establish that Mendez
suffered great bodily injury. As such, the trial court should have granted defendant‟s
motion to dismiss the great bodily injury allegations brought pursuant to section 1118.1. 4
A. Additional Factual Background
After the People rested their case-in-chief, defendant brought a motion pursuant to
section 1118.1 seeking a directed verdict for the enhancement alleged pursuant to section
12022.7. Defendant argued that there was no evidence of great bodily injury. The only
evidence was a gunshot wound. There was no evidence of the degree of trauma that
Mendez suffered. No reasonable jury could find the evidence supported the enhancement
beyond a reasonable doubt.
The People argued that the very nature of a gunshot wound is inherently
significant or substantial. The People insisted that “[a] gunshot wound is not a minor or
moderate injury.” Defendant countered that a gunshot wound can be a minor or small
wound.
4 Defendant recognizes that the section 1118.1 motion was brought only for
the section 12022.7 allegation, but he claims it equally applies to the section 12022.53,
subdivision (d) enhancement. He argues that if this court finds that he waived the claim
on the section 12022.53, subdivision (d) allegation, he received ineffective assistance of
counsel. We reject the claim under both sections.
15
The trial court ruled, “As to the G.B.I. argument, motion‟s going to be denied.
The Court heard evidence that there was a gunshot wound to . . . the victim‟s arm and
that he was drifting in and out of consciousness as a result of this injury, and I think that‟s
sufficient for the G.B.I. enhancement, and that‟s a jury issue for the jury to determine.”
B. Analysis
Section 1118.1 provides in pertinent part: “In a case tried before a jury, the court
on motion of the defendant or on its own motion, at the close of evidence on either side
and before the case is submitted to the jury for decision, shall order the entry of a
judgment of acquittal of one or more of the offenses charged in the accusatory pleading if
the evidence then before the court is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or
offenses on appeal.”
“„The standard applied by a trial court in ruling upon a motion for judgment of
acquittal pursuant to section 1118.1 is the same as the standard applied by an appellate
court in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, that is,
“whether from the evidence, including all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom,
there is any substantial evidence of the existence of each element of the offense
charged.”‟ [Citation.] „The purpose of a motion under section 1118.1 is to weed out as
soon as possible those few instances in which the prosecution fails to make even a prima
facie case.‟ [Citations.] The question „is simply whether the prosecution has presented
sufficient evidence to present the matter to the jury for its determination.‟ [Citation.]
The sufficiency of the evidence is tested at the point the motion is made. [Citations.]
The question is one of law, subject to independent review. [Citation.]” (People v.
Stevens (2007) 41 Cal.4th 182, 200.)
16
Section 12022.7, subdivision (a) provides for imposition of an enhancement on
“[a]ny person who personally inflicts great bodily injury on any person other than an
accomplice in the commission of a felony or attempted felony . . . .” Section 12022.7,
subdivision (f) defines great bodily injury as “a significant or substantial physical injury.”
Section 12022.53, subdivision (d) provides for an additional enhancement for a person
who personally and intentionally discharges a firearm and causes great bodily injury. It
refers to section 12022.7 for the definition of great bodily injury. (§ 12022.53, subd. (d).)
Great bodily injury does not require that the victim suffer permanent, prolonged,
or protracted disfigurement, impairment, or loss of bodily function. (People v. Escobar
(1992) 3 Cal.4th 740, 749-750.) Gunshot wounds to soft tissue can constitute great
bodily injury. (See People v. Mendias (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 195, 201, 205-206
[unextracted bullet but with no residual pain and immediate release from the hospital
constituted great bodily injury]; People v. Lopez (1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 460, 462, 465
[great bodily injury occurred where one victim was shot in buttock and another in thigh
with no further evidence].)
Here, at the close of the People‟s case-in-chief, the jury had been advised that
Mendez had suffered a gunshot wound to his arm. Further, the jury was shown
photographs of the injury inflicted. Based on the photographs, there was a wound to his
arm, and his shirt had a significant amount of blood. Other photographs clearly showed
him grimacing in pain and sweating profusely. In addition, the jury was shown
photographs of him being treated by paramedics and being taken away on a gurney. One
of the officers testified that Mendez was going in and out of consciousness during the
treatment.
17
Based on this evidence, the trial court could find that the evidence established
great bodily injury and properly denied defendant‟s section 1118.1 motion for acquittal.
V
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF THE GANG CRIME AND ENHANCEMENT
PURSUANT TO PENAL CODE SECTION 186.22, SUBDIVISIONS (a) AND (b)(1)
Defendant contends the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for
the gang crime and enhancement (§ 186.22, subds. (a) & (b)(1)) because the evidence
established that he acted alone and not in concert with other gang members. In light of
Rodriguez, we find the evidence did not support his conviction for the substantive gang
crime pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (a). However, the evidence supports the
gang enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1).
We have set forth the facts presented by the gang expert and the standard of
review for sufficiency of the evidence, ante. “The substantive offense defined in section
186.22(a) has three elements. Active participation in a criminal street gang, in the sense
of participation that is more than nominal or passive, is the first element of the
substantive offense defined in section 186.22(a). The second element is „knowledge that
[the gang‟s] members engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity,‟
and the third element is that the person „willfully promotes, furthers, or assists in any
felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang.‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Lamas
(2007) 42 Cal.4th 516, 523.)
In Rodriguez, the California Supreme Court held that the third element of the
offense is not satisfied when a gang member commits a felony while acting alone.
(Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th 1125.) The word “members,” as the Supreme Court
18
explained, “is a plural noun.” (Id. at p. 1132.) “Therefore, to satisfy the third element, a
defendant must willfully advance, encourage, contribute to, or help members of his gang
commit felonious criminal conduct. The plain meaning of section 186.22 (a) requires
that felonious criminal conduct be committed by at least two gang members, one of
whom can include the defendant if he is a gang member.” (Ibid.) The felonious criminal
conduct referred to in the statute must be committed “„by members of that gang.‟” (Id. at
p. 1131.)
Despite the fact that defendant was a TCB gang member, the evidence presented
below did not establish that the other persons with defendant at the time he shot Mendez
were gang members. As such, we are bound by the decision in Rodriguez that the
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction of violating section 186.22,
subdivision (a). (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
However, we need not reverse his conviction for the enhancement under section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1). To prove a gang enhancement allegation under section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1), the People must prove that the crime for which the defendant
was convicted had been “committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in
association with any criminal street gang, with the specific intent to promote, further, or
assist in any criminal conduct by gang members . . . .” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) “In
addition, the prosecution must prove that the gang (1) is an ongoing association of three
or more persons with a common name or common identifying sign or symbol; (2) has as
one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts
enumerated in the statute; and (3) includes members who either individually or
collectively have engaged in a „pattern of criminal gang activity‟ by committing,
19
attempting to commit, or soliciting two or more of the enumerated offenses (the so-called
„predicate offenses‟) during the statutorily defined period. [Citation].)” (People v.
Gardeley (1996) 14 Cal.4th 605, 617, italics omitted.)
To meet the first prong, the crime must be gang related. (People v. Albillar (2010)
51 Cal.4th 47, 60.) A crime is not gang related simply because it is committed by gang
members. (Ibid.) However, where an expert opines that “particular criminal conduct
benefited a gang by enhancing its reputation for viciousness[, this] can be sufficient to
raise the inference that the conduct was „committed for the benefit of . . . a[] criminal
street gang‟ within the meaning of section 186.22(b)(1).” (Id. at p. 63.)
As to the second prong of the enhancement, “specific intent to benefit the gang is
not required. What is required is the „specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any
criminal conduct by gang members . . . .‟” (People v. Morales (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th
1176, 1198 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].) “It is well settled that a trier of fact may rely on
expert testimony about gang culture and habits to reach a finding on a gang allegation.
[Citation.]” (In re Frank S. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1192, 1196.)
In Rodriguez, the court distinguished the enhancement from the substantive gang
crime embodied in section 186.22, subdivision (a). “Section 186.22(a) and section
186.22(b)(1) strike at different things. The enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1)
punishes gang-related conduct, i.e., felonies committed with the specific intent to benefit,
further, or promote the gang. [Citation.] However, „[n]ot every crime committed by
gang members is related to a gang.‟ [Citation.] As such, with section 186.22(a), the
Legislature sought to punish gang members who acted in concert with other gang
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members in committing a felony regardless of whether such felony was gang related.
[Citation.]” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1138.)
It further held, “A lone gang member who commits a felony will not go
unpunished; he or she will be convicted of the underlying felony. Further, such a gang
member would not be protected from having that felony enhanced by section
186.22(b)(1), which applies to „any person who is convicted of a felony committed for
the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang, with the
specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang
members . . . .‟ Because the gang enhancement under section 186.22(b)(1) requires both
that the felony be gang related and that the defendant act with a specific intent to
promote, further, or assist the gang, these requirements provide a nexus to gang activity
sufficient to alleviate due process concerns. [Citation.]” (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
pp. 1138-1139.)
Here, there was ample evidence that defendant was a TCB gang member, that he
shot at rival members of West Drive, and that it was the type of crime committed to
further the gang. Defendant does not dispute this evidence and only contends that he
acted alone. As stated in Rodriguez, a gang member can violate section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1) while acting alone. There are no grounds for reversing defendant‟s
conviction of the enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1).
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VI
DISPOSITION
We reverse defendant‟s conviction for violating Penal Code section 186.22,
subdivision (a). This does not affect defendant‟s sentence. The superior court is directed
to file an amended abstract of judgment accordingly and forward a copy of the amended
abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other
respects, the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI
J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST
Acting P. J.
McKINSTER
J.
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