NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JUN 10 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
MAYNOR RENE AVILA-ORTIZ, No. 08-73428
Petitioner, Agency No. A070-219-976
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted March 6, 2013
Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and CONLON, District Judge.**
Maynor Avila-Ortiz appeals from the decision of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) denial of his untimely
2007 motion to reopen. Avila-Ortiz obtained voluntary departure relief in 1995 but
remained in the United States; he now seeks reopening in order to apply for asylum
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Suzanne B. Conlon, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
relief. Avila-Ortiz claims he is entitled to equitable tolling of the time limit
governing motions to reopen because he received ineffective assistance of counsel
at his removal hearing. The attorney who then represented him, Terrence
McGuire, was disbarred in 2006 for egregious misconduct in his representation of
immigration clients. In the Matter of Terrence McGuire, No. 05-N-03357 (State
Bar Court of California, July 5, 2006). Avila-Ortiz claims McGuire fraudulently
orchestrated the withdrawal of his asylum application in 1995.
The BIA did not abuse its discretion when it denied Avila-Ortiz the benefit
of equitable tolling because Avila-Ortiz failed to show that he acted diligently after
learning of his attorney’s misconduct. See Singh v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d 1090,
1096-97 (9th Cir. 2007). The declaration attached to Avila-Ortiz’s unadjudicated
1996 motion to reopen shows that he knew in 1996 that McGuire had performed
deficiently during his removal proceedings. Avila-Ortiz has offered no explanation
for the subsequent 11-year period during which he failed to protect his rights by
continuing to pursue relief based on McGuire’s errors. Cf. Ray v. Gonzales, 439
F.3d 582, 590 (9th Cir. 2006) (petitioner provided “proof that he retained legal
help in a timely and diligent fashion, repeatedly contacted his attorneys, paid them
large sums of money for their services, and received assurances from them that
they were handling his case appropriately and diligently”); Albillo-De Leon v.
2
Gonzales, 410 F.3d 1090, 1099-1100 (9th Cir. 2005) (petitioner showed diligence
during a 7-month period when, after hearing nothing from the Immigration Court
confirming that his attorney had filed a motion to reopen, he asked the attorney
about it and filed a FOIA request).
That Avila-Ortiz may have been waiting for the INS to adjudicate a 1996
motion he thought his new lawyer had properly filed cannot alone explain his
delay. Since Avila-Ortiz already knew about McGuire’s deficient performance, it
was unreasonable for him to wait 11 years without undertaking any effort to
contact his lawyer or the agency or otherwise investigate the status of his claim.
See Avagyan v. Holder, 646 F.3d 672, 679 (9th Cir. 2011) (question of due
diligence depends on when a reasonable person would learn of his attorney’s
misconduct and whether the petitioner then took reasonable steps to investigate it
or pursue relief). Furthermore, Avila-Ortiz has not shown that his inaction was the
result of an inability “to obtain vital information bearing on the existence of [his]
claim” through no fault of his own, as might be the case had he been improperly
advised by his lawyer or the agency about the status of his 1996 motion. Socop-
Gonzalez v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176, 1193 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc).
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
3
FILED
Avila-Ortiz v. Holder, No. 08-73428 JUN 10 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
PAEZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting. U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I respectfully dissent. Because I would grant the petition and remand for
further proceedings, I address all of the arguments that Avila-Ortiz raises in his
petition for review. In light of the parties’ familiarity with the facts, I restate them
only as necessary to explain why I would grant the petition.
“Where, as here, the BIA cites Burbano and also provides its own review of
the evidence and law, we review both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions.” Ali v.
Holder, 637 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2011). The IJ denied Avila-Ortiz’s motion
to reopen on three grounds: (1) Avila-Ortiz failed to demonstrate ineffective
assistance of counsel and thus, also failed to show prejudice; (2) Avila-Ortiz’s
motion did not meet the requirements of Matter of Lozada; and (3) Avila-Ortiz
failed to submit a new asylum application with his motion to reopen. The BIA
affirmed those three grounds, and also found that Avila-Ortiz’s motion to reopen
was untimely and that he was not entitled to equitable tolling because he failed to
show due diligence. I address these issues in turn.
1. The IJ’s finding, which the BIA affirmed, that Avila-Ortiz failed to
demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel and prejudice is premised on the
finding that Avila-Ortiz was present at his August 30, 1995 hearing. Avila-Ortiz
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declares that he was not present at this hearing on the advice of Terrence McGuire;
McGuire sent an unauthorized agent, Stephen Alexander, to represent him at this
hearing; and Alexander withdrew Avila-Ortiz’s asylum application at the hearing
without his consent. Without addressing Avila-Ortiz’s statements to the contrary
or providing Avila-Ortiz an opportunity to respond to the contrary record evidence,
the IJ here concluded in one sentence that Avila-Ortiz was present because the trial
transcript shows that someone appeared as Avila-Ortiz at the hearing. The BIA
summarily affirmed.
At the motion to reopen stage, this finding cannot stand. In ruling upon a
motion to reopen, the IJ is “under an affirmative obligation to accept as true the
facts stated in [the petitioner’s] affidavit in ruling upon his motion to reopen unless
[the IJ finds] those facts to be inherently unbelievable.” Avagyan v. Holder, 646
F.3d 672, 678-79 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Malty
v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 942, 947 (9th Cir. 2004); Maroufi v. INS, 772 F.2d 597, 600
(9th Cir. 1985). Where the IJ fails to make such a finding, we are obligated to
accept the facts in the affidavit as “true and undisputed.” Avagyan, 646 F.3d at
679. Neither the BIA nor the IJ specifically made such a finding. Instead, the BIA
and IJ implicitly rejected Avila-Ortiz’s assertions without ever applying the
“inherently unbelievable” standard. This reason alone would support accepting
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Avila-Ortiz’s affidavit as true and thus rejecting the first ground for denying the
motion to reopen.
Moreover, the facts in Avila-Ortiz’s affidavit simply are not “inherently
unbelievable” on their face. Unfortunately, as evidenced by Attorney McGuire’s
state bar disciplinary record, fraudulent representation of the type Avila-Ortiz
alleges in this case is not uncommon. See In the Matter of Terrence McGuire, No.
05-N-03357 (State Bar Ct. of Cal., July 5, 2006) (disbarring McGuire for
fraudulent representation of immigrants similar to that alleged by Avila-Ortiz in
this case); see also Morales Apolinar v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 893, 897 (9th Cir.
2008) (“All too often, vulnerable immigrants are preyed upon by unlicensed
notarios and unscrupulous appearance attorneys who extract heavy fees in
exchange for false promises and shoddy, ineffective representation.”). There is a
genuine factual dispute about whether Avila-Ortiz was present at the hearing, as
the transcript suggests, or not, as Avila-Ortiz consistently alleged in his 1996 and
2007 motions to reopen. Avila-Ortiz’s claim is supported by the fact that
Alexander’s notice of appearance on August 30, 1995 is not signed by Avila-Ortiz.
Further, the possibility that someone else could have successfully claimed to be
Avila-Ortiz is greater because this was the first hearing in Avila-Ortiz’s case before
this particular immigration judge.
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While the trial transcript provides countervailing evidence, the question of
whether to credit Avila-Ortiz’s testimony in light of the transcript is essentially a
credibility determination. “We have long held that credibility determinations on
motions to reopen are inappropriate.” Bhasin v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 977, 986 (9th
Cir. 2005). Such a silent credibility finding is particularly problematic here, where
Avila-Ortiz was not given an opportunity to respond to the record evidence. See
Ordonez v. INS, 345 F.3d 777, 786 (9th Cir. 2003).
Therefore, this court, for the purposes of the motion to reopen, must accept
Avila-Ortiz’s affidavit as true. If the facts in his affidavit are true, he clearly has
established that his “counsel [failed to] perform with sufficient competence.”
Maravilla Maravilla v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 855, 858 (9th Cir. 2004) (alteration in
original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because of McGuire’s conduct,
Avila-Ortiz never had the opportunity to present his political asylum claim before
an immigration judge; thus, McGuire’s conduct certainly “may have affected the
outcome of [his] proceedings.” Id.
2. The BIA and IJ also concluded that Avila-Ortiz failed to comply with the
three procedural requirements outlined in Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637
(BIA 1988). Despite the IJ’s unsupported finding to the contrary, Avila-Ortiz
complied with the first requirement by explaining in his affidavit that he hired
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McGuire to represent him in his immigration proceedings and visited his office
several times, working with a Spanish interpreter in McGuire’s office. We have
recognized an exception to the remaining two requirements where contacting the
prior counsel or filing a complaint would be futile. Morales Apolinar, 514 F.3d at
896. In Morales Apolinar, we held that “where a petitioner’s attorney has been
suspended after failing to respond to prior charges of ineffective assistance, it
would be futile for the petitioner to inform counsel of the accusations or file a
complaint.” Id. at 897. In this case, both McGuire and Alexander were not only
suspended, but disbarred, prior to the filing of the motion to reopen. Therefore,
Avila-Ortiz’s failure to file a futile complaint “does not bar h[is] ineffective
assistance of counsel claim.” Id.
3. The IJ also denied the motion to reopen because Avila-Ortiz failed to
attach a “renewed I-589 application for asylum or any documents supporting his
renewed application for asylum as required by regulations.” The IJ relies on 8
C.F.R. § 1003.23, which provides, in relevant part that “[a]ny motion to reopen for
the purpose of acting on an application for relief must be accompanied by the
appropriate application for relief and all supporting documents.” The purpose of
this regulation is to require a petitioner, who is seeking a new form of relief on the
basis of new facts, to submit a proper application for the relief sought. But a
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petitioner need not submit a new application for relief where the petitioner’s
motion to reopen is based on ineffective assistance of counsel and the petitioner
seeks to move forward with his initial application for relief, which is already in the
record. Therefore, in my view, the BIA and IJ erred in denying Avila-Ortiz’s
motion to reopen on that basis.
4. Finally, the majority affirms the BIA’s decision on the ground that Avila-
Ortiz’s motion to reopen was untimely and he is not entitled to equitable tolling
because he did not demonstrate “due diligence.” The BIA provides no analysis for
its conclusion that “diligence [is] lacking here.” In my view, the majority’s due
diligence reasoning improperly lumps together all of Avila-Ortiz’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claims. In doing so, the majority fails to recognize that
Avila-Ortiz did not have knowledge of the specific fraud underlying his current
motion to reopen at the time that he filed the 1996 motion to reopen. Mem. at 2
(“The declaration attached to Avila-Ortiz’s unadjudicated 1996 motion to reopen
shows that he knew in 1996 that McGuire had performed deficiently during his
removal proceedings.”); see Avagyan, 646 F.3d at 680 (“We independently assess
Avagyan’s diligence with respect to each claim [of ineffective assistance].”).
Because I believe the BIA’s drive-by “no diligence” finding was an abuse of
discretion, I would grant the petition and remand to the BIA for further
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consideration of the motion to reopen.
We have repeatedly held that a petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling of
the motion to reopen deadline “during periods when a petitioner is prevented from
filing because of a deception, fraud, or error, as long as petitioner acts with due
diligence in discovering the deception, fraud or error.” Iturribarria v. INS, 321
F.3d 889, 897 (9th Cir. 2003). Avagyan explains that in assessing diligence, “we
consider three issues.” 646 F.3d at 679. I address these issues below.
First, there was no way for Avila-Ortiz to know or even suspect the specific
fraud underlying his motion to reopen—the withdrawal of his asylum application
without his consent—until his third lawyer ordered the FOIA records and
discovered the withdrawal and Alexander’s appearance at the August 30, 1995
hearing. Id. at 682 (affirming that the petitioner had no reason to know of the
ineffective assistance in her case until she met with current counsel). Avila-Ortiz’s
affidavit, which we take as true, affirms that he never previously knew his asylum
application was withdrawn. The government does not allege that Avila-Ortiz was
directly served with any verification of the withdrawal nor does it allege any facts
as to why Avila-Ortiz should have known of this fraud earlier.
Second, Avila-Ortiz both “took reasonable efforts” to investigate McGuire’s
deficient performance and “made efforts to pursue relief.” Id. at 679. In analyzing
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this issue, we must keep in mind that “[w]e do not require [a] petitioner to act with
the maximum diligence possible—only due or reasonable diligence.” Id. at 679
(internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, “[o]ur review of petitioner’s
diligence must be fact-intensive and case-specific, assessing the reasonableness of
petitioner’s actions in the context of his or her particular circumstances.” Id.
In 1996, Avila-Ortiz consulted another lawyer regarding McGuire’s
performance. After discussing his case with his second lawyer, Avila-Ortiz
learned that McGuire’s assistance was ineffective in advising him not to attend his
own hearing and failing to advise him of his appeal rights. That lawyer did not,
however, discover the withdrawal of his asylum application. It was reasonable for
Avila-Ortiz to rely on the advice of this second lawyer regarding the extent of
McGuire’s deficient performance, especially since he had no reason to suspect any
further fraud. Id. (“We cannot penalize individuals . . . for reasonably relying on
the advice of counsel, even if that counsel turns out to have been incompetent or
predatory.”). On the basis of the knowledge he acquired, Avila-Ortiz appropriately
pursued relief by filing a motion to reopen alleging the specific ineffective
assistance of counsel that he was aware of at the time. He also contacted McGuire
regarding his ineffective assistance. The 1996 motion to reopen was never acted
upon by the agency. It was not unreasonable for Avila-Ortiz to think that this was
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his only available avenue for relief because, in light of the circumstances, this
would seem like a sensible approach, especially given the numerical limit on
motions to reopen. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2) (allowing only one motion to reopen
per petitioner).
Third, despite Avila-Ortiz’s seemingly hopeless situation, he consulted
another attorney, who submitted a FOIA request for his full immigration file. The
FOIA records uncovered Alexander’s appearance at the August 30, 1995 hearing
and withdrawal of Avila-Ortiz’s asylum application. This was the point at which
Avila-Ortiz “definitively learn[ed] of the harm resulting from [his] counsel’s
deficiency” and thus marks the appropriate end of the tolling period. Avagyan, 646
F.3d at 679. Although the record does not disclose the date on which current
counsel received the FOIA records and presented them to Avila-Ortiz, nothing in
the record suggests a delay between that date and the date of the 2007 motion to
reopen. Nor does the government argue that Avila-Ortiz delayed in filing his
motion to reopen after receiving those records. Thus, presuming that there was no
undue delay after this point, Avila-Ortiz is entitled to equitable tolling.
Despite the foregoing, the BIA found that Avila-Ortiz failed to show
diligence without even addressing the 1996 motion to reopen, which demonstrates
both an attempt to discover McGuire’s fraud and a reasonable attempt to pursue
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relief. The BIA’s finding was an abuse of discretion. See Singh v. Gonzales, 494
F.3d 1170, 1172 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he BIA is obligated to consider and address
in its entirety the evidence submitted by a petitioner, and where its failure to do so
could have affected its decision, remand is appropriate.”).
In denying the petition, the majority denies Avila-Ortiz the opportunity to
pursue his asylum application for the first time before an immigration judge, an
opportunity that was likely denied to him by egregious fraud on behalf of his
representative. For all of the above reasons, I would grant the petition and remand
to the BIA for further consideration of the motion to reopen.
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