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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: August 23, 2012
3 NO. 33,011
4 ANDREA J. FELTS, on behalf of
5 herself and all others similarly situated,
6 Plaintiff-Respondent,
7 v.
8 CLK MANAGEMENT, INC.,
9 f/k/a BAT SERVICES, INC.,
10 Defendant-Petitioner.
11 and
12 NO. 33,013
13 ANDREA J. FELTS, on behalf of
14 herself and all others similarly situated,
15 Plaintiff-Respondent,
16 v.
17 CLK MANAGEMENT, INC.,
18 f/k/a BAT SERVICES, INC.,
19 and CASH ADVANCE NETWORK, INC.,
1 Defendants-Petitioners.
2 ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS ON CERTIORARI
3 Nan G. Nash, District Judge
4 Fredericks Peebles & Morgan, L.L.P.
5 Frances C. Bassett
6 Louisville, CO
7 Joseph V. Messineo
8 Conly J. Schulte
9 Omaha, NE
10 Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
11 Jennifer G. Anderson
12 Emil John Kiehne
13 Zachary Cormier
14 Albuquerque, NM
15 Weir & Partners, L.L.P.
16 Susan Verbonitz
17 Philadelphia, PA
18 for petitioners
19 Treinen Law Office
20 Rob Treinen
21 Albuquerque, NM
22 Public Justice, P.C.
23 F. Paul Bland, Jr.
24 Amy Radon
25 Washington, DC
26 Schaefer Law Firm, L.L.C.
27 Douglas L. Micko
1 Richard J. Fuller
2 Minneapolis, MN
3 for respondent
4 Gary K. King, Attorney General
5 Elaine Patricia Lujan, Assistant Attorney General
6 Karen J. Meyers, Assistant Attorney General
7 Santa Fe, NM
8 for Amicus Curiae Attorney General of New Mexico
9 Doerr & Knudson, P.A.
10 Randy J. Knudson
11 Portales, NM
12 Julie Nepveu
13 Washington, DC
14 for Amicus Curiae AARP Foundation Litigation
15 Richard John Rubin
16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Amicus Curiae National Association of Consumer Advocates
1 DECISION
2 BOSSON, Justice.
3 {1} We decide this case by unpublished Decision pursuant to Rule 12-405(B)(1)
4 NMRA because the arbitration clause in question is practically identical to one that
5 this Court recently held to be unenforceable in Rivera v. American General
6 Financial Services, Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, 150 N.M. 398, 259 P.3d 803.
7 Accordingly, relying upon the reasoning in Rivera, we affirm the result reached by
8 the Court of Appeals below but for a different reason, and remand to the district
9 court for further proceedings.
10 BACKGROUND
11 {2} According to Respondent Andrea Felts, between December 2007 and
12 February 2008 she obtained three short-term consumer loans, commonly known as
13 payday loans, over the internet from subsidiaries of Petitioners. Two of the loans
14 were for $400 and a third was for $500. The interest rates on these loans ranged
15 from 521.43% annual percentage rate (APR) to 730% APR. Each of the nearly
16 identical loan agreements, which Felts “signed” electronically, contained an
17 arbitration clause. The arbitration clause is as follows:
18 AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE ALL DISPUTES: By signing
19 below and to induce us, MTE Financial Services, Inc. d/b/a Cash
20 Advance Network, to process your application for a loan, you and we
21 agree that any and all claims, disputes or controversies that we or our
1 servicers or agents have against you or that you have against us, our
2 servicers, agents, directors, officers and employees, that arise out of
3 your application for one or more loans, the Loan Agreements that
4 govern your repayment obligations, the loan for which you are
5 applying or any other loan we previously made or later make to you,
6 this Agreement To Arbitrate All Disputes, collection of the loan or
7 loans, or alleging fraud or misrepresentation, whether under the
8 common law or pursuant to federal or state statute or regulation, or
9 otherwise, including disputes as to the maters subject to arbitration,
10 shall be resolved by binding individual (and not class) arbitration by
11 and under the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum
12 (“NAF”) in effect at the time the claim is filed. THEREFORE, THE
13 ARBITRATOR SHALL NOT CONDUCT CLASS ARBITRATION;
14 THAT IS, THE ARBITRATOR SHALL NOT ALLOW YOU TO
15 SERVE AS A REPRESENTATIVE, AS A PRIVATE ATTORNEY
16 GENERAL, OR IN ANY OTHER REPRESENTATIVE CAPACITY
17 FOR OTHERS IN THE ARBITRATION. This Agreement To
18 Arbitrate All Disputes shall apply no matter by whom or against
19 whom the claim is filed. Rules and forms of the NAF may be obtained
20 and all claims shall be filed at any NAF office, on the World Wide
21 Web at www.arb-forum.com, or at “National Arbitration Forum, P.O.
22 Box 50191, Minneapolis MN 55405.” If you are unable to pay the
23 costs of arbitration, your arbitration fees may be waived by the NAF.
24 The cost of a participatory hearing, if one is held at your or our
25 request, will be paid for solely by us if the amount of the claim is
26 $15,000 or less. Unless otherwise ordered by the arbitrator, you and
27 we agree to equally share the costs of a participatory hearing if the
28 claim is for more than $15,000 or less than $75,000. Any
29 participatory hearing will take place at a location near your residence.
30 This arbitration agreement is made pursuant to a transaction involving
31 interstate commerce. It shall be governed by the Federal Arbitration
32 Act, 9 U.S.C. Sections 1-16. Judgment upon the award may be
33 entered by any party in any court having jurisdiction. This Agreement
34 To Arbitrate All Disputes is an independent agreement and shall
35 survive the closing, funding, repayment and/or default of the loan for
36 which you are applying.
2
1 {3} Despite the above agreement, after a dispute arose Felts filed a class action
2 complaint in district court against Petitioner CLK Management Inc. (CLK), one of
3 the loan providers, and various other defendants on December 15, 2008. The
4 complaint alleged violations of both the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act (UPA),
5 NMSA 1978, §§ 57-12-1 to 57-12-26 (1967, as amended through 2007), and the
6 New Mexico Small Loans Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 58-15-1 to 58-12-39 (1955, as
7 amended through 2007). The complaint was amended on June 24, 2009 to add
8 Cash Advance Network, Inc. (CANI), the other loan provider, as a defendant.
9 {4} CLK was the first to file a motion to compel arbitration relying on the
10 AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE set forth above. The district court denied the
11 motion, finding that the prohibition against class arbitration was contrary to public
12 policy and unenforceable under this Court’s opinion in Fiser v. Dell Computer
13 Corporation, 2008-NMSC-046, 144 N.M. 464, 188 P.3d 1215. CANI later filed
14 a similar motion which was denied on similar grounds.
15 {5} After the district court denied CLK’s motion to compel arbitration but before
16 CANI filed its motion, the National Arbitration Forum (NAF), the entity selected
17 as the exclusive arbitrator in the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE, became
18 unavailable. As we previously explained in Rivera, in response to a lawsuit filed
3
1 by the Minnesota Attorney General claiming anti-consumer bias and questionable
2 “ties to the consumer loan and debt collection industries,” the NAF agreed to cease
3 conducting consumer arbitration. 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 9. Accordingly, after July
4 24, 2009, the NAF was indisputably unavailable to conduct the arbitration of Felts’
5 claims. See id.
6 {6} The denial of each motion to compel arbitration was timely appealed and the
7 cases were consolidated by the Court of Appeals. In an opinion filed on April 8,
8 2011, the Court of Appeals largely agreed with the reasoning of the district court.
9 Felts v. CLK Management, Inc., 2011-NMCA-062, ¶ 40, 149 N.M. 681, 254 P.3d
10 124. First, however, the Court of Appeals discussed a recent U.S. Supreme Court
11 case, Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. V. Jackson, 130 S.Ct. 2772 (2010), which issued
12 after the district court decision in this case. Felts, 2011-NMCA-062, ¶¶ 18-20. As
13 the Court of Appeals noted, Rent-A-Center establishes “that in cases where a
14 delegation provision granting an arbitrator the authority to determine the validity
15 of an arbitration agreement exists, a district court is precluded from deciding a
16 party’s claim of unconscionability unless the claim is based on the alleged
17 unconscionability of the delegation provision itself.” Felts, 2011-NMCA-062, ¶ 20.
18 In short, when an arbitration agreement includes a delegation clause, Rent-A-Center
4
1 precludes courts from deciding threshold issues of arbitrability unless the delegation
2 clause itself is challenged. Id.
3 {7} The Court of Appeals then concluded that Felts had in fact challenged the
4 delegation clause, and that the district court was correct in finding the arbitration
5 agreement unenforceable due to unconscionability. Felts, 2011-NMCA-062, ¶¶ 30,
6 40. The thrust of Felts’ argument against the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE was
7 that the prohibition against class arbitration meant, as a practical matter, that she
8 would be unable to vindicate her relatively small claims. Id. ¶¶ 30, 39. Because the
9 delegation clause contained a parenthetical prohibiting class arbitration, the Court
10 held this was a sufficient challenge of the delegation clause itself. Id. ¶ 30. The
11 Court then proceeded to analyze the unconscionability claim under this Court’s
12 precedent in Fiser and concluded that the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE was
13 unenforceable. Id. ¶ 40. Although the Court of Appeals briefly referred to the
14 unavailability of the NAF and the impossibility of that entity conducting arbitration,
15 the opinion did not discuss the legal effect of that unavailability on the
16 enforceability of the AGREEMENT. This Court had not yet issued our opinion in
17 Rivera.
18 {8} This Court granted certiorari, 2011-NMCERT-006, 150 N.M. 763, 266 P.3d
5
1 632, in which the lenders raise the following issues: (1) the Court of Appeals’
2 holding that the class action waiver is unconscionable conflicts with the more recent
3 U.S. Supreme Court precedent in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S.Ct.
4 1740, (2011); (2) Respondent failed to attack the delegation clause with sufficient
5 specificity as required under Rent-A-Center, 130 S.Ct. 2772; and (3) this Court’s
6 recent opinion in Rivera, 2011-NMSC-033, is inconsistent with Concepcion and
7 Section 5 of the Federal Arbitration Act(FAA) or is otherwise distinguishable.
8 Finding the third issue dispositive, we address it first and decline to reach the other
9 issues.
10 DISCUSSION
11 {9} Section 5 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) allows a court to appoint a
12 substitute arbitrator in the event that a named arbitrator becomes unavailable. 9
13 U.S.C. § 5 (1947). The federal act states in part:
14 [i]f in the agreement provision be made for a method of naming or
15 appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators or an umpire, such method shall
16 be followed; but if no method be provided therein, or if a method be
17 provided and any party thereto shall fail to avail himself of such
18 method, or if for any other reason there shall be a lapse in the naming
19 of an arbitrator or arbitrators or umpire, or in filling a vacancy, then
20 upon the application of either party to the controversy the court shall
21 designate and appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators or umpire . . . .
22 Id.
6
1 {10} We recently addressed the applicability of Section 5 of the FAA in a very
2 similar context. See Rivera, 2011-NMSC-033. That opinion was published after
3 the Court of Appeals opinion in this case, and consequently, the Court of Appeals
4 did not have the benefit of our interpretation of the issue when it wrote the opinion
5 in this case. In Rivera, we held that when an arbitration agreement names a specific
6 arbitrator in such a manner that the choice of arbitrator becomes integral to the
7 agreement as opposed to a mere “ancillary logistical concern,” then a court cannot
8 name a substitute arbitrator under § 5 of the FAA without running afoul of the
9 intent of the parties. Id. ¶¶ 26, 27, 38. We concluded in Rivera that “[i]f the plain
10 language of the contract evidences the parties’ intention to resolve disputes solely
11 through a specific arbitration provider, the parties’ intent would be frustrated if a
12 court appointed a different arbitration provider.” Id. ¶ 27.
13 {11} Rivera also discusses various ways in which a court can determine whether
14 a specific arbitrator is integral to the agreement. Exclusive references to a specific
15 arbitrator “weighs in favor of a finding that the designated provider is integral to the
16 agreement to arbitrate.” Id. ¶ 29. Additionally, “[t]he parties designation of the
17 rules of a specific arbitration provider may indicate that arbitration pursuant to
18 those rules is an integral part of the agreement to arbitrate.” Id. ¶ 30. We stated
7
1 that “[m]andatory, as opposed to permissive, contractual language further
2 demonstrates that a specifically named arbitration provider is integral to the
3 agreement to arbitrate.” Id. ¶ 31.
4 {12} Reviewing an arbitration agreement in Rivera very similar to the one at issue
5 here, we observed that repeated and exclusive references to the NAF, the adoption
6 of the NAF’s rules and procedures, and the use of mandatory as opposed to
7 permissive language indicated to us that the NAF, as the arbitrator chosen by the
8 parties to the contract, was integral to the agreement. Id. ¶¶ 32-34, 38. The
9 arbitration agreement in Rivera stated that “[a]rbitration will be conducted under
10 the rules and procedures of the [NAF] or successor organization . . . .” Id. ¶ 32.
11 Further, “in order to initiate arbitration, the borrower must obtain a ‘Demand for
12 Arbitration’ form from the NAF, complete the NAF form, send three copies of the
13 completed form to the NAF, and pay the NAF an initial filing fee.” Id. The
14 agreement also “mandated that ‘[a]rbitration will be conducted under the rules and
15 procedures of the [NAF].’” Id. ¶ 33. Finally, the agreement used mandatory as
16 opposed to permissive language with repeated uses of mandatory terms such as will,
17 shall, and must. Id. ¶ 34. Accordingly, we concluded in Rivera that a court could
18 not substitute another arbitrator for the NAF under Section 5 of the FAA without
8
1 violating the intent of the parties to the contract. Id. ¶ 38.
2 {13} The facts of the instant case are almost identical to Rivera. Again, the
3 AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE has repeated and exclusive references to the
4 NAF. Not only does the AGREEMENT state that arbitration will be conducted
5 solely by the NAF, it explicitly states that the only way an aggrieved party may
6 even file a claim is at an NAF office using forms provided by NAF. Without the
7 NAF, an individual cannot even initiate a claim against the lenders that would be
8 arbitrated. As in Rivera, if this Court were to order a substitute arbitrator, we would
9 not only be rewriting the portion of the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE that
10 specifies who will conduct the arbitration, we would also be rewriting the portion
11 of the AGREEMENT that specifies how the arbitration is to begin. Such an action
12 by this Court would certainly frustrate the express intent of the parties. Id. ¶ 27.
13 {14} The AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE also states that arbitration will be
14 conducted under the NAF Code of Procedure. Rule 1 of the NAF Code of
15 Procedure states that it “shall be administered only by the National Arbitration
16 Forum or by any entity or individual providing administrative services by
17 agreement with the National Arbitration Forum.” NAF, Code of Procedure
18 ( A u g u s t 1 , 2 0 0 8 )
9
1 http://www.adrforum.com/users/naf/resources/CodeofProcedure2008-print2.pdf.
2 Neither party has alerted this Court to any entities or individuals operating under
3 such an “agreement with the National Arbitration Forum” that would allow them
4 to administer the NAF code. Any substitute arbitrator, therefore, would have to
5 proceed under a code of procedure different from what the parties agreed to. Such
6 an obstacle indicates, as in Rivera, that the NAF, as the chosen arbitrator, was
7 integral to the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE.
8 {15} Finally, the use of mandatory language regarding the use of the NAF here is
9 similar to that in Rivera. Here, the AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE states that any
10 claims “shall be resolved by binding individual . . . arbitration by and under the
11 Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum,” and “all claims shall be
12 filed at any NAF office.” (Emphasis added). Such language “evince[s] the parties’
13 intent to arbitrate exclusively before a particular arbitrator, not simply an intent to
14 arbitrate.” Rivera, 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 31 (internal quotation marks and citation
15 omitted).
16 {16} As we said in Rivera,
17 [t]he pervasive references to the NAF in the contract compel our
18 conclusion that the parties intended for the NAF to be the exclusive
19 arbitrator in any out-of-court dispute resolution. The parties explicitly
20 specified that arbitration would proceed under NAF rules and
10
1 procedures. Arbitration is a matter of consent, not coercion, and the
2 parties may specify by contract the rules under which that arbitration
3 will be conducted. We conclude that the unavailability of NAF as
4 arbitrator threatens to eviscerate the core of the parties’ agreement.
5 We hold that arbitration before the NAF was integral to the agreement
6 to arbitrate and that § 5 of the FAA does not allow a court to select
7 and impose on the contracting parties a substitute arbitrator
8 inconsistent with the plain terms of their contract.
9 Id. ¶ 38 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Accordingly, consistent
10 with the express intent of the parties, our courts cannot “select and impose on the
11 contracting parties a substitute arbitrator inconsistent with the plain terms of their
12 contract.”
13 AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion
14 {17} The parties have extensively briefed and argued the applicability of a recent
15 U.S. Supreme Court case, AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion. 131 S.Ct. 1740
16 (2011). That opinion, which was also released after the Court of Appeals opinion
17 in this case, held that California’s Discover Bank rule, which declared class action
18 waivers in arbitration agreements unconscionable and unenforceable under certain
19 conditions, was preempted by the FAA. Id. at 1746, 1753. While Concepcion does
20 raise legitimate questions as to the further viability of this Court’s Fiser opinion,
21 we decline to reach the issue today because it would be purely advisory. See Porter
22 v. Robert Porter & Sons, Inc., 68 N.M. 97, 102, 359 P.2d 134, 137 (1961) (The
11
1 Supreme Court “will not make useless orders nor grant relief that will avail
2 appellant nothing, and neither will it decide questions that are abstract, hypothetical,
3 or moot, where no actual relief will be afforded.”).
4 CONCLUSION
5 {18} For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of
6 CANI’s and CLK’s motions to compel arbitration. We remand to the district court
7 for further proceedings.
8 {19} IT IS SO ORDERED.
9
10 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
11 WE CONCUR:
12
13 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice
14
15 PATRICIO M. SERNA, Justice
16
17 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
12
1
2 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
13