#24423-a-GIENAPP, Circuit Judge
2007 SD 126
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
* * * *
NORTHLAND INSURANCE
COMPANY and CHAD LOEBS
d/b/a/ LOEBS TRUCKING, Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE
COMPANY, UPPER PLAINS
CONTRACTING, INC., and MICHAEL
and TAMMY FETZER, Defendants and Appellees.
* * * *
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT
OF THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
BROWN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
* * * *
HONORABLE JACK R. VON WALD
Judge
* * * *
DANIEL A. HAWS of
Murnane Brandt
St. Paul, Minnesota
STEVEN J. OBERG and
JOSEPH ASHLEY PARR of
Lynn, Jackson, Shultz & Lebrun, PC Attorneys for plaintiffs
Rapid City, South Dakota and appellants.
PETER G. VAN BERGEN of
Cousineau McGuire Chartered
Minneapolis, Minnesota
DOUGLAS M. DEIBERT of
Cadwell, Sanford, Deibert & Garry, LLP Attorneys for defendants
Sioux Falls, South Dakota and appellees.
* * * *
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON AUGUST 27, 2007
OPINION FILED 12/12/07
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GIENAPP, Circuit Judge
[¶1.] Northland Insurance Company (Northland) initiated a declaratory
judgment action against Zurich American Insurance Company (Zurich). The parties
filed cross motions for summary judgment. There is no issue as to the existence of
any factual disputes. The circuit court ruled in favor of Zurich. Northland appeals
and we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[¶2.] On May 1, 2001, Upper Plains Contracting, Inc. (UPCI) and Chad
Loebs, d/b/a Loebs Trucking (Loebs) entered into a trucking agreement whereby
Loebs agreed to pull UPCI-owned trailers for the construction season. Pursuant to
the trucking agreement, Loebs was required to provide proof of insurance. 1
[¶3.] On October 2, 2001, Loebs was operating his personally-owned 1987
Peterbuilt tractor and was pulling a trailer at UPCI's construction site in North
Dakota. The trailer was owned by UPCI. A UPCI employee, Michael Fetzer
(Fetzer), was leveling cement at the North Dakota construction site. Fetzer claims
he sustained injuries when the front of Loebs' passing tractor struck the handle of
the cement leveling tool he was using. The force of the contact caused Fetzer to be
thrust upon the trailer and run over by the tag axle wheel. The accident left Fetzer
pinned in the wheel well of the trailer. At the time of the accident, Loebs was
1. The first numbered paragraph in the trucking agreement provides, "[t]he
Trucking Co. must have and provide proof of insurance." Loebs signed and
dated the trucking agreement on the signature line entitled "Trucking Co.
Signature and Date."
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insured by a Northland commercial insurance policy (Northland policy) 2 and the
UPCI trailer pulled by Loebs' tractor was insured by a Zurich commercial insurance
policy (Zurich policy). 3
[¶4.] Fetzer and his wife commenced a civil action in Cass County, North
Dakota, against Loebs. 4 Fetzer claimed he sustained damages as a result of Loebs'
alleged negligence in the operation of the tractor. Loebs tendered the defense to
Northland pursuant to his Northland policy and Northland proceeded to defend
Loebs in the underlying action.
[¶5.] Thereafter, Northland tendered the defense to Zurich alleging the
Zurich policy provided primary coverage to defend and indemnify Loebs in the
underlying action. Zurich denied the tender. As a result, Loebs and Northland
commenced a declaratory judgment action in South Dakota to decide which policy
should provide primary coverage and defend and indemnify Loebs in the underlying
action. Both parties filed motions for summary judgment.
[¶6.] The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Zurich holding
that any coverage for Loebs as an insured under Zurich's policy was precluded by
the "Employee Indemnification and Employer's Liability" exclusion (employer's
liability exclusion) in its policy. As a result, the circuit court determined
2. Loebs' Northland policy insured the 1987 Peterbuilt tractor as a covered
"auto" under the policy.
3. UPCI's Zurich policy insured the trailer as a covered "auto" under the policy.
4. The Michael Fetzer and Tammy Fetzer v. Chad Loebs d/b/a Loebs Trucking
case was filed in District Court, Cass County, North Dakota, East Central
Judicial District, and will be referred to as the underlying action.
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Northland's policy was the policy granting primary coverage over Loebs in the
underlying action.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶7.] This matter is before the Court on appeal from a grant of summary
judgment. Summary judgment "shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." SDCL 15-6-
56(c). Material facts in this case are undisputed. Therefore, this Court's "review is
limited to whether the law was correctly applied." Krier v. Dell Rapids Twp., 2006
SD 10, ¶ 12, 709 NW2d 841, 845. Our review of whether the law was correctly
applied is de novo, with no discretion given to the circuit court. Pauley v. Simonson,
2006 SD 73, ¶ 7, 720 NW2d 665, 667.
ANALYSIS AND DECISION
[¶8.] A number of issues were raised before the circuit court. The circuit
court, however, limited its decision to a finding that (1) Loebs was insured under
the Zurich policy as an omnibus insured; and (2) the employer's liability exclusion
set forth in the Zurich policy excluded coverage by Zurich over Loebs in the
underlying action. We examine both issues on appeal and affirm the circuit court.
ISSUE ONE
[¶9.] Whether Loebs was insured under the Zurich policy as an
omnibus insured.
[¶10.] South Dakota's financial responsibility law requires that automobile
insurance policies provide vehicle owners with certain liability coverage for acts
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arising out of the ownership of insured vehicles. Schulte v. Progressive Northern
Ins. Co., 2005 SD 75, ¶ 9, 699 NW2d 437, 440. 5 The general rule is that the
omnibus clause creates liability coverage in favor of the omnibus insured "to the
same degree as the [named] insured." Estate of Trobaugh v. Farmers Ins.
Exchange, 2001 SD 37, ¶ 21, 623 NW2d 497, 502.
[¶11.] In accordance, the Zurich policy defines "insured" as including
"[a]nyone else while using with [policy holder] permission a covered 'auto you own.'"
Here, UPCI gave Loebs permission to use UPCI's trailer pursuant to the trucking
agreement and Loebs was using the trailer when the underlying accident occurred.
Therefore, Loebs is insured under Zurich's policy as an omnibus insured and is
granted the same degree of liability coverage as UPCI.
ISSUE TWO
[¶12.] Whether the employer's liability exclusion set forth in the
Zurich policy excludes coverage by Zurich over Loebs in the underlying
action.
A. The Employer's Liability Exclusion.
[¶13.] The language in an insurance contract is to be construed liberally in
favor of the insured. However, this rule of construction applies only when the
5. Also relevant is SDCL 32-35-70, referred to as the omnibus clause, which
provides in part:
An owner's policy of liability insurance referred to in § 32-
35-68 shall insure the person named therein and any
other person as insured, using any insured vehicle or
vehicles with the express or implied permission of the
named insured, against loss from the liability imposed by
law for damages arising out of the ownership,
maintenance, or use of the vehicle or vehicles within the
United States of America or the Dominion of Canada.
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language of the insurance contract is ambiguous. Further, the contract's language
must be construed according to its plain meaning. City of Fort Pierre v. United Fire
& Cas. Co., 463 NW2d 845, 848 (SD 1990). In determining coverage under the
contract, we must look to the contractual intent and objectives of the parties as
expressed in the contract. Id.; Black Hills Kennel Club, Inc. v. Firemens' Fund
Indem. Co., 77 SD 503, 506-07; 94 NW2d 90, 92 (1959).
[¶14.] As support for its decision that the employer's liability exclusion in the
Zurich policy excluded coverage for Loebs, the circuit court relied on this Court's
analysis in St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Schilling, 520 NW2d 884 (SD 1994).
Northland argues that the Schilling decision is not applicable and attempts to
distinguish the policy language in the Schilling case from the policy language in the
Zurich policy. We find this argument unpersuasive.
[¶15.] While interpreting an employer's liability exclusion, this Court in
Schilling stated:
The on-the-job exclusion states specifically that coverage
will be excluded for claims of an employee of "any
protected persons." It does not limit the exclusion only to
employees of "the named insured" nor does it limit
coverage only to claims of an employee of "the protected"
person.
520 NW2d at 887 (emphasis in original). 6 In Schilling, a YMCA employee gave
permission to a gymnast-driver to drive a YMCA-owned van home from a
gymnastics clinic in North Dakota. Id. at 885. The employee sustained injuries
6. In Schilling, the employer's liability exclusion in the policy was entitled the
"on-the-job" exclusion and stated that "[w]e [insurer] won't cover any claim
for bodily injury to an employee of any protected persons arising out of his or
her job." 520 NW2d at 886-87 (emphasis in original).
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when the driver fell asleep at the wheel and caused an accident. Id. Subsequently,
the employee initiated a personal injury action against the driver. Id. at 886. The
driver sought coverage for the action as an omnibus insured under YMCA's liability
policy. Id. This Court, finding the employer's liability exclusion in the policy
unambiguous, upheld the exclusion as applied to the omnibus insured where the
injured claimant was an employee of the named insured (YMCA), but not an
employee of the omnibus insured (driver). Id. at 888. 7
[¶16.] The applicable employer's liability exclusion in the Zurich policy is as
follows:
B. Exclusions
This insurance does not apply to any of the
following:
* * *
4. Employee Indemnification and
Employer's Liability "Bodily injury" to:
a. An "employee" of the "insured"
arising out of and in the course
of:
(1) Employment by the
"insured"; or
(2) Performing the duties
related to the conduct of the
"insured's" business . . .
Northland asserts that the employer's liability exclusion in the Zurich policy only
precludes coverage for an insured that was the employer of the injured claimant-
employee at the time of the accident. Northland's reasoning is that because Fetzer
was not an employee of Loebs, but rather an employee of UPCI, the exclusion is not
7. This Court went on to state, "[t]he clear terms of the policy exclude liability
coverage for an injured employee of 'any protected persons.' As [the injured
claimant] was an employee of the named insured, and Schilling was an
omnibus insured, the exclusion for an employee . . . operates to preclude
policy coverage for Schilling as a matter of law." Id.
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applicable and coverage exists. 8 However, an examination of the Zurich policy
defining "insured" defeats that contention. The Zurich policy defines "insured" as
follows:
"Insured" means any person or organization qualifying as
an insured in the Who Is An Insured provision of the
applicable coverage. Except with respect to the limit of
insurance, the coverage afforded applies separately to
each insured who is seeking coverage or against whom a
claim or "suit" is brought.
(Emphasis added). The language in the Zurich policy defines "Who Is An Insured"
as not only the named insured on the policy, but also any other individual using a
covered vehicle with permission from the named insured.
[¶17.] We find that the Zurich policy language is not ambiguous. As such,
upon examining the policy language, it cannot be said that the employer's liability
exclusion applies to preclude coverage for the underlying action only for an
employer of the employee who is asserting the claim. Rather, the exclusion applies
to an "insured" as defined under the policy; specifically, the named insured
(employer) and a permissive additional insured (omnibus insured).
B. The Severability Provision.
[¶18.] Northland also asserts that the existence of a severability provision in
the Zurich policy renders the employer's liability exclusion inapplicable to Loebs
8. Specifically, Northland argues that because the employer's liability exclusion
states "an 'employee' of the 'insured,'" rather than "any insured," the
exclusion applies only to an insured who is the employer of the claimant
employee.
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and, therefore, coverage exists for him as an omnibus insured. 9 This issue was also
addressed in Schilling, where this Court relied on the Eighth Circuit Court of
Appeals rationale in Universal Underwriters Insurance Company v. McMahon
Chevrolet-Oldsmobile, Inc., 866 F2d 1060 (8thCir 1989). Id. at 888. The Court of
Appeals in Universal Underwriters adopted the rationale from the South Dakota
case of Birrenkott v. McManamay, 65 SD 581, 276 NW 725 (1937), and held that
under South Dakota law an omnibus insured is not entitled to any greater liability
coverage than that afforded to the named insured who purchased the policy,
notwithstanding the presence of a severability of interest clause in the policy. 10
[¶19.] The underpinnings of the Schilling decision were first introduced by
this Court in Birrenkott. The Birrenkott case relied on a Wisconsin decision,
Bernard v. Wisconsin Automobile Insurance Co., 210 Wis 133, 245 NW 200 (1932),
and held that one who invokes a clause in an automobile liability policy protecting
any person operating the insured vehicle with consent of the insured is in the same
9. The severability provision in the Zurich policy is found under the definition of
"insured" and states: "[e]xcept with respect to the Limit of Insurance, the
coverage afforded applies separately to each insured who is seeking coverage
or against whom a claim or 'suit' is brought."
10. As previously recognized in Schilling, a number of courts agree with South
Dakota's interpretation: Farmers Elevator Mut. Ins. Co. v. Carl J. Austad &
Sons, Inc., 366 F2d 555 (8thCir 1966) (applying North Dakota law); Kelly v.
State Auto. Ins. Assoc., 288 F2d 734 (6thCir 1961) (applying Kentucky law);
United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Western Cas. & Sur. Co., 195 Kan 603, 408
P2d 596 (1965); Industrial Indem. Co. v. Fidelity-Phenix Ins. Co, 83 Nev 260,
428 P2d 200 (1967); Maryland Cas. Co. v. American Fidelity & Cas. Co., 217
FSupp 688 (DCTenn 1963), aff'd 330 F2d 526 (6thCir 1964); Pennsylvania
Mfrs. Ass'n v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Ins. Co., 426 Pa 453, 233 A2d 548 (1967).
See Schilling, 520 NW2d at 888.
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position as the named insured and is subject to general limitations of the policy in
the same manner as the named insured. Birrenkott, 276 NW at 726. Northland
contends that the Bernard decision cited in Birrenkott no longer applies as a result
of subsequent Wisconsin decisions culminating with the decision in Gulmire v. St.
Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co., 269 Wis2d 501, 674 NW2d 629 (WisApp 2003),
and, therefore, this Court should rule in line with the courts in Wisconsin and
abandon Birrenkott. We disagree.
[¶20.] In Gulmire, the Wisconsin court recognized that a severability
provision applies as if the additional or omnibus insured is the only insured,
regardless of whether it entitles him to greater coverage under the policy than is
given to the named insured. 674 NW2d at 636-37. 11 We do not adopt the Gulmire
decision but instead reaffirm our reasoning in Birrenkott and Schilling. See
Schilling, 520 NW2d at 889 (holding if severability provision invalidated a policy's
exclusions such provision would operate to provide more coverage to an additional
insured than to the named insured, and such an outcome will not be endorsed
because it directly contravenes earlier case reasoning); see also Kelly, 288 F2d at
11. In contrast to South Dakota's interpretation, there are a number of cases that
follow the Gulmire rationale and have found coverage for additional insureds
for accidents resulting in injuries to the named insured's employees:
Centennial Ins. Co. v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., 149 F3d 378, 385 (5thCir
1998) (applying Mississippi law); Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v.
Continental Cas. Co., 273 FSupp 851 (WDMich 1966), aff'd 384 F2d 37 (6th
Cir 1967) (applying Iowa law); General Aviation Supply Co. v. Ins. Co. of
North America, 181 FSupp 380, 384 (EDMo 1960), aff'd 283 F2d 590 (8thCir
1960); Penske Truck Leasing Co. Ltd., v. Republic Western Ins. Co., 407
FSupp2d 741 (EDNC 2006); Cal-Farm Ins. Co. v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 54
CalApp3d 708 (5thDist 1976); Travelers Ins. Co. v. American Cas. Co., 151
Mont 198, 441 P2d 177 (1968).
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738 (stating "[t]he [named insured] was paying for the protection of its liability
insurance against claims asserted by the public, and not by its own employees.");
American Family Ins. Group v. Howe, 584 FSupp 369, 371 (DSD 1984) (stating that
the "operation of [the] omnibus clause creates liability insurance in favor of persons
other than the named insured to the same degree as the named insured.").
[¶21.] Northland also raises the following issues in this appeal:
Whether Zurich may rely on an exclusion in its policy as
grounds for avoiding its contractual obligations to its
insured when it failed to notify Loebs of this policy
defense.
Whether Zurich has a primary duty to defend and
indemnify Loebs in the underlying action commenced by
Fetzer.
Whether Northland may recover attorney's fees from
Zurich for the period in which Zurich failed to defend
Loebs in the underlying Fetzer litigation.
[¶22.] We do not address these issues because our holdings on issues one and
two are dispositive. In addition, there was no ruling by the circuit court on these
issues and they are not properly before this Court. City of Watertown v. Dakota,
Minnesota & Eastern Railroad Co., 1996 SD 82, ¶ 26, 551 NW2d 571, 577 (stating
"[w]e have long held that issues not addressed or ruled upon by the trial court will
not be addressed by this Court for the first time on appeal."); Keegan v. First Bank,
519 NW2d 607, 615 (SD 1994); Schilling, 520 NW2d at 887, n2.
[¶23.] Affirmed.
[¶24.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, KONENKAMP, ZINTER and
MEIERHENRY, Justices, concur.
[¶25.] GIENAPP, Circuit Judge, for SABERS, Justice, disqualified.
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