September 2 2009
DA 08-0504
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2009 MT 293
ANDREW DEICHL,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
KATHERINE SAVAGE and JAY TORGERSON,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Second Judicial District,
In and For the County of Butte/Silver Bow, Cause No. DV-08-47
Honorable Kurt Krueger, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
Court E. Ball; Towe, Ball, Enright, Mackey & Sommerfeld, PLLP;
Billings, Montana
For Appellee:
John Thomas Johnston; Joyce, Johnston & MacDonald; Butte, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: May 6, 2009
Decided: September 1, 2009
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Katherine Savage and Jay Torgerson (Savage and Torgerson) appeal from the
September 9, 2008 Order of the Second Judicial District Court, Silver Bow County,
denying their motion for change of venue from Silver Bow County to Yellowstone
County. We reverse.
¶2 We consider the following issue:
¶3 Did the District Court err by denying Savage and Torgerson’s motion to change
venue, determining Silver Bow County to be the proper venue?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶4 This matter began with a transaction in which Savage and Torgerson sold a horse
to Plaintiff Andrew Deichl (Deichl) in Yellowstone County, Montana. The complaint
alleges that, in response to a classified newspaper advertisement offering a gelding for
sale, Deichl contacted Savage and Torgerson and advised them he was interested in
purchasing a gentle and broken horse for use by a friend’s teenage daughter, who was a
novice rider. Savage and Torgerson allegedly represented to Deichl that their gelding
was gentle and would be suitable for riding by a teenage person with little or no riding
experience. Deichl looked at the horse in Yellowstone County and rode the horse in a
riding pen, then purchased the gelding from Savage and Torgerson in November 2006.
In April 2007, Deichl decided to ride the horse and was thrown from it, knocked
unconscious and sustained a head injury.
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¶5 Deichl filed a complaint alleging two claims against Savage and Torgerson, one
for negligent misrepresentation and one for breach of implied warranty of fitness for a
particular purpose. Deichl filed his complaint in Silver Bow County, his county of
residence and the county where he was allegedly injured. Savage and Torgerson moved
for a change of venue to Yellowstone County, their place of residence and the county
where the sale of the horse took place. The District Court denied the motion, determining
Silver Bow County was the appropriate venue. Savage and Torgerson appeal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶6 The determination of whether a county represents the proper place for trial
presents a question of law that involves the application of the venue statutes to pleaded
facts. Circle S Seeds of Montana, Inc. v. Montana Merchandising Inc., 2006 MT 311,
¶ 5, 335 Mont. 16, 157 P.3d 671. Our review of a district court’s grant or denial of a
motion to change venue is plenary, and we determine whether the district court’s ruling
was legally correct. Circle S Seeds, ¶ 5.
DISCUSSION
¶7 Did the District Court err by denying Savage and Torgerson’s motion to change
venue, determining Silver Bow County to be the proper venue?
¶8 The Montana venue statutes are found in Title 25, Chapter 2, MCA. Generally,
the proper venue for a civil action is the county in which the defendant resides, unless an
exception to that general rule applies. Section 25-2-118(1), MCA. Section 25-2-121,
MCA governs venue for contract actions and provides that the proper venue for a contract
claim is either “(a) the county in which the defendants, or any of them, reside at the
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commencement of the action; or (b) the county in which the contract was to be
performed.” Section 25-2-121(1), MCA. Section 25-2-122, MCA governs venue for tort
actions and provides that the proper place of trial for a tort claim is “(a) the county in
which the defendants or any of them reside at the commencement of the action; or (b) the
county in which the tort was committed.” Section 25-2-122(1), MCA. That provision
further provides that if a tort is “interrelated with and dependant upon a claim for breach
of contract, the tort was committed, for the purpose of determining the proper place of
trial, in the county in which the contract was to be performed.” Section 25-2-122(1)(b),
MCA. If more than one county is a proper venue, “an action brought in any such county
is brought in a proper county . . . .” Section 25-2-115, MCA.
¶9 Savage and Torgerson argue that Deichl’s claim for negligent misrepresentation
lies in Yellowstone County because it is “(1) the Defendants’ county of residence, (2) the
place for performance of the underlying contract between the parties, and (3) the place of
the occurrence of the alleged tort.” They also argue the tort of negligent
misrepresentation does not contain an “accrual” element and is not a “continuous” or
“portable” tort, and thus occurred in Yellowstone County and not Silver Bow County.
They assert that venue for the claim of breach of implied warranty of fitness for a
particular purpose should likewise be Yellowstone County, because that cause of action
“sounds in contract under the Montana Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), and venue is
proper where the contract is to be performed.”
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¶10 Deichl argues the District Court properly determined the venue to be Silver Bow
County pursuant to this Court’s holding in Circle S Seeds. Citing that holding, Deichl
argues that a tort has been committed for the purposes of determining venue “where there
is a concurrence of breach of obligation and the occasion of damages.” According to
Diechl, the concurrence here did not occur “until Andy [Deichl] was injured when thrown
from the horse in Silver Bow County.”
¶11 The parties only briefly argue about the application of that portion of § 25-2-
122(1)(b), MCA, which provides that when a tort claim is “interrelated with and
dependant upon a claim for breach of contract,” proper venue is the county in which the
contract was to be performed. Savage and Torgerson argue that Deichl’s negligent
misrepresentation claim is interrelated with and dependent upon the contract claim for
breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. The District Court rejected
this argument, reasoning that Deichl primarily alleged the tort of negligent
misrepresentation and that the implied warranty claim was a “supplemental” claim, and
concluding that the tort claim was independent of the warranty claim. Deichl’s complaint
contains two distinct and separate counts, one for negligent misrepresentation, a tort
claim, and the other for breach of warranty of implied fitness for a particular purpose, a
claim arising out of the parties’ contract for the sale of the horse. While both claims are
based upon the same facts, the legal claims presented in the complaint are distinct.
Deichl could proceed on either claim independently of the other. Given the plain
language of § 25-2-122(1)(b), MCA, we conclude that Deichl’s tort claim is not
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“interrelated with and dependant upon” his claim for breach of contract, and venue is not
determined by application of this provision. We thus turn to the parties’ arguments under
the other venue statutes.
¶12 Deichl’s claim for breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is
governed by Montana’s UCC, which provides that “[w]here the seller at the time of
contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required
and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable
goods, there is . . . an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose.”
Section 30-2-315, MCA. Thus, under the UCC, Deichl’s claim for breach of implied
warranty of fitness for a particular purpose sounds in contract. Venue is proper for a
contract claim in the county where the contract was to be performed. Section 25-2-
121(b), MCA. Here, the contract for sale of the horse was performed in Yellowstone
County, making that county a proper venue for the claim.
¶13 However, although Yellowstone County is a proper venue for the contract claim,
as well as the location of the defendants, Deichl argues that Silver Bow County is also a
proper venue because that is where the “concurrence of breach of obligation and the
occasion of damages” occurred and, therefore, is where the tort was “committed” for
venue purposes under our holding in Circle S Seeds. Savage and Torgerson respond that
the District Court “fundamentally misapplied the ‘concurrence of breach and damages’
language discussed in Whalen v. Snell . . . and its progeny [including Circle S Seeds],
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purporting to establish a new blanket rule for venue that allows a plaintiff to file a lawsuit
in any county in which he claims to have experienced damages.”
¶14 In Whalen v. Snell, 205 Mont. 299, 302, 667 P.2d 436, 437 (1983), we stated that
“[f]or the purposes of venue, a tort is committed where there is a concurrence of breach
of obligation and the occasion of damages.” However, we have declined to adopt,
pursuant to that statement, a “portable tort” theory under which a tort “arises” for
purposes of venue in the location where damages occurred. In Howard v. Dooner
Laboratories, Inc., 211 Mont. 312, 688 P.2d 279 (1984), a doctor prescribed medication
in Yellowstone County and the patient later took the medication in Fergus County,
experiencing adverse reactions and sustaining injury there. The Court determined the tort
was “committed” for the purposes of determining venue where the act of medical
negligence took place—where the doctor examined and diagnosed the patient, and
prescribed the medication—rather than where the patient ingested the medication and
allegedly suffered injuries. We stated that “[i]n reaching this holding, we recognize but
do not adopt the minority view—i.e., that a tort is ‘portable’ and arises wherever the
damages arise,” noting that such a theory would be inconsistent with our statutes, which
direct that a tort is to be brought where it was “committed,” not where it “accrued.”
Dooner Laboratories, 211 Mont. at 318, 688 P.2d at 282. We reasoned that “if [the]
defendant was guilty of malpractice, it was through his acts of diagnosis and prescription
in Yellowstone County, and venue is proper there.” Dooner Laboratories, 211 Mont. at
318, 688 P.2d at 282.
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¶15 We have likewise declined to date to adopt a “continuous” tort theory for purposes
of venue. In Woolcock v. Beartooth Ranch, 196 Mont. 65, 637 P.2d 520 (1981), the
plaintiff filed a complaint in Cascade County alleging the defendants had intentionally,
falsely and fraudulently made representations about a bull to induce the plaintiff to
purchase the bull at an auction in Stillwater County. The District Court granted
defendants’ motion for change of venue from Cascade County to Stillwater County.
Woolcock, 196 Mont. at 66, 637 P.2d at 521. We affirmed, determining that Stillwater
County was the proper venue for plaintiff’s alleged tort of fraudulent misrepresentation
because the defendants resided there, the transaction was entered into there, and payment
upon the contract was made there. We rejected plaintiff’s argument that the tort was
“continuous in nature,” reasoning that “the entire action culminated in Stillwater
County.” Woolcock, 196 Mont. at 68-69, 637 P.2d at 522.
¶16 In Vehrs v. Moses, 220 Mont. 473, 716 P.2d 207 (1986), Defendant Moses was an
attorney whose place of business was in Yellowstone County. Moses first represented
Vehrs on criminal charges in Missoula County, where Vehrs resided. After resolving the
criminal matter, Moses filed a related civil action for reimbursement on behalf of Vehrs
in Missoula County, but allegedly failed to first file a claim with the Department of
Administration in Lewis and Clark County, leading to dismissal of the action as time
barred under the statute of limitations. Vehrs then filed a legal malpractice action against
Moses in Missoula County, alleging that Moses’ negligence had occurred in Missoula
County, where Moses had filed the civil action and pursued Vehrs’ claim for
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reimbursement, or in Lewis and Clark County, where the claim should have been filed.
Although citing the “concurrence of breach of obligation and the occasion of damages”
language from Whalen, we nonetheless concluded that “[i]f there was a concurrence of
damages and breach of obligation, it was when Moses failed to file in Helena and the
statute of limitations ran. A tort, if one occurred at all, would have resulted from the
inaction in Yellowstone County, the site of Moses’ law office.” Vehrs, 220 Mont. at 476,
716 P.2d at 209. Despite Vehrs’ argument that the tort occurred in Missoula, we
concluded that venue was proper only in Yellowstone County.
¶17 These cases illustrate that general application of the tort venue statute, § 25-2-122,
MCA, requires a tort action to be filed either in the county where the defendant resides
under 122(1)(a), or in the county where the offending actions of the tort were taken or
committed, under 122(1)(b). For certain unique claims, however, we have determined a
separate venue to be proper where damages occurred in a different county from the other
elements of the tort. Circle S Seeds involved a trademark infringement claim for which
we concluded the “concurrence of breach of obligation and the occasion of damages”
occurred in Gallatin County, even though other elements of the tort occurred in Cascade
County. Circle S Seeds, ¶ 18. In that case, following Circle S Seeds’ filing of a
complaint in Gallatin County alleging trademark infringement, Defendant Montana
Merchandising, Inc. (MMI) moved for a change of venue to Cascade County on the
grounds that the alleged tort occurred there and MMI resided there. The Court looked to
the elements of the claim of trademark infringement and noted that, while MMI’s alleged
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decision to use Circle S Seeds’ protected trademark occurred at its business office in
Cascade County, the alleged breach of the duty not to interfere with Circle S Seeds’
business actually “reached fruition . . . when [MMI] widely distributed its products
containing the allegedly illegal trademark to the marketplace . . . .” Circle S Seeds, ¶ 19.
Thus, we concluded that the widespread distribution of the offending products made
Gallatin County a proper venue in the matter because “the concurrence of breach of
obligation and the occasion of damages” occurred in numerous locations, one of which
was Gallatin County. Circle S Seeds, ¶ 19.
¶18 Circle S Seeds is unique in that the Defendant’s allegedly tortious actions took
place in multiple counties. Further, Circle S Seeds relied upon our holding in Gabriel v.
School District No. 4, Libby, 264 Mont. 177, 870 P.2d 1351, a case involving another
unique claim, wrongful death. We held that because death is a “necessary element” in a
wrongful death action, the tort of wrongful death cannot “arise” for venue purposes until
the death occurs, making the county where the death occurs a proper venue. Gabriel, 264
Mont. at 180, 870 P.2d at 1352. The Court in Gabriel noted that the nature of the tort of
wrongful death is distinct from other torts, such as the medical malpractice tort addressed
in Dooner Laboratories. Gabriel, 264 Mont. at 181, 870 P.2d at 1353. A wrongful death
claim inherently possesses an accrual element because “death is a critical, and the final,
element in the accrual of a wrongful death action.” Gabriel, 264 Mont. at 180, 870 P.2d
at 1352.
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¶19 The unique aspects of those cases do not apply in this case, which we are
persuaded is more analogous to Dooner Laboratories, Woolcock, and Vehrs. The tort of
negligent misrepresentation at issue here contains the following elements:
a) the defendant made a representation as to a past or existing material fact;
b) the representation must have been untrue; c) regardless of its actual
belief, the defendant must have made the representation without any
reasonable ground for believing it to be true; d) the representation must
have been made with the intent to induce the plaintiff to rely on it; e) the
plaintiff must have been unaware of the falsity of the representation; it must
have acted in reliance upon the truth of the representation and it must have
been justified in relying on the representation; f) the plaintiff, as a result if
his or her reliance, sustained damage.
Osterman v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 2003 MT 327, ¶ 32, 318 Mont. 342, 80 P.3d 435.
We recognized in Dooner Laboratories that Montana’s general venue statues do not
generally situate venue in the location where damages “accrue” but rather where the
tortious activity is “committed.” Dooner Laboratories, 211 Mont. at 317, 688 P.2d at
282. For all practical purposes, this alleged tort was committed in Yellowstone County.
¶20 Unlike Gabriel, the tort of negligent misrepresentation does not contain an
inherent “accrual” element, but rather is committed in the location where the
misrepresentation takes place. Savage and Torgerson’s alleged tortious conduct was in
misrepresenting the nature of the horse, which was followed by Deichl’s reliance on that
information, all of which occurred in Yellowstone County. There could be no
“concurrence” of breach of obligation and occasion of damages in Silver Bow County
because, unlike the alleged actions covering multiple counties by the defendant in Circle
S Seeds, Savage and Torgerson took no actions and committed no breach in that county.
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Accordingly, we hold the tort was “committed” for venue purposes in Yellowstone
County.
¶21 We reverse and remand to the District Court for further proceedings consistent
with this Opinion.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
We concur:
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
Justice Brian Morris dissents.
¶22 I respectfully dissent. Section 25-2-115, MCA, recognizes that more than one
county may serve as a proper place of trial on a tort action. The Court determines that
Yellowstone County constitutes the only appropriate venue for this action. As we held in
Circle S Seeds, however, a tort is committed for the purposes of determining venue
“where there is a concurrence of breach of obligation and an occasion of damages.”
Circle S Seeds, ¶ 18. As the District Court noted, this litigation involved an alleged
representation made by Savage and a resulting injury to Deichl in Silver Bow County.
The elements of the alleged tort of negligent misrepresentation had not been realized
fully until Deichl suffered the injuries in Silver Bow County. Deichl had no cause of
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action until the horse threw him and he suffered the consequent damages. He hit the
ground in Silver Bow County.
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
Chief Justice Mike McGrath joins in the foregoing dissent.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
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