In Re the Marriage of Davies

NO. 93-205
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1994

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF
MARK D. DAVIES,
Petitioner and Respondent,
and
MARGARET M. DAVIES,
Respondent and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Seventeenth Judicial
District, In and for the County of Blaine,
The Honorable Leonard Langen, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Robert F. James, James, Gray & McCafferty,
Great Falls, Montana
For Respondent:
Mort Goldstein, Goldstein Law Firm,
Havre, Montana
For Amicus Curiae:
Jody McCormick and Cynthia Ford, Women's Law
Caucus, University of Montana School of Law,
Missoula, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: April 28, 1994
Decided: September 21, 1994
Filed:

P
Clerk
Justice William E. Hunt, Sr., delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant Margaret M. Davies appeals from a final judgment and
decree entered April 2, 1993, in the Seventeenth Judicial District,
Blaine County, dissolving her marriage to Mark D. Davies and
dividing the marital estate.
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the District
Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Margaret raises the following issues:
1. Did the District Court err in dividing the marital
estate, including the refusal to award Margaret a portion of the
cash value of Mark's stock in two closely held family corporations?
2. Did the District Court err in discounting the values of
stock in the closely held corporations?
3. Did the District Court err in its award of maintenance?
4. Did the District Court err in allowing Mark to call a
vocational expert?
5. Did the District Court err in refusing to admit Exhibit
DDD?
6. Did the District Court err in awarding Margaret her
attorney fees without holding a separate hearing after the trial?
Margaret Davies and Mark Davies were married on June 26, 1970.
There were two children born of the marriage, Jeni, age 21, and
Ian, age 18. Both parties graduated from Montana State University
in 1970. Mark received a degree in Agricultural Business and
Margaret received a degree in Fine Arts. Following graduation, the

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parties married and moved to Mark's family ranching operation near

Chinook.
The Davies ranching operation consists of two separate

ranches, the Davies Ranch Company and the S BAR B Ranch. The

Davies Ranch was acquired in 1950, and title was placed in the

Davies Ranch Company, a Montana corporation incorporated on

January 2, 1950. On January 10, 1950, the stockholders entered

into a restrictive stock agreement which provided that there could

be no transfer of stock except to other members of the Davies
family. Counsel for the parties stipulated that the net value of

the Davies Ranch is $1,530,150.
As of the date of the filing of the petition for divorce in

1991, there were 435 outstanding shares of Davies Ranch Corporation

stock which were distributed as follows:
Joyce Y. Davies (Mark's mother) 184
Joyce Y. Davies for life with
remainder to her four sons 115
Jack W. Davies 41
Mark D. Davies 25
Dan K. Davies 27
Mark D. Davies, as trustee for the
benefit of Jeni and Ian 16

Mark's 25 shares were received by gift or inheritance during his

marriage to Margaret. The court valued the stock at $3518 per

share by dividing the net worth of the Davies Ranch ($1,530,150) by

435 outstanding shares. Using the formula set forth in the

restrictive stock agreement, the court discounted the book value by

50 percent, resulting in a current value of $1759 per share. The

court set the current value of Mark's shares at $43,975.

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 The S BAR B Ranch was acquired by the Davies family in 1963.

It was incorporated as a Montana corporation on March 8, 1963. On

March 9, 1963, the shareholders entered into a restrictive stock

agreement restricting the sale or transfer of corporation stock to

anyone outside of the immediate Davies family. Counsel for the

parties stipulated that the net worth of the S BAR B Ranch is

$4,104,532. As of the date of the filing of petition for divorce,

there were 2024 outstanding shares of S BAR B Ranch stock which
were distributed as follows:

Jack W. Davies 346.2
Mark D. Davies 346.2
Rick D. Davies 316.2
Dan K. Davies 326.2
Joyce K. Davies 131.2
Joyce K. Davies life estate
remainder to her sons 548

The court valued the stock at $2028 per share by dividing the net
value of the S BAR B Ranch ($4,104,532) by the 2024 outstanding

shares. Applying the formula set forth in the restrictive stock

agreement, the court discounted the book value by 50 percent for a

current value of $1014 per share. Of Mark's 346.2 shares of

S BAR B Ranch stock, 318.2 were acquired by gift or inheritance,

and 18 were acquired by purchase. The court set the current value

of Mark's shares at $332,795.

Mark is the president and general manager of the Davies Ranch

Company and vice president of the S BAR B Ranch Company. He has

written employment agreements which grant him broad powers to make

purchases of machinery and livestock, to spend money for repairs,

and to buy and sell cattle.

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 The parties separated in April 1990. On May 16, 1990, Mark

filed a petition for dissolution. With each party represented by

counsel, the matter was heard by the court. On April 2, 1993, the

court entered its judgment and "Findings of Fact, Conclusions of

Law, and Decree of Divorce." The decree provides as follows:

(1) Include a provision for making payments previously
set forth in these findings.

(2) Provide for maintenance to be paid to [Margaret] as
follows:
(a) $2200 per month for thirty months beginning
April 1, 1993.
(b) $1800 per month for thirty months beginning
April 1, 1995.
~~@ch$;;O;g;;r month for thirty months beginning
.
(3) [Margaret] is now included on Mark's health
insurance policy. Mark shall keep her on that policy as
long as possible, and shall make arrangements for equal
health coverage on another policy for her when the
present one expires, so far as she is concerned. Mark
shall pay the premiums therefor, so that she has health
insurance coverage for a period up to at least April 1,
1995.

(4) I have recommended in my Findings that [Margaret]
should obtain a complete medical examination, a complete
physical and mental examination. If she elects to do
this, Mark shall pay the cost of this additional
treatment not covered by insurance, up to $3500.

(5) If the examination recommends further treatment or
counseling, Mark shall pay the cost of this additional
treatment, not covered by insurance up to $2500.

(6) I have recommended that following the physical and
mental examinations and treatment, that Margaret should
submit to an examination by a qualified career guidance
person to suggest the career to which she is most likely
to achieve success. Mark shall cover up to $500 of the
cost of this..

(7) If it is recommended by the guidance counselor that
Margaret shall enroll in some qualified school so that
she can receive the training necessary to qualify her for

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 the employment, Mark shall pay up to $1500 of such
training.
ISSUE 1
Did the District Court err in dividing the marital estate,
including the refusal to award Margaret a portion of the cash value
of Mark's stock in the closely held family corporations?
We note that the record discloses minor errors in the figures
submitted by Mark and incorporated in the findings of fact and
conclusions of law, and we remand for correction of these errors.
In distributi.ng the marital estate, the court relied primarily
on the proposed findings of fact and division of marital assets

submitted by Mark. The court divided the marital assets into
Categories A, B, C, and D. With the exception of some
miscellaneous items listed in Category A, the assets listed in
Categories A, B, and C are shares of stock in either the Davies

Ranch Company or the S BAR B Ranch Company. The value of the stock
as listed has been discounted 50 percent.
Category A lists property Mark owned before the marriage.
Included in Category A are miscellaneous items valued at $1000 and
171 shares of stock in the S BAR B Ranch Company valued at
$181,089.
Category B lists property gifted to or inherited by Mark
during the marriage. Included in Category B are 25 shares of
Davies Ranch Company stock valued at $44,750, 157.2 shares of
S BAR B Ranch stock valued at $166,471, and 6 shares of Davies
Ranch Company stock held by Mark for his children valued at $21,199.

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 Category C lists speculative or contingency value property
gifted to or inherited by Mark during the marriage. Mark has a
contingency interest as one of four designated beneficiaries in a
living trust made by his mother which is revocable at any time
during her lifetime. Mark's contingency interest in the trust is
funded with shares of Davies Ranch Company stock valued at
$101,000. Mark's mother received a life estate through the estate
distribution of her late husband. Her husband's estate provided
that at her death, the four sons would receive in equal shares
Davies Ranch Company and S BAR B Ranch Company stock. The court
valued Mark's share at $106,483.
Category D consists of property acquired and debts accrued
during the marriage by mutual effort. Margaret does not dispute
the distribution of the Category D assets.
The total pre-tax value of the assets listed in Categories A,
B, and C is $631,936. Of this amount, the court distributed
$631,936 to Mark. Margaret attacks the court's distribution of
these assets.
"Our review of marital property divisions is whether the
district court's findings of fact are clearly erroneous." In re
Marriage of Nordberg (Mont. 1994), 877 P.2d 987, 991, 51 St. Rep.
531, 535; In re Marriage of Maedje (Mont. 1994), 868 P.2d 580, 583,
51 St. Rep. 47, 48 (citing In re Marriage of McLean/Fleury (1993),
257 Mont. 55, 61, 849 P.2d 1012, 1015). "If substantial credible
evidence supports the court's findings and judgment, this Court
will uphold the district court's decision unless there is an abuse

7
of discretion." Nordberq, 877 P.2d at 991. Substantial evidence
is defined as "evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as

adequate to support a conclusion; it consists of more than a mere

scintilla of evidence but may be somewhat less than a
preponderance." Harrettv. Asarco Inc. (1990), 245 Mont. 196, 200,
799 P.2d 1078, 1080.

Distribution of the marital estate is determined by the

guidelines in § 40-4-202(l), MCA, which provides in part:

In a proceeding for dissolution of a marriage . . . the
court, without regard to marital misconduct, shall . . .
finally equitably apportion between the parties the
property and assets belonging to either or both, however
and whenever acquired and whether the title thereto is in
the name of the husband or wife or both.

This language indicates that the court must consider all of the

shares in both ranch corporations in dividing the marital estate.

In re Marriage of Herron (1980), 186 Mont. 396, 608 P.2d 97. The
statute continues:
In dividing property acquired prior to the marriage;
property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent
. . . property acquired before the marriage or in
exchange for property acquired by gift, bequest, devise,
or descent: the increased value of property acquired
prior to marriage; and property acquired by a spouse
after a decree of legal separation, the court shall
consider those contributions of the other spouse to the
marriage, including:
(a) the nonmonetary contributions of a homemaker;
(b) the extent to which such contributions have
facilitated the maintenance of this property; and
(cl whether or not the property division serves as
an alternative to maintenance arrangements.

Section 40-4-202(l), MCA.

This part of the statute sets forth the criteria for equitable

distribution of the marital estate. The statute requires the court

8
to consider the contributions of the nonacquiring spouse including
the nonmonetary contributions of a homemaker. In re Marriage of
Jorgensen (1979), 180 Mont. 294, 299, 590 P.2d 606, 610. The
statute grants the district court broad discretion to apportion the
marital estate equitably to each party under the circumstances.
Nordberq, 877 P.2d at 991 (citing In re Marriage of Zander (1993),
262 Mont. 215, 221, 864 P.2d 1225, 1230).
We have held that *'[iIf the contribution of the non-owning
spouse has not facilitated the maintenance of property brought into
the marriage by the other spouse, the district court may exclude
that property from the marital estate." In re Marriage of
Gallagher (1991), 248 Mont. 100, 809 P.2d 579; see Joroensen, 590
P.2d at 609-10. However, prior acquired and gifted property may be
included in the marital estate but only after the court has
considered the contributions of the other spouse, including the
nonmonetary contributions of a homemaker. If the contributions of
a homemaker have facilitated the maintenance of the property, the
court may include that property in the marital estate for
distribution. Lewis v. Lewis (1982), 198 Mont. 51, 54, 643 P.2d
604, 606; Jorqensen (1979), 180 Mont. 294, 299, 590 P.2d 606, 610;
see also In re Marriage of Staudt (1985), 216 Mont. 196, 700 P.2d
175.
The court held that Margaret was not entitled to any portion
of the stock listed in Categories A, B, or C because she had
nothing to do with increasing the value of either of the two ranch
corporations. By incorporating Mark's proposed findings into its

9
decree, the court adopted his contention that during their 23 year
marriage Margaret "did not contribute either as a salaried employee
of the Davies Ranch or as a wife or as a mother in any way that
resulted in actual maintenance of the value of any of the stock
interests that [Mark] received through gift and or inheritance."
The record does not support the court's finding. During the
19 years Margaret lived on the ranch, she was engaged in the
rigorous activities of a ranch wife. Margaret was responsible for
the general maintenance of the Davies Ranch house, as well as the
cook house. She did the yard work and landscaping on the family
residence, and supervised three extensive renovations. Margaret's
work as a ranch hand during round-ups included: bottle feeding
calves, vaccinating and cooking during branding time, weighing
cattle, operating scales at the stock yard, and riding as a herder
during the grazing round-up.
In addition, she fed the horses and the cattle, plowed winter
roads, drove a grain truck to get pellets, purchased ranch
groceries, and drove to town to pick up parts and supplies.
Margaret babysat the children of employees and drove employees to
medical appointments.
Margaret sewed and cooked for the family, drove the children
to school, and participated in their school and extra-curricular
activities. Included in these activities were: coaching little
league, running .school track meets, serving as president of the
Chinook PTA and as a 4-H sewing leader. She is also a former
president, vice president, secretary-treasurer, and state director

10
of the Cowbelles, the auxiliary to the Montana Stockgrowers

Association. Mark acknowledged that because Margaret was involved

in the above activities he was free to devote his time to ranching.

This Court has often considered the effect of the nonmonetary

contributions of a homemaker on the marital estate. In Maedie, 868
P.2d at 583, we held that the wife was entitled to one-half of the

appreciated value of two properties the husband brought to the

marriage. The wife contributed to the maintenance and appreciation
of these assets by remodeling and painting buildings on the various

properties, performing daily housekeeping duties, and keeping the
marital financial records.

In In re Marriage of Westland (1993), 257 Mont. 169, 848 P.2d

492, the wife raised the children, maintained the home, fed the

ranch hands, and served as a ranch hand and a bookkeeper. We

concluded that the district court did not err in awarding the wife

a portion of the property the husband brought to the marriage

because the wife's contribution clearly facilitated the maintenance

and growth of all marital assets.

In Larson v. Larson (1982), 200 Mont. 134, 649 P.2d 1351, we

held that the district court erred in its evaluation of the marital

estate by excluding the husband's prior acquired property. We

found that while the wife's homemaking services and nonmonetary

contributions may not have been rendered in the field, she was the

primary care provider for the couple's children. This allowed the

husband to maintain his ranch duties without taking time from those

duties to care for his children.

11
 In In re Marriage of Miller (1989), 238 Mont. 197, 777 P.2d
319, the wife cared for the family home, raised three children,
assisted in various farm duties, and worked outside the home at
various jobs. We held that the lower court abused its discretion
in finding that the wife's contributions to the farm and ranch
operation were negligible.
In In re Marriage of Jacobson (1979), 183 Mont. 517, 600 P.2d
1183, the wife performed the duties of a ranch wife for over
25 years. Although she did not participate in the outside work,
she cared for the couple's two sons, devoting significant time to
their completion of school. In addition, she kept the ranch books
and occasionally drove to town to pick up supplies. This Court
affirmed the district court's finding that the parties made equal
contributions to the marital estate.
In In re Marriage of Glass (1985), 215 Mont. 248, 697 P.2d 96,
the husband arguedthatthe district court unrealistically inflated
the value of the wife's nonmonetary contribution to the marital
estate. We affirmed the district court. The wife worked on the
ranch for several years. Even after she moved to town, she still
contributed to the marital estate as homemaker, wife, and mother.
The rule is settled that an equitable distribution does not
require a 50/50 distribution of the marital assets. Nordberq, 877
P.2d at 992; In re Marriage of Bowman (1987), 226 Mont. 99, 734
P.2d 197. It is equity, not equality, that guides a court's
discretion in dividing the marital estate. In re Marriage of
Fitzmorris (1987), 229 Mont. 96, 745 P.2d 353. The record shows

12
that Margaret spent 19 years performing the duties generally

associated with those of a ranch wife. Those contributions as a

homemaker facilitated the maintenance of the property listed in

Categories A, B, and C and there is no substantial credible

evidence to the contrary.

We hold that the District Court erred in dividing the marital

estate including its refusal to award Margaret a portion of the

cash value of Mark's stock in two closely held family corporations.
We remand for further proceedings to determine an equitable

distribution of the marital estate in accordance with this opinion.

ISSUE 2

Did the District Court err in discounting the values of stock

in the closely held corporations?
The District Court discounted the value of Mark's stock in the

two ranch corporations by 50 percent pursuant to restrictive stock

agreements. Margaret argues that the court's valuation of the

stock ignores the underlying value of the corporation. In

addition, Margaret asserts that although Mark is a minority

shareholder, he runs the day-to-day operation of both ranch

corporations, and therefore, the discount does not reflect Mark's

ability to control both corporations.
Mark is a minority shareholder in both closely held ranch

corporations. Mark argues that as a minority shareholder his power

is limited to the voting power of his percentage of shares. The

record shows otherwise.

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 Mark was named president of the Davies Ranch and

vice-president of the S BAR B Ranch by resolution of their

respective boards of directors. Each resolution invests in Mark

identical powers. Mark is authorized to borrow money, to purchase

equipment, to execute notes, and to sell or assign any corporate

property. The court found that Mark had been granted broad powers.

Joyce Davies, Mark's mother, testified that Mark ran the day-to-day

operations of the ranch.
We have previously approved the practice of discounting stock

in a closely held corporation. In re Marriage of Milesnick (1988),

235 Mont. 88, 765 P.2d 751. However, a district court need not

discount the stock in a close corporation in all instances.

Milesnick, 765 P.2d at 757; see In re Marriage of Johnston (1986),

223 Mont. 383, 726 P.2d 322; In re Marriage of Buxbaum (1984), 214
Mont. 1, 692 P.2d 411. "A discount for a minority interest is

appropriate when the minority shareholder has no ability to control

salaries, dividends, profit distribution, and day-to-day corporate

operations." Milesnick, 765 P.2d at 757.

In In re Marriage of Danelson (1992), 253 Mont 310, 833 P.2d

215, we addressed the issue of discounting the value of stock held

in two ranch corporations. In the first trial, the district court

discounted the value of the stock by 40 percent. In the second

trial, the district court refused to discount the net value of the

stock. We affirmed. The district court found that the husband had

and would continue to have full control over the corporate affairs,

14
and that the husband had no intention of selling or otherwise

disposing of the corporation.

In Johnston, 726 P.2d at 322, we held that the district court

did not err when it failed to discount the minority stock in a

ranch corporation. A discount would not have accurately reflected

a minority stockholder's lack of ability to control salaries,

dividends or other corporate benefits. Also, the shares were

valued by looking to the underlying value of the corporation.

Johnston, 726 P.2d at 325.

We have held that discounting is appropriate when the market

value of the stock is being estimated because there is no market

value on which to rely. Buxbaum, 692 P.2d at 414. In the present

case, the value of the corporation was determined by the value of

the underlying assets, and it would be inconsistent to discount the

minority share of the value of the corporate assets. Buxbaum, 692

P.2d at 414.

Mark relies on Joroensen, 590 P.2d at 606, to support his

argument that the discount was proper. In Jorgensen, the

stockholders in a closely held family corporation entered into a

written agreement restricting the sale of shares to remaining

shareholders and fixing the price per share at $750. We affirmed

the district court's valuation of $750 as set forth in the

restrictive agreement. However, Jorgensen is distinguishable from

the present case in that the restrictive agreement in Joraensen set

a dollar value for the stock, rather than discounting it by a

percentage. At trial, the court heard expert testimony as to the

15
value of the stock. The expert established a range of $600 per

share to $1300 per share. Evidence was admitted of a third-party

offer to purchase the company at $600 per share. We held that

given the range of values offered as evidence, the district court

did not abuse its discretion in fixing the value of the shares at

$750. However, setting a dollar value per share in a restrictive

agreement is different than setting a percentage discount. By
setting the value per share at $750, it is possible that the wife

received the actual value, and perhaps more, of the underlying

assets. Had the value of the minority shares been discounted by a

percentage, the wife would never have received the actual value of
the underlying assets. As opposed to being a case about the

appropriateness of discounting the underlying value of stock,
Joroensen addresses the reasonableness of the dollar value assigned

to minority shares pursuant to a restrictive agreement.

The record shows that Mark had broad powers regarding

financial decisions made for both corporations. It is clear that

Mark ran the day-to-day operations of both ranches. Mark testified

that he intends to continue managing the ranching corporations

until he retires, and that he has no intention of selling his

shares of stock. The underlying value of the corporations is not

in question. The parties stipulated as to those values.

Discounting the value of the minority shares by 50 percent was
inappropriate.

In Issue 1, we held that Margaret is entitled to a portion of

the cash value of the stock in the two ranch corporations.

16
Margaret is also entitled to the actual underlying value of that
stock, rather than the discounted value.

We hold that the District Court erred in discounting the value

of stock in a closely held corporation, and we remand for a

determination in accordance with this opinion.
ISSUE 3

Did the District Court err in its award in the amount and

duration of maintenance?
This Court will not reverse the district court's award of

maintenance unless the findings are clearly erroneous. In re

Marriage of Eschenbacher (1992), 253 Mont. 139, 142, 831 P.2d 1353,
1355; In re Marriage of Eide (1991), 250 Mont. 490, 493, 821 P.2d

1036, 1037.

In awarding maintenance, the district court is governed by

§ 40-4-203, MCA, which provides in part:
(2) The maintenance order shall be in such amounts
and for such periods of time as the court deems just,
without regard to marital misconduct, and after
considering all relevant facts including:
(a) the financial resources of the party seeking
maintenance, including marital property apportioned to
him . . . .

The statute provides that the district court must consider the

amount of marital property apportioned to the party seeking

maintenance. We remand the issue of maintenance for further

consideration by the District Court.

ISSUE 4

Did the District Court err in allowing Mark to call a

vocational expert?

17
 The court allowed Mark's counsel to call a vocational

rehabilitation expert to rebut Margaret's testimony as to her

unemployability. Margaret's counsel objected because the expert

was not named in discovery responses. The court called for a

continuance and allowed counsel for both parties to interview the

expert.

Our standard of review relating to discretionary trial court

rulings is whether the trial court abused its discretion in
allowing the evidence. Steer, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue (1990), 245
Mont. 470, 475, 803 P.2d 601, 603-04.

There is nothing in the record to suggest that the trial court

abused its discretion in allowing the evidence.

We hold that the District court did not err in allowing Mark
to call a vocational expert.

ISSUE 5

Did the District Court err in refusing to admit Exhibit DDD?

The court refused to admit Exhibit DDD, a diary offered as

proof of Margaret's contribution to the operation of the ranches

and maintenance of the marital assets.

Our standard of review relating to discretionary trial court

rulings is whether the trial court abused its discretion in

allowing (or not allowing) the evidence. Steer, 803 P.2d at

603-04.

The court determined that the material contained in the diary

was a written record of the detailed testimony Margaret had just

18
delivered and was unnecessary. There is no evidence in the record
to show that the court abused its discretion.
We hold that the District Court did not err in refusing to
admit Exhibit DDD.
ISSUE 6
Did the District Court err in awarding Margaret her attorney

fees without holding a separate hearing after the trial?
Reasonable attorney fees are allowed if both parties'
financial resources are considered. Buxbaum, 692 P.2d at 415;
Section 40-4-110, MCA.
An award of attorney fees must be based on a hearing
allowing for oral testimony, the introduction of
exhibits, and an opportunity to cross-examine in which
the reasonableness of the attorney fees claimed is
demonstrated.
In re Marriage of Aanenson (1979), 183 Mont. 229, 236, 598 P.2d
1120, 1124.
We hold that the District Court erred in awarding Margaret her
attorney fees without holding a separate hearing after the trial,
and we remand for a determination in accordance with this opinion.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further
proceedings.

19
We concur:

Justices

20
Justice James C. Nelson, specially concurring.

I concur in the result reached by the Court in this case not
only for the reasons set forth in our opinion, but also for an

additional reason not discussed.

We have time and time again paid lip service to the oft-stated
but usually ignored rule that, while not error per se, district

courts should not adopt verbatim the findings of fact and
conclusions of law of the prevailing party. In re Marriage of

Nikolaisen (1993), 257 Mont. 1, 5, 847 P.2d 287, 289 (citing In re
Marriage of Hurley (1986), 222 Mont. 287, 295-96, 721 P.2d 1279,

1285). The reason underlying the rule is that "[e]rror occurs when
the court accepts one party's proposed findings of fact without

proper consideration of the facts and where there is a lack of

independent judgment by the court.t* In re Marriage of Kukes

(19931, 258 Mont. 324, 328, 852 P.2d 655, 657 (citing In re
Marriage of Callahan (1988), 233 Mont. 465, 472, 762 P.2d 205,

209).

This case presents a perfect illustration of what happens when

the rule is observed in the breach. Here, the District Court

adopted by reference a fourteen page portion of the proposed

findings of fact submitted by counsel for Mark and simply

photocopied and attached those as Exhibit A to the court's Findings

of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decree of Divorce. Included in
Exhibit A appears the following:

The court further finds that Margaret Davies should
be awarded maintenance for a specified period of time to
encourage and impress upon her that it is necessary for
her to get on with her life and to stop looking to her
husband and the court for unrealistic expectations.

21
 In making the division of property, the court has
considered the matters stated in Section 40-4-202, MCA
[sic] in making the determination of maintenance the
court has considered the matters stated in Section
40-4-203, MCA. The court finds that Margaret Davis is a
pleasant aooearing attractive person who has the ability
both physically and emotionally to acquire continuing
commercial education and training to enable her to find
appropriate employment, in addition to the education and
training that she has already received. [Emphasis added.]
It is bad enough when attorneys inject gender bias and sexual
stereotyping into legal proceedings: it is unacceptable when the
court wholly or partially premises its decision on such erroneous
preconceptions. While that was, perhaps, not the court's intention
in the instant case, nevertheless, in adopting verbatim, by
reference, Mark's counsel's view that the wife's physical
appearance should play some partin resolving property distribution
and maintenance issues, the court has made that insupportable
proposition its own.
Like other courts and organized bars, this Court and the
Montana State Bar have recognized the harm caused by gender bias
and sexual stereotyping in court proceedings. To that end, this
Court has appointed a Gender Bias Task Force which is charged with
the duty of examining "the extent to which gender bias . . .

affects participants in the judicial system, such as . . .
litigants . . . and members of the public who come into contact
with the courts of Montana." In the Matter of the State Bar of
Montana's Gender Fairness Steering Committee, No. 90-231 (1990)
(Petition and Order).
While that task force has not completed its report, it is safe
to say that if attorneys and members of the judiciary entertain

22
preconceptions about a party because of the party's gender, and
worse, then act upon those stereotypes, the entire legal process is
invariably tainted and debased.
Article II, Section 4 of our Montana Constitution recognizes
and guarantees the individual dignity of each human being without
regard to gender. Every attorney and every judge in Montana is
sworn to uphold that constitutional right. Attorneys: Section 37-
61-207, MCA; Judges: Art. III, Sec. 3, Mont. Const., and 5 2-16-
211, MCA. There is simply no justification for injecting gender
bias and sexual stereotyping into any legal proceeding in this
state. It is morally wrong: it violates the constitution; it will
not be tolerated.
While Mark's counsel argues that his--and by adoption, the
court's--comments were "complimentary and encouraging," I suggest
that few women would agree. I suspect that most women would find
such statements demeaning and patronizing. I wonder what the
reaction would have been if the court had concluded that Mark
should get substantially less property because he is a good looking

guy and, by implication, will likely find a new wife; that he
should stop whining: and that he should get on with his life.
In its Petition to the Supreme Court, the State Bar of
Montana's Gender :Fairness Steering Committee listed four forms of
gender bias: a) denying rights on the basis of gender:
b) subjecting people to stereotypes about the proper behavior of
men and women which ignore their individual situations: c) treating
people differently on the basis of gender in situations in which
gender should be irrelevant; and d) subjecting men and women as a

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group to a legal rule, policy, or practice which produces worse
results for them than for the other group. All four forms of
gender bias are implicated in any decision in which the counsel and
the court litigate and decide issues wholly or partially on the
basis of the physical appearance and attractiveness of one of the
litigants.
The various sections of the Montana Uniform Marriage and
Divorce Act and our substantial body of case law set forth in
detail the legal requirements under which matters of property
distribution, maintenance, custody, support and visitation are to
be litigated and decided in dissolution actions in this state.
Gender bias and sexual stereotyping have absolutely no part in the
process; they are not part of the equation. The court has no
obligation to, and, indeed, may not favor the female litigant in
order to protect "the little woman;" nor is it proper for the court
to disadvantage the female party by wholly or partially deciding
contested dissolution issues on the basis that she is physically
attractive and, by implication, will likely remarry soon.
Moreover, it is patently improper that counsel suggest that the
court should do so.
Simply put, gender bias and sexual stereotyping have no place
in the jurisprudence or in the courtrooms of this state. The fact
that such misconceptions were improperly injected into this case
lends further support to our decision here. Accordingly,

&*

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 Justice Karla M. Gray joins in the foregoing special
concurrence of Justice James C. Nelson.

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