95-476
No. 95-476
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1997
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
DAVID WAYNE GUNDERSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,
In and for the County of Broadwater,
The Honorable Dorothy McCarter, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
William F. Hooks, Appellate Defender Office, Helena, Montana
For Respondent:
John T. Flynn, Broadwater County Attorney, Townsend, Montana;
Joseph P.Mazuzrek, Attorney General, John Paulson, Assistant
Attorney General,Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: February 27, 1997
Decided: April 8, 1997
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice William E. Hunt, Sr. delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Appellant David Wayne Gunderson (Gunderson) appeals the judgment of the First
Judicial District Court, Broadwater County, upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of one
count of sexual intercourse without consent. We affirm.
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Gunderson presents three issues on appeal:
1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in failing to instruct the jury, sua
sponte, that sexual assault was a lesser-included offense of sexual intercourse without
consent?
2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in sentencing Gunderson as a
persistent felony offender?
3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in sentencing Gunderson as a
dangerous offender?
On the night of September 16, 1994, Jenny E. (Jenny), a seventeen year old girl,
was spending time with friends at the apartment of her boyfriend, Pat Long (Pat). While
Pat was retrieving some things from his truck, another truck pulled up and the driver
engaged him in conversation. The driver of the truck, who introduced himself as
"Dave," was a stranger to Pat, Jenny, and their friends. At trial, Pat, Jenny, and other
witnesses present that night identified the stranger as Gunderson. Gunderson asked Pat
to direct him to a certain campground outside of town.
While Gunderson and Pat were talking, a police car pulled up and the officer
briefly engaged Pat in conversation. After the officer left, Gunderson followed Pat into
the apartment and asked if one of the girls present would drive his truck to the
campground. He explained that he had been drinking and he did not want to get a DUI.
Jenny and Pat agreed to help Gunderson get his truck to the campground. They
agreed that Jenny would drive Gundersonþs truck, while Pat and Gunderson would follow
in Patþs truck and then Pat and Jenny would return to town. The three went outside and
Jenny got in the driverþs side of Gundersonþs truck. Pat returned to the apartment to ask
his roommate to come with them. While Pat was gone, Gunderson jumped in his truck,
moved Jenny over, and drove off.
Jenny testified at trial that she attempted to direct Gunderson to the campground
but that he did not listen to her. Instead of heading for the campground, he drove Jenny
out of town in the opposite direction, finally stopping on an isolated road. Jenny
testified that Gunderson then made advances towards her, at which time she jumped out
of the truck and tried to run. She testified that Gunderson caught her and threw her down
in the ditch or borrow pit that paralleled the road. When she attempted to rise,
Gunderson threw her back down and told her that if she fought him, he would shoot her
and leave her there to die. Gunderson then hit her lightly in the mouth, removed her
jeans and panties, and laid down on her. Jenny testified that, while she was uncertain
whether he penetrated her with his penis, she was certain that he penetrated her with his
fingers.
After about twenty minutes, Gunderson allowed her to rise and dress. She then
began to walk back to town, but Gunderson put her in the truck and drove her back.
Jenny testified that he told her on the way that she should not attempt to press charges.
He told her that if he had to go to jail, he would kill her when he was released. From
the location where Gunderson dropped her off, Jenny walked back to Patþs apartment.
Her friends had been out looking for her throughout the time she was gone. When she
told them what had happened, they took her to the hospital.
After being examined at the hospital, Jenny, her father, and a sheriffþs deputy
returned to the spot where she had been attacked. The sheriffþs deputy found at the scene
a pack of cigarettes, a lighter, and a black wallet with a driverþs license in it. Jenny
identified the individual whose picture was on the license as her attacker; the driverþs
license belonged to Gunderson. Gunderson subsequently was arrested at his home and
charged with one count of kidnaping and one count of sexual intercourse without consent.
At trial, Gunderson admitted to being the individual with Jenny on the night in
question. He claimed, however, that they had fallen into the ditch because the truck was
parked too close to the edge. Gunderson admitted to making sexual advances, but
claimed that he desisted once Jenny had told him twice to stop. He denied penetrating
her with his fingers; denied threatening to kill her; and denied striking her. After trial,
the jury found him not guilty of kidnaping, but guilty of sexual intercourse without
consent. Gunderson appeals his conviction and sentence.
1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in failing to instruct the jury, sua
sponte, that sexual assault was a lesser-included offense of sexual intercourse without
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consent?
Gunderson first argues that the District Court erred by not, of its own initiative,
instructing the jury that sexual assault is a lesser-included offense of sexual intercourse
without consent. Gunderson contends that the failure of the District Court to so instruct
the jury deprived him of the possibility that he would be convicted of sexual assault, a
misdemeanor, rather that sexual intercourse without consent, a felony. We review
alleged errors in jury instructions in criminal cases to ensure the instructions, as a whole,
fully and fairly instruct the jury on the law applicable to the case. State v. Patton (1996),
930 P.2d 635, 53 St.Rep. 1402 (citing State v. Brandon (1994), 264 Mont. 231, 237, 870
P.2d 734, 737; State v. Lundblade (1981), 191 Mont. 526, 529-30, 625 P.2d 545, 548).
This Court has previously reviewed and rejected the proposition that a trial court
should be required to instruct the jury regarding lesser-included offenses even if the
defendant does not request such an instruction. See State v. Sheppard (1992), 253 Mont.
118, 832 P.2d 370 (Sheppard I). In Sheppard I, we held:
Montana recognizes that, upon request, a defendant is entitled to an
instruction about a lesser-included offense if the evidence would permit a
jury rationally to find him guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the
greater. However, the rule in Montana and the overwhelming majority of
states is that if a request for such an instruction is not made, the appellate
court will not overturn the conviction absent plain error.
832 P.2d at 373 (emphasis added; citations omitted). In articulating the rationale for this
rule, this Court stated that "under our adversarial system of justice, the prosecution and
defense must have the option of foregoing a lesser charge instruction for strategic
reasons. Lawyers, not judges, should try cases." Sheppard I, 832 P.2d at 373. We also
noted that "mandatory sua sponte jury instruction on lesser offenses is inconsistent with
Montana law and our public policy of allowing trial counsel to conduct the case according
to his or her own strategy . . . ." Sheppard I, 832 P.2d at 373. Our holding in Sheppard
I was reviewed and affirmed in State v. Sheppard (1995), 270 Mont. 122, 890 P.2d 754
(Sheppard II) and State v. Leyba (1996), 276 Mont. 45, 915 P.2d 794.
In the case at bar, Gunderson concedes that his counsel did not request an
instruction on sexual assault. To the contrary, counsel specifically declined such an
instruction when the District Court sua sponte offered it, stating "at this point it is a
conscious decision to not ask for an instruction on the lesser included [offense]." Counsel
therefore made a calculated decision to forego an instruction on sexual assault,
presumably because it was incompatible with his trial strategy. As we have said before
"we will not second guess counselþs tactical decisions." Sheppard II, 890 P.2d at 757.
Nor will we hold the District Court in error for not forcing counsel to depart from his
trial strategy by accepting an instruction he or she purposely declined to give.
Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court did not err in failing to sua sponte
instruct the jury on sexual assault.
In resolving this issue, we do not address whether sexual assault is, as a matter of
law, a lesser included offense of sexual intercourse without consent. Such a
determination is not necessary to the resolution of this case and, therefore, is beyond the
scope of this appeal.
2. Did the District Court err in sentencing Gunderson as a persistent felony
offender?
Gunderson next asserts that the District Court exceeded its authority by sentencing
him to twenty years on the charge of sexual intercourse without consent and an additional
ten years due to his status as a persistent felony offender. District courts have broad
discretion in sentencing criminal defendants. We review criminal sentences only to
determine whether the district court abused its discretion in sentencing the defendant.
State v. Graveley (1996), 275 Mont. 519, 521, 915 P.2d 184, 186. Our review of a
sentence is limited to questions of legality, State v. Graves (1995), 272 Mont. 451, 463,
901 P.2d 549, 557, and a sentence is not illegal when it is within the parameters provided
by statute. State v. Henry (1995), 271 Mont. 491, 497-98, 898 P.2d 1195, 1199.
Citing State v. Fitzpatrick (1991), 247 Mont. 206, 805 P.2d 584, Gunderson
contends that a sentence as a persistent felony offender replaces the maximum sentence
for the underlying offense and cannot be imposed in addition to a separate sentence for
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the underlying offense. Gunderson misreads Fitzpatrick. In Fitzpatrick, we held only
that a persistent felony offenderþs sentence must fall within the parameters mandated by
46-18-502, MCA, and cannot exceed 100 years, the maximum penalty prescribed by
law. Section 46-18-502(1), MCA; see also State v. Ford (1996), 926 P.2d 245, 53
St.Rep. 947. Gundersonþs sentence of thirty years falls well within these statutory
parameters, and the District Court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing him.
3. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in sentencing Gunderson as a
dangerous offender?
Gunderson lastly argues that the District Court lacked the authority to sentence him
as a dangerous offender, because the statute which authorized such a designation ( 46-
18-404, MCA (1993)) was repealed prior to his sentencing. In light of the statuteþs
repeal and this Courtþs decision in State v. Wilson (1996), 926 P.2d 712, 53 St.Rep.
1034, the State concedes that Gundersonþs designation as a dangerous offender was
erroneous. Accordingly, we hereby order stricken from the judgment the dangerous
offender designation. In all other respects, the order of the District Court is affirmed.
/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.
We Concur:
/S/ J. A. TURNAGE
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JIM REGNIER
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