No. 02-724
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2004 MT 148
GLEN GROVER,
Petitioner and Appellant,
v.
CORNERSTONE CONSTRUCTION N.W., INC.,
a corporation registered to do business in the state
of Montana,
Respondent and Respondent.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District,
In and for the County of Lake, Cause No. DV 98-93
The Honorable Ted O. Lympus, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Kenneth S. Thomas, Bothe & Lauridsen, P.C., Columbia Falls, Montana
For Respondent:
Erika L. Johnson, Stephen G. Berg, Johnson, Berg, McEvoy & Bostock,
PLLP, Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 24, 2003
Decided: June 8, 2004
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Patricia O. Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Glen Grover (Grover), a carpenter, sustained injuries when he fell from the roof of
a house on which he was working. The house under construction was owned by Michael and
Ruth Crenshaw (the Crenshaws). In addition to filing a workers’ compensation claim,
Grover sued the Crenshaws and Cornerstone Construction for negligently failing to provide
a safe workplace. Section 50-71-201, MCA. The Crenshaws and Cornerstone each filed a
Motion in Limine requesting that Grover be prohibited from introducing safety standards
established under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA or the Act). The Motions
were granted. Grover and the Crenshaws subsequently settled. Following a jury trial and
defense verdict for Cornerstone, Grover appeals, challenging the entry of the Order in
Limine. We affirm.
ISSUE
¶2 The only issue before this Court is whether the District Court abused its discretion in
granting Cornerstone’s Motion in Limine prohibiting Grover from introducing at trial OSHA
safety standards as evidence of Cornerstone’s alleged negligence.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶3 In the spring of 1996, the Crenshaws began planning their new home along Flathead
Lake. After having plans drawn and obtaining the necessary building permits, they asked
their brother-in-law, Stephen Tartaglino, who was married to Ruth Crenshaw’s sister, to act
as “general contractor” over the project. The three of them entered into a written contract
on May 29, 1996.
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¶4 Tartaglino had worked in the construction industry for much of his adult life, but for
a few years prior to this time, in addition to construction work, he also had worked as a
licensed paramedic and emergency medical technician (EMT) in New England. Upon
returning to Montana in August 1995, he was unable to secure an EMT/paramedic position
in Kalispell, so he began working as a building contractor again. He was working for a
contractor in Kalispell when the Crenshaws approached him about helping in the
construction of their house.
¶5 Prior to beginning work on the Crenshaw home, Tartaglino established a sole
proprietorship, Cornerstone Construction, N.W., and obtained the necessary licenses,
insurance and bonding. In January 1997, a few months after the accident giving rise to this
case, Tartaglino incorporated Cornerstone. Because Cornerstone was owned exclusively by
Tartaglino at the time of Grover’s injury, we will use “Tartaglino” and “Cornerstone”
interchangeably in this Opinion.
¶6 Tartaglino had only a few small tools when he began assisting the Crenshaws in July
1996, having left his large construction tools in New England. The Crenshaws provided
various tools for use on the construction site and over the course of their home-building
project, they purchased other needed tools and equipment which Tartaglino agreed to
purchase from them.
¶7 Because Cornerstone had no employees, the Crenshaws contracted with Labor
Contractors of Kalispell (Labor Contractors) to provide laborers for the building project. The
Crenshaws prepaid Labor Contractors a substantial sum from which Labor Contractors
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would in turn pay the wages, taxes, and workers’ compensation premiums for the laborers
it “loaned” to Crenshaws. Grover was employed as a carpenter by Labor Contractors and
was one of the workers “loaned” to the Crenshaws. On September 3, 1996, Grover fell from
the roof of the Crenshaw home and sustained injury.
¶8 In addition to filing a workers’ compensation claim, Grover filed suit against the
Crenshaws and Cornerstone in July 1998, alleging that they negligently failed to provide a
reasonably safe place to work. Section 50-71-201, MCA. Prior to the jury trial, the
Crenshaws and Cornerstone filed Motions in Limine seeking to prohibit Grover from
presenting the OSHA safety standards to the jury as evidence of the Crenshaws’ and
Cornerstone’s negligence. The District Court granted the motions. Shortly thereafter,
Grover and the Crenshaws settled their claims. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury
returned a verdict in favor of Cornerstone.
¶9 Grover filed a timely notice of appeal. He asserts that the District Court erred in
granting Cornerstone’s Motion in Limine. He asks that we set aside the jury verdict and
order a new trial in which he would be allowed to introduce the OSHA safety standards.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶10 We review a district court’s grant or denial of a motion in limine for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Brasda, 2003 MT 374, ¶ 14, 319 Mont. 146, ¶ 14, 82 P.3d 922, ¶ 14
(citation omitted). A district court abuses its discretion if the district court “acts arbitrarily
without conscientious judgment or exceeds the bounds of reason resulting in substantial
injustice.” Brasda, ¶ 14 (citation omitted). Furthermore, “[t]his Court will uphold the
decision of a district court, if correct, regardless of the lower court’s reasoning in reaching
its decision.” Hulse v. State, Dept. of Justice, 1998 MT 108, ¶ 15, 289 Mont. 1, ¶ 15, 961
P.2d 75, ¶ 15.
DISCUSSION
¶11 Grover maintains that, under OSHA, certain safety procedures and equipment were
required in the construction of the Crenshaw home. He asserts that Cornerstone failed to
provide the required safety equipment and that, as a result, he fell from the Crenshaw’s roof.
He further maintains that he should have been able to present the OSHA safety guidelines
to the jury in his effort to prove that Cornerstone was negligent in failing to provide an
adequately safe work environment. Grover submits that while violations of the OSHA rules
in the construction industry are not considered negligence per se, they are evidence of
common law, or ordinary, negligence. He argues that because the jury was not allowed to
consider the OSHA guidelines, a disproportionate amount of negligence was attributed to
him, thus precluding his recovery at trial.
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¶12 To support his position that the OSHA regulations applied to this construction project,
Grover contends that Tartaglino was an experienced and knowledgeable commercial builder
who was aware of the industry accepted safety standards. Grover maintains that Tartaglino
undertook the construction of a residential home that was not his own, and thus was
participating in a construction endeavor that was part of the construction industry as a whole.
¶13 In reaching its decision, the District Court applied the following two-part rule
announced in Lynch v. Reed (1997), 284 Mont. 321, 944 P.2d 218:
1) A code or standard sought to be admitted for the purpose of “conclusively
determining the standard of care imposed upon the defendant” must have been
adopted by a governmental agency so as to have the force of law; and
2) Where a code or standard does not have the force of law, it may
nevertheless be admitted as substantive evidence of negligence if it is coupled
with a showing of general acceptance in the industry concerned.
Lynch, 284 Mont. at 328, 944 P.2d at 223. Applying this rule, the District Court pointed to
the fact that Grover was employed by Labor Contractors, not Cornerstone. It therefore
concluded that Tartaglino was not Grover’s “employer.” The court stated that OSHA does
not impose obligations upon an owner where the worker in question is an independent
contractor and not an employee of the owner. The court further concluded, under the second
part of the Lynch test, that the Crenshaw construction project--a private residence
construction project--was not the type of project that “fits within the scheme of the
construction industry in general.”
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¶14 We disagree with the District Court’s reasoning, but for the reasons set forth below,
nonetheless affirm the District Court’s decision. Hulse, 1998 MT 108, ¶ 15, 289 Mont. 1,
¶ 15, 961 P.2d 75, ¶ 15. We conclude that, in order to determine whether the District Court
abused its discretion in granting the Motion in Limine, we must analyze not who was the
employer, but rather, who had control over the safety of the operations of the workplace.
¶15 In Shannon v. Howard S. Wright Const. Co. (1979), 181 Mont. 269, 593 P.2d 438,
we affirmed the jury’s verdict finding that both the owner Big Sky and the general contractor
Wright were liable under § 41-1710, RCM (1947)1 of the Montana Safety Act for the injuries
sustained by the employee of a subcontractor, because Big Sky and Wright “took an active
part in the decision-making which affected the [subcontractor’s] working conditions” and
exercised “control over the means by which the subcontractor’s employees could reach their
places of work on the upper levels of the condominiums.” Shannon, 189 Mont. at 277 and
79, 593 P.2d at 442 and 443. We concluded that “Big Sky not only retained the supervisory
capacity . . . but exercised that authority in a manner that directly affected the access of the
subcontractor’s employees to the condominiums, thereby forcing them to climb ladders and
crawl through a window casing. In Wright’s case, as general contractor, it had the authority
to order temporary stairs and handrails built, but its project superintendent . . ., decided not
to . . . . Thus the authority to create safe working conditions rested entirely with Big Sky and
Wright.” Shannon, 181 Mont. at 281, 593 P.2d at 444-45.
1
Subsequently re-numbered § 50-71-201, MCA (1978).
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¶16 Subsequently in Gibby v. Noranda Minerals Corp. (1995), 273 Mont. 420, 905 P.2d
126, we affirmed the jury’s verdict in favor of an injured worker and against the majority
owner and manager of operations, Noranda, finding that Noranda expressly retained
supervisory authority over the subcontractor’s employees and methods of operation,
including employee safety. Gibby, 273 Mont. at 425, 905 P.2d at 129. We also noted that
“[i]n addition to this contractual grant of authority,” evidence presented at trial showed that
Noranda extensively exercised this authority on-site, clearly indicating that it was in “actual
control” of the worksite. Gibby, 273 Mont. at 426, 905 P.2d at 130.
¶17 We conclude a similar analysis should be applied here. In resolving whether the
District Court abused its discretion in precluding the admission of the OSHA regulations
against Tartaglino, we will look to the evidence to determine the extent to which he was in
actual control over safety and working conditions in the workplace.
¶18 It is apparent from the record that both Michael Crenshaw and Tartaglino exercised
varying levels of control over the project. It would appear, however, that Tartaglino’s
control over the worksite was much narrower than seen in Shannon or Gibby.
¶19 The substantive terms of Tartaglino’s contract with the Crenshaws were:
Steve Tartaglino will be the General Contractor and be paid an hourly wage
of $25 per hour for those duties. He will be bonded insured and licensed in
Montana as a General Contractor. Steve is committed to stay on the job at
least until the roof is complete.
Labor will be furnished by Labor Contractors.
Purchases and billings will be paid through Bachelor Sales Ltd. [the
Crenshaws’ company].
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¶20 Unlike the comprehensive contract in Gibby, Tartaglino’s contract did not address,
or even mention, a project safety program, safety devices, safeguards or protective
equipment. Therefore, Tartaglino did not expressly and contractually accept responsibility
for safety on the site.
¶21 The Crenshaws designed the home and assumed responsibility for obtaining the
necessary permits. During construction, Michael Crenshaw visited the site on an average of
2-3 days per week. On some visits he performed light carpentry tasks or cleaned up around
the site. He constructed a ladder for the comfort and safety of the crew. He frequently
observed crew members performing their jobs. Additionally, he provided some of the tools
used by various crew members and purchased others during the course of the project. Both
Crenshaw and Tartaglino fired workers during the project. Tartaglino terminated at least two
workers based on the need to down-size the work crew. Crenshaw, however, assumed the
responsibility for terminating a worker for cause.
¶22 From the record it appears that Tartaglino’s primary day-to-day function was to
perform construction--just like Grover and the other laborers borrowed from Labor
Contractors. Moreover, the record reveals that Tartaglino and Crenshaw selected
experienced carpenters from Labor Contractors, all of whom had worked on multiple
residential home constructions prior to this project. At the beginning of the project,
Crenshaw and Tartaglino instructed the subcontractor’s employees to work safely and utilize
any safety practices, procedures or equipment necessary to perform their given tasks. While
Tartaglino had general oversight responsibilities designed to move the project forward to
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completion, unlike Big Sky, Wright Construction or Noranda, he did not exercise actual
control over the subcontractor’s employees, nor did he dictate to them in any specific manner
how they were to perform their jobs. Finally, nothing in the record indicates that Tartaglino
either assumed or exercised “. . . the authority to create safe working conditions . . .”
Shannon, 181 Mont. at 281, 593 P.2d at 444.
¶23 In summary, under the specific facts of this case and given the law as set forth above,
we cannot conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in precluding the admission
of the OSHA safety standards as evidence against Tartaglino. We therefore affirm the
District Court’s Order granting Cornerstone’s Motion in Limine.
/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
We Concur:
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
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