#26076-r-GAS
2012 S.D. 29
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
JAMES E. CORNELIUS, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
NATIONAL CASUALTY COMPANY, Defendant and Appellee.
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APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
MEADE COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
THE HONORABLE JEROME A. ECKRICH, III
Judge
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KENNETH E. BARKER
TIMOTHY J. VANDER HEIDE of
Barker Wilson Law Firm, LLP
Belle Fourche, South Dakota Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellant.
DOUGLAS A. ABRAHAM of
May, Adam, Gerdes & Thompson, LLP
Pierre, South Dakota Attorneys for defendant
and appellee.
****
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS
ON FEBRUARY 14, 2012
OPINION FILED 04/18/12
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SEVERSON, Justice
[¶1.] James E. Cornelius initiated a declaratory judgment action against
National Casualty Company (National Casualty) to determine whether a policy of
insurance issued by National Casualty to Cornelius’s employer, Live Line
Maintenance, provided uninsured motorist coverage to Cornelius for injuries he
sustained while occupying a vehicle owned by Live Line Maintenance. National
Casualty moved for summary judgment. The circuit court granted the motion,
finding that Cornelius could not recover uninsured motorist benefits. Cornelius
appeals. We reverse.
Background
[¶2.] Harold Baldwin was the sole proprietor of Live Line Maintenance, a
business that provided construction and maintenance services to rural electric
cooperatives in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Cornelius worked as a
lineman for the business. On March 11, 2002, Cornelius was performing
maintenance work on elevated electrical power lines and systems. Cornelius used a
1963 International bucket truck to perform his duties. Mounted on the truck was a
boom with an open bucket that Cornelius used to lift himself to the top of the
elevated power lines. As Cornelius was standing in the bucket of the truck
performing his duties, he came in contact with one of the live lines. The electric
current passed through his body to the bucket, and then to the ground through the
boom of the truck. Cornelius sustained serious injuries as a result of this incident.
[¶3.] The bucket truck that Cornelius used in his employment with Live
Line Maintenance was insured by National Casualty. The insurance policy
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provided separate coverage for liability and uninsured motorist insurance. The
liability coverage contained an exclusion for bodily injury sustained by an employee.
National Casualty relied on this exclusion to deny liability coverage to Live Line
Maintenance for the injuries Cornelius sustained.
[¶4.] In March 2008, Cornelius filed a complaint against National
Casualty.1 In his complaint, Cornelius asserted that the injuries he sustained were
the result of Live Line Maintenance and Baldwin’s negligent maintenance of the
bucket truck. Specifically, Cornelius alleged that Live Line Maintenance and
Baldwin failed to properly insulate the bucket and boom from the electrical charge.
Cornelius sought a declaratory judgment that he was entitled to recover uninsured
motorist benefits under the insurance policy issued by National Casualty to Live
Line Maintenance.
[¶5.] National Casualty filed a motion for summary judgment in September
2010. The circuit court found that Cornelius was unable to recover uninsured
motorist benefits under the insurance policy between Live Line Maintenance and
National Casualty. The circuit court reasoned that uninsured motorist coverage
only extends to accidents arising out of the “normal use” of a vehicle, which consists
1. Cornelius also filed an action in Wyoming state court. The Wyoming
complaint alleged negligence against Baldwin and Powder River Energy
Corporation (PRECorp). PRECorp owned the power line that Cornelius was
working on at the time he was electrocuted. PRECorp filed a motion for
summary judgment, asserting that it could not be held legally responsible for
Cornelius’s injuries. The Wyoming District Court agreed and granted
summary judgment in favor of PRECorp. The issue was appealed to the
Wyoming Supreme Court, which affirmed the district court’s grant of
summary judgment. Cornelius v. Powder River Energy Corp., 152 P.3d 387
(Wyo. 2007).
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of “transportation to and from destinations.” Thus, the circuit court concluded,
“Cornelius does not have [uninsured motorist] coverage for injuries that allegedly
arose out of the negligent maintenance of a vehicle when the negligent maintenance
was not connected with the transportation purpose of the vehicle.”
Standard of Review
[¶6.] “Insurance contract interpretation is a question of law reviewed de
novo.” Batiz v. Fire Ins. Exch., 2011 S.D. 35, ¶ 10, 800 N.W.2d 726, 728-29 (quoting
W. Nat’l Mut. Ins. Co. v. Decker, 2010 S.D. 93, ¶ 10, 791 N.W.2d 799, 802). “We
have developed special rules of construction that apply when interpreting an
insurance policy.” Zoo Props., LLP v. Midwest Family Mut. Ins. Co., 2011 S.D. 11, ¶
5, 797 N.W.2d 779, 780 (quoting Chord v. Reynolds, 1999 S.D. 1, ¶ 14, 587 N.W.2d
729, 732). “If the ‘rules of interpretation leave a genuine uncertainty as to which of
two or more meanings is correct,’ the policy is ambiguous.” Id. (quoting Alverson v.
Nw. Nat’l Cas. Co., 1997 S.D. 9, ¶ 8, 559 N.W.2d 234, 235). “Ambiguity in an
insurance policy is determined with reference to the policy as a whole and the plain
meaning and effect of its words.” Batiz, 2011 S.D. 35, ¶ 10, 800 N.W.2d at 729
(quoting Decker, 2010 S.D. 93, ¶ 11, 791 N.W.2d at 802)). If the provisions of an
insurance policy are ambiguous, “we apply the ‘rule of liberal construction in favor
of the insured and strictly against the insurer.’” Zoo Props., 2011 S.D. 11, ¶ 5, 797
N.W.2d at 780 (quoting Reynolds, 1999 S.D. 1, ¶ 14, 587 N.W.2d at 732). “This rule
does not mean, however, that the court may seek out a strained or unusual meaning
for the benefit of the insured.” Reynolds, 1999 S.D. 1, ¶ 14, 587 N.W.2d at 732
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(quoting Olson v. U.S. Fidelity and Guar. Co., 1996 S.D. 66, ¶ 6, 549 N.W.2d 199,
200).
Decision
[¶7.] The specific policy language that applies to Cornelius’s claim for
uninsured motorist benefits reads as follows:
We will pay all sums the “insured” is legally entitled to recover
as compensatory damages from the owner or driver of an
“uninsured” or “underinsured motor vehicle”. The damages
must result from “bodily injury” sustained by the “insured”
caused by an “accident”. The owner’s or driver’s liability for
these damages must result from the ownership, maintenance or
use of the “uninsured” or “underinsured motor vehicle”.
[¶8.] The circuit court found that Cornelius was an “insured” as the term is
defined under the insurance policy because he was “occupying” a “covered auto” at
the time of the “accident.” In making this finding, the circuit court noted that the
bucket truck Cornelius was occupying at the time of the “accident” was owned by
Live Line Maintenance and was specifically listed as a “covered auto.”
[¶9.] Under the insurance policy, an “uninsured motor vehicle” is defined as
a “land motor vehicle . . . [f]or which an insuring or bonding company denies
coverage . . . .” National Casualty denied liability coverage to Live Line
Maintenance for the injuries Cornelius sustained. Therefore, the circuit court found
that, under the terms of the insurance policy, the bucket truck upon which
Cornelius was injured was an “uninsured motor vehicle.”
[¶10.] National Casualty does not challenge the circuit court’s finding that
the bucket truck was both a “covered auto” and an “uninsured motor vehicle.”
National Casualty also does not challenge the circuit court’s finding that Cornelius
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sustained his injuries as a result of an “accident,” as the term is defined under the
insurance policy. Accordingly, the sole issue on appeal is whether the circuit court
erred in finding that Cornelius’s injuries did not “result from the . . . maintenance”
of the bucket truck.
[¶11.] We have stated, “Where it is necessary to review an insurance policy
provision in light of statutory law, the court treats the statute as if it were actually
written into the policy.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Vostad, 520 N.W.2d 273,
275-76 (S.D. 1994). National Casualty argues that we should interpret the policy
provision at issue in this case in light of SDCL 58-11-9, which requires that all
liability insurance policies issued in South Dakota provide uninsured motorist
coverage to the insured. The statute provides, in part:
No policy insuring against loss resulting from liability imposed
by law for bodily injury or death suffered by any person arising
out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle
may be delivered or issued for delivery in this state with respect
to any motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this
state, except for snowmobiles, unless coverage is provided
therein or supplemental thereto in limits for bodily injury or
death equal to the coverage provided by such policy for bodily
injury and death, for the protection of persons insured
thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from
owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles and hit-and-run
motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness, or disease,
including death, resulting therefrom.
SDCL 58-11-9.
[¶12.] “The terms of the policy are to be construed in light of the purposes
and intent of the applicable statute.” Vostad, 520 N.W.2d at 276 (quoting Kremer v.
Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 501 N.W.2d 765, 768-69 (S.D. 1993)). In Canal Insurance
Company v. Abraham, we explained that the purpose of South Dakota’s uninsured
motorist statutes “is to provide the same insurance protection to the insured party
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who is injured by an uninsured or unknown motorist that would have been
available to him had he been injured as a result of the negligence of a motorist
covered by the minimum amount of liability insurance.” 1999 S.D. 90, ¶ 29, 598
N.W.2d 512, 519 (quoting Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Merrill, 454 N.W.2d 555, 559
(S.D. 1990)).
[¶13.] National Casualty argues that, under Abraham, Cornelius cannot
recover uninsured motorist benefits for an accident that did not involve an
uninsured third-party. We disagree. In Abraham, we examined the purpose of
South Dakota’s uninsured motorist statutes in order to determine whether coverage
was mandated. We concluded, “The underinsured motorist coverage mandated by
law was not meant to ‘kick in’ to cover single-vehicle accident suits which are
excluded by the policy language; they are meant to protect the insured from
uninsured third parties . . . .” Id. ¶ 28 (emphasis added). However, our holding in
Abraham did not preclude parties from contracting for broader uninsured motorist
coverage than is mandated by South Dakota law. Indeed, it is generally recognized
that
[i]nsureds and insurers are free to contract for [uninsured
motorist] coverage greater than that mandated by statute. When
coverage is equal to or greater than the statutory minimum, the
rights of the parties are determined by the terms of the policy
and the general principles of contract law. While statutory
provisions are read into policies that do not afford minimum
coverage, statutory provisions that authorize limits and
exclusions on coverage otherwise provided will not be read into a
policy that does not expressly and plainly include such
authorized limits and exclusions.
9 Couch on Insurance 3d § 122:32 (2010) (citations omitted).
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[¶14.] In this case, under the insurance policy National Casualty drafted, an
“uninsured motor vehicle” is defined as a “land motor vehicle . . . for which any
insuring or bonding company denies coverage.” The circuit court determined that
the bucket truck Cornelius was occupying at the time he was injured was an
“uninsured motor vehicle.” National Casualty has not challenged the circuit court’s
finding on this issue. The insurance policy does not contain an exclusion for single-
vehicle accidents. We therefore find no basis for National Casualty’s assertion that
Cornelius is precluded from recovering uninsured motorist benefits because the
accident did not involve an uninsured third-party. See Brandenburg v. Allstate Ins.
Co., 23 F.3d 1438, 1440 (8th Cir. 1994) (holding that a claimant was entitled to
recover uninsured motorist benefits for injuries she sustained in a single-vehicle
accident because under the insurance policy, the definitions of “insured auto” and
“uninsured auto” were not “mutually exclusive”).
[¶15.] National Casualty also argues that Cornelius’s loss is not covered by
the uninsured motorist provisions of the insurance policy because Cornelius’s
injuries did not “result from the . . . maintenance” of the bucket truck. In support of
this argument, National Casualty cites Farm & City Insurance v. Estate of Davis,
2001 S.D. 71, 629 N.W.2d 586. In that case, Tasha Davis was shot and killed by a
gunman riding in a second, uninsured vehicle. Id. ¶ 4. Davis’s estate filed for
uninsured motorist benefits under Davis’s automobile insurance policy. Id. ¶ 5. In
order to recover uninsured motorist benefits, the automobile insurance policy
required that the claimant’s injury “arise out of the . . . use of the uninsured motor
vehicle.” Id. ¶ 10. We held that Davis’s estate was not entitled to recover
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uninsured motorist benefits because, at the time Davis died, the uninsured vehicle
was not being used for its “normal and proper” purpose. Id. ¶¶ 10, 16. To
determine what constituted the “normal” use of the vehicle, we examined SDCL 58-
11-9 and the terms of the insurance policy at issue. We held that the use of the
vehicle for an illegal purpose was clearly beyond any reasonable contemplation of
the parties to the contract. We explained,
[W]e do not believe [the uninsured motorist] made a “normal”
use of his vehicle for transportation purposes. . . . Normal use
consists of utilizing a vehicle for transportation to and from
destinations. Using a vehicle to stalk another person with the
intent of inflicting injury is in no way a “normal” use as that
term is contemplated under SDCL 58-11-9 and the insurance
policy language complying with that statute.
Id. ¶ 16.
[¶16.] National Casualty argues that under our holding in Davis, Cornelius’s
loss is not compensable because the alleged negligent maintenance that resulted in
Cornelius’s injuries was not performed “in support of the transportation purpose” of
the bucket truck. Specifically, Cornelius’s complaint alleges that his injuries were
caused by Live Line Maintenance and Baldwin’s failure to properly insulate the
bucket and boom from the electrical charge. National Casualty emphasizes that the
purpose of the bucket and boom was to raise and lower workers, not to transport
individuals to and from a destination.
[¶17.] We must examine the terms of the insurance policy in order to
determine what the parties contemplated would be the “normal and proper” purpose
of the bucket truck. The insurance policy provides that only specifically described
“autos” are covered. The insurance policy goes on to define an “auto” as “a land
motor vehicle, ‘trailer’ or semitrailer designed for travel on public roads . . . .”
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“Mobile equipment” was excluded from the definition of “auto.” However, the
insurance policy expressly stated:
[S]elf-propelled vehicles with the following types of permanently
attached equipment are not “mobile equipment” but will be
considered “autos”: . . . .
b. Cherry pickers and similar devices mounted on
automobile or truck chassis and used to raise and lower
workers . . . .
[¶18.] The bucket truck upon which Cornelius was injured was described in
the insurance policy as a covered “auto.” The boom that was mounted on the bucket
truck was a device similar to a cherry picker that was “used to raise and lower
workers.” Such a device was expressly covered under the insurance policy. We thus
hold that it was within the contemplation of the parties that a “normal and proper”
purpose of the bucket truck and the boom would be to “raise and lower workers”
such as Cornelius.
[¶19.] National Casualty also cites State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Company v. Vostad in support of its argument that Cornelius is not entitled to
uninsured motorist coverage. 520 N.W.2d 273. In Vostad, the insured died from
carbon monoxide poisoning in a motor home that was parked inside of an enclosed
shed. Id. at 274. We held that the insurer, State Farm, was not liable to provide
uninsured motorist coverage to the insured’s estate because the insured’s death
occurred while the motor home was being used as “premises.” We stated,
The State Farm policy language clearly excludes coverage when
a vehicle is used as “premises.” . . . It was not within the
contemplation of the uninsured motorist statutes or the State
Farm policy language that coverage would be afforded under
facts such as these. We refuse to employ a strained or forced
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construction of the policy language to mandate uninsured
motorist coverage in these unique circumstances.
Id. at 277-78.
[¶20.] The insurance policy at issue in Vostad explicitly excluded coverage
“when a vehicle is used as ‘premises.’” Id. In contrast, the policy at issue in this
case expressly allows for coverage of “[c]herry pickers and similar devices mounted
on automobile or truck chassis and used to raise and lower workers . . . .” Thus,
Vostad is readily distinguishable from this case.
[¶21.] We have stated that in the absence of ambiguity, “[a]n insurance
contract’s language must be construed according to its plain and ordinary meaning .
. . .” Friesz ex rel. Friesz v. Farm & City Ins. Co., 2000 S.D. 152, ¶ 8, 619 N.W.2d
677, 680 (quoting St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Schilling, 520 N.W.2d 884, 887
(S.D. 1994)). In this case, we must determine the plain meaning of the clause of the
insurance policy stating that uninsured motorist coverage is available when
damages “result from the . . . maintenance” of the uninsured vehicle. We believe
that, under the plain meaning of this clause, coverage is available when the
negligent maintenance of the uninsured vehicle results in an accident that causes
damages to the claimant. See Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. N. River Ins. Co., 361
N.E.2d 60, 63 (Ill. App. 1977) (interpreting a clause providing coverage for damages
“‘caused by an occurrence [a]rising out of’ the maintenance of the tractor” to mean
that “liability will accrue where faulty or negligent maintenance of a vehicle results
in an incident causing damages to another”); Ply v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 81
P.3d 643, 649-50 (Okla. 2003) (holding that allegations of an employer’s non-
contemporaneous negligent maintenance of an employer-owned vehicle was
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sufficient to establish an employee’s potential entitlement to uninsured motorist
benefits); 8A Couch on Insurance 3d § 119:36 (2011) (“The meaning of a clause
providing coverage for damages caused by an occurrence ‘arising out of the
maintenance’ of a vehicle is that liability will accrue where faulty or negligent
maintenance of the vehicle results in an accident causing damages to another, even
where the negligent maintenance occurs prior to delivery of the automobile.”). A
claimant’s injuries “result from the . . . maintenance” of the uninsured vehicle when
there is a “causal connection” between the negligent maintenance of the vehicle and
the incident that caused the claimant’s damages.2 See Davis, 2001 S.D. 71, ¶ 10,
629 N.W.2d at 588.
[¶22.] In his complaint, Cornelius alleged that there was a causal connection
between Live Line Maintenance and Baldwin’s alleged negligent maintenance of the
bucket truck and the accident that caused Cornelius’s injuries. Cornelius has
presented evidence to support his claim. We thus hold that the circuit court erred
in granting summary judgment in favor of National Casualty.
[¶23.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, ZINTER, and
WILBUR, Justices, concur.
2. In Davis, we interpreted a clause of an insurance contract that provided
uninsured motorist coverage for injuries “aris[ing] out of the . . . use of the
uninsured motor vehicle.” 2001 S.D. 71, ¶ 10, 629 N.W.2d at 588. We
determined this language of the insurance contract required “a causal
connection . . . between the use of the uninsured vehicle and the resulting
harm.” Id. ¶¶ 10, 14.
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