1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated
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6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. No. 28,091
10 ARNOLDO REYNA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
13 Don Maddox, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 Ralph E. Trujillo, Assistant Attorney General
17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender
20 Adrianne R. Turner, Assistant Appellate Defender
21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION
24 SUTIN, Judge.
1 Defendant Arnoldo Reyna appeals his convictions on three counts of trafficking
2 a controlled substance and three counts of conspiracy to commit trafficking a
3 controlled substance. He was sentenced to nine years on each trafficking conviction
4 to run consecutively and three years on each conspiracy conviction to run concurrently
5 for a total term of twenty-seven years of imprisonment. Defendant raises eight issues
6 on appeal: (1) insufficient evidence of conspiracy, (2) a confusing and misleading
7 jury instruction, (3) cruel and unusual punishment, (4) prosecutorial misconduct, (5)
8 erroneous denial of a motion for continuance, (6) ineffective assistance of counsel, (7)
9 error in allowing certain cross-examination, and (8) cumulative error. We affirm.
10 Sufficiency of Evidence of Conspiracy
11 The State was required to prove that Defendant and another person by words
12 or acts agreed together to commit trafficking a controlled substance and that both
13 intended to commit the offense. Defendant contends that Officer Garcia’s testimony
14 was insufficient to establish conspiracy because there was insufficient evidence that
15 anyone other than Defendant was involved in trafficking. We review a challenge to
16 the sufficiency of the evidence under a substantial evidence standard of review, and
17 we determine whether any rational jury could have found each element of the crime
18 to be established beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Garcia, 114 N.M. 269, 273-74,
2
1 837 P.2d 862, 866-67 (1992). We review the evidence in a light most favorable to the
2 verdict. State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988).
3 A confidential informant introduced Officer Garcia, who was working
4 undercover, to Defendant whom the informant knew would sell narcotics. Officer
5 Garcia and Defendant met at Defendant’s residence, and the officer told Defendant
6 that he was looking to purchase cocaine. Defendant said he had to make a telephone
7 call, and he made the call in Officer Garcia’s presence and thus the officer was able
8 to hear Defendant’s side of the conversation. Defendant told Officer Garcia that he
9 got the cocaine but that the officer would have to drive to another location. They
10 drove together to another residence on Sayers Street. Defendant entered the residence
11 while Officer Garcia remained in the car and then Defendant returned to the car and
12 asked the officer for money. Officer Garcia gave Defendant $200, and Defendant told
13 him to drive back to Defendant’s residence because Defendant and his friend had to
14 go elsewhere to get the cocaine. Defendant left with a man named Hector, and about
15 forty minutes later, Defendant returned with Hector. Defendant got out of the vehicle
16 and handed Officer Garcia a baggie containing a white powdery substance that later
17 tested to be cocaine.
18 On two other occasions, Defendant and Officer Garcia agreed to purchase
19 cocaine. The first of these transactions was similar to the first purchase; Defendant
3
1 went into a residence on Ralph Court with the officer’s money, while the officer
2 waited in his car. Defendant came out with a white powdery substance for Officer
3 Garcia that later tested to be cocaine. The second transaction was also similar, in that
4 Officer Garcia waited in his car while Defendant contacted several people outside of
5 a residence on Lucy Street. When Defendant returned to the car, he told the officer
6 that his source said he had to make a phone call and that someone else would bring
7 the cocaine to them. After about an hour, during which Officer Garcia waited in the
8 vehicle and Defendant stayed outside the residence, another person arrived and drove
9 to the rear of the residence. About ten minutes later, Defendant returned to Officer
10 Garcia’s vehicle and handed him a baggie containing a substance that later tested to
11 be cocaine.
12 We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support each conspiracy
13 conviction. An agreement can “be in the form of a mutually implied understanding
14 and [can] be inferred from circumstantial evidence.” State v. Johnson, 2004-NMSC-
15 029, ¶ 49, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998; State v. Borja-Guzman, 1996-NMCA-025,
16 ¶ 28, 121 N.M. 401, 912 P.2d 277. The jury could rationally have found beyond a
17 reasonable doubt that Defendant and his sources worked together, had a common plan,
18 and intended in each of the three transactions to provide cocaine for Officer Garcia.
4
1 Jury Instruction
2 Defendant argues that the jury instruction given on accessory liability was
3 confusing and misleading because there was no theory that Defendant was an
4 accessory. Defendant failed to preserve this argument, and we review the issue only
5 for fundamental error. See State v. Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16, 142 N.M. 191,
6 164 P.3d 72; State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134.
7 We see no fundamental error. The jury was instructed that Defendant could be found
8 guilty if he intended to commit the crime, the crime was committed, and he “helped,
9 encouraged[,] or caused the crime to be committed.” The jury could have reasonably
10 inferred from the evidence that Defendant intended the crimes to be committed and
11 that he helped, encouraged, and caused their commission. Furthermore, we see
12 nothing to indicate that guilt was so doubtful in this case that it would shock the
13 conscience to allow the conviction to stand or that giving the instruction undermined
14 any judicial integrity. Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16; State v. Cunningham, 2000-
15 NMSC-009, ¶¶ 13, 15, 21, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176; State v. Baca, 1997-NMSC-
16 045, ¶ 41, 124 N.M. 55, 946 P.2d 1066, overruled on other grounds by State v.
17 Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783.
5
1 Cruel and Unusual Punishment
2 Defendant claims that his twenty-seven year sentence constitutes cruel and
3 unusual punishment. Defendant argues that the State wrongfully manipulated his
4 sentence by having Officer Garcia purchase cocaine from Defendant on three separate
5 occasions instead of arresting him based on the first transaction. Defendant concedes
6 this issue was not preserved in the district court and argues that a fundamental error
7 analysis is required “because it concerns the miscarriage of justice.” See State v.
8 Burdex, 100 N.M. 197, 201, 668 P.2d 313, 317 (Ct. App. 1983) (determining that a
9 claim of cruel and unusual punishment was not asserted in the district court and was
10 therefore not properly preserved because such a claim is non-jurisdictional); see also
11 Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16 (relating to fundamental error).
12 We see no basis on which to determine that the State engaged in sentence
13 manipulation. See State v. Rael, 1999-NMCA-068, ¶¶ 22-25, 127 N.M. 347, 981 P.2d
14 280 (holding that convictions on five separate trafficking charges did not constitute
15 sentence manipulation where the police are engaged in legitimate investigation of
16 criminal activity; and indicating that “[l]aw enforcement officials are entitled to
17 buttress their cases with additional evidence, and the courts will not usurp the
18 prosecutor’s role in deciding when a particular case is strong enough to seek an
19 indictment” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Officer Garcia had
6
1 legitimate investigative reason to continue his dealings with Defendant to learn the
2 extent of his drug enterprise, including how much he would sell and who his sources
3 were.
4 Furthermore, the sentences were within the parameters of the sentencing statute.
5 See NMSA 1978, § 31-18-15(A)(4), (7) (2005) (amended 2007) (currently Section 31-
6 18-15(A)(6), (9)); State v. Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 66, 131 N.M. 709, 42 P.3d
7 814 (“It is rare that a term of incarceration, which has been authorized by the
8 Legislature, will be found to be excessively long or inherently cruel.” (internal
9 quotation marks and citation omitted)). Defendant bases his disproportionality
10 argument on sentencing manipulation. We have rejected Defendant’s sentencing
11 manipulation argument. As well, Defendant has not recited any authority that
12 sentencing manipulation supports a disproportionality theory. Further, we cannot say,
13 as Defendant contends, that the sentence was so grossly disproportionate to the gravity
14 of the crimes Defendant committed as to constitute cruel and/or unusual punishment.
15 See In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 22, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318
16 (stating the test for cruel and unusual punishment to be “[w]hether in view of
17 contemporary standards of elemental decency, the punishment is of such
18 disproportionate character to the offense as to shock the general conscience and
19 violate principles of fundamental fairness” (internal quotation marks and citation
7
1 omitted)); Burdex, 100 N.M. at 202, 668 P.2d at 318 (stating that “[a] sentence may
2 constitute cruel and unusual punishment if its length is disproportionate to the crime
3 punished” and that “[a]bsent a showing that defendant received sentences too severe
4 . . . [for] the crimes . . ., defendant’s claim must fail”).
5 Prosecutorial Misconduct/Fair Trial
6 Defendant asserts that comments and cross-examination were inappropriate and
7 prejudical and constituted fundamental error. During opening statement, the
8 prosecutor stated that the case was about cleaning up the community so that they
9 would not have to live in fear. We review for fundamental error, and we see no basis
10 on which to hold that there was any miscarriage of justice, that the question of guilt
11 was so doubtful that it would shock the conscience to permit Defendant’s convictions
12 to stand, or that substantial justice has not been done. See Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045,
13 ¶ 16 (reciting fundamental error standard). We presume that the jury followed the
14 instructions of the district court and not statements of counsel. See Benally, 2001-
15 NMSC-033, ¶ 21. We hold that the prosecutor’s comment, although not proper in our
16 view, could not have had such a persuasive or prejudicial effect on the jury as to deny
17 Defendant a fair trial.
18 During cross-examination, the prosecutor wrongfully asked Defendant whether
19 Officer Garcia was “incorrect” when he testified that Defendant sold him cocaine.
8
1 The fundamental error standards of miscarriage of justice, doubtful guilt, or lack of
2 substantial justice have not been met. See Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 16.
3 Defendant’s direct examination was an attempt to persuade the jury that Officer
4 Garcia’s version of the events was erroneous and not what occurred. For the
5 prosecutor to ask Defendant to comment on the officer’s testimony, while improper,
6 we are not persuaded that this question to Defendant had a prejudicial effect on the
7 jury such that Defendant did not receive a fair trial.
8 Denial of Motion for Continuance
9 Defendant sought a continuance shortly before trial claiming that his counsel
10 did not have sufficient opportunity to obtain witnesses because of counsel’s heavy
11 caseload and because counsel’s office was short two attorneys. The court denied the
12 request, and we review this claimed error for abuse of discretion. State v. Torres,
13 1999-NMSC-010, ¶ 10, 127 N.M. 20, 976 P.2d 20. Defendant must show not only an
14 abuse of discretion, but also that the abuse prejudiced him. See State v. Nieto, 78
15 N.M. 155, 157, 429 P.2d 353, 355 (1967).
16 Defendant wanted time to obtain testimony from the confidential informant as
17 it related to an entrapment defense. Defendant also wanted time to locate another
18 witness, who lived out of state, to corroborate Defendant’s testimony and to discredit
19 other witnesses’ testimony. However, Defendant knew about these witnesses for a
9
1 considerable period of time and that as of a pretrial conference, about five weeks
2 before trial, the parties stated they were ready for trial. Defendant waited until less
3 than two weeks before trial before filing an addendum to his witness list even though
4 the trial setting was made over four months earlier. Considering those circumstances,
5 plus the delay and inconvenience attendant to Defendant’s attempts to obtain
6 witnesses, the informant’s apparent availability, and the other witness’s apparent non-
7 involvement in the transactions, we are unable to hold that the court’s denial of the
8 request for continuance was untenable or not justified by reason.
9 Assistance of Counsel
10 Defendant raises several concerns about the assistance of his counsel based on
11 failures to object and preserve issues, to call witnesses, and to move to try the three
12 trafficking counts separately. Defendant has a substantial hurdle on appeal to show
13 ineffective assistance of counsel. See State v. Reyes, 2002-NMSC-024, ¶¶ 46, 48, 132
14 N.M. 576, 52 P.3d 948. We see no basis on which to determine that Defendant has
15 presented a prima facie case for ineffective assistance of counsel. See State v. Roybal,
16 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. The failures to object were too
17 minor in concern to conclude prejudice sufficient to constitute ineffective assistance.
18 Defendant does not present a compelling basis on which to argue that counsel failed
19 to locate any particular witness or to show that any witness who failed to appear was
10
1 in any way critical on any particular issue. The prosecution was required under Rule
2 5-203(A) NMRA to join the trafficking charges. Nothing in the record indicates that
3 Defendant’s counsel’s conduct “so undermined the proper functioning of the
4 adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.”
5 State v. Talley, 103 N.M. 33, 36, 702 P.2d 353, 356 (Ct. App. 1985) (internal
6 quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant’s assertions of prejudice do not
7 constitute a showing of prejudice. See In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10
8 (“An assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”). We will not second-
9 guess counsel’s trial strategies or tactics. State v. Gonzales, 2007-NMSC-059, ¶ 14,
10 143 N.M. 25, 172 P.3d 162.
11 Cross-Examination on Prior Felony
12 We review a claimed error in the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion.
13 State v. Mora, 1997-NMSC-060, ¶ 57, 124 N.M. 346, 950 P.2d 789. Under State v.
14 Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655, 712
15 P.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1985), Defendant claims error in allowing the admission into
16 evidence of a prior felony conviction for impeachment purposes. Defendant testified
17 at trial, he acknowledged that he had been convicted of burglary, and his prior
18 conviction was properly admitted to challenge his credibility. See Rule 11-609(A)(1)
19 NMRA. We see no abuse of discretion or error.
11
1 Cumulative Error
2 Defendant contends that cumulative error denied him a fair trial. Defendant has
3 not demonstrated any significant error. See State v. Nieto, 2000-NMSC-031, ¶ 31, 129
4 N.M. 688, 12 P.3d 442 (“Since we have found no error . . ., we find no merit to the
5 cumulative error claim.”). Defendant has not shown an accumulation of even
6 harmless error to require a new trial, and any cumulative effect of any errors was
7 slight at most. See State v. Woodward, 121 N.M. 1, 12, 908 P.2d 231, 242 (1995).
8 The record shows that he received a fair trial.
9 CONCLUSION
10 We affirm Defendant’s convictions.
11 IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 __________________________________
13 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
14 WE CONCUR:
15
16 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge
17 ______________________________
18 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
12