H. G. v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-22-00373-CV

H. G., Appellant

v.

Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee

FROM THE 424TH DISTRICT COURT OF BURNET COUNTY
NO. 51641, THE HONORABLE FRANK E. GRIFFIN, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

H.G. (Mother) appeals the trial court’s order, rendered on a jury verdict, terminating

her parental rights to her sons, T.W. (Older Son) and J.G. (Younger Son). Mother challenges the

trial court’s admission of certain evidence and the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the jury’s statutory-predicate findings for termination and its best-interest findings.

See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O), (2). Because Mother’s evidence-admission

issues are either waived or unmeritorious and the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to

support the jury’s endangerment and best-interest findings about each child, we affirm the trial

court’s termination order.

BACKGROUND

Older Son was born to Mother in late 2005 and was approaching 17 years old at the

time of the 2022 jury trial. Younger Son was born to Mother in summer 2017, making him nearly

five years old at the time of trial. Younger Son’s father died soon after the child’s birth.
 After Department investigations of Mother’s parenting in 2010 and 2015—each

time involving drug abuse—in November 2020, a Department investigator went to Mother’s home

in Burnet County to investigate a report of neglectful supervision. Older Son had told a school

counselor that he felt that Mother’s live-in boyfriend (Boyfriend) had threatened him. Mother and

Boyfriend had begun their romantic relationship just two months before the investigation began,

and the month after they started dating, he moved in with Mother, Older Son, Younger Son, and

Younger Son’s two half-siblings by his deceased father. Boyfriend’s three children lived in their

grandmother’s custody but would visit Mother’s home often.

Because of Mother’s Department history, the investigator asked to drug-test

Mother. Mother agreed and admitted that she would test positive for methamphetamine because

she had used it just two days before. Older Son and Younger Son were immediately removed from

the home and, over the course of the case, would come to live in different placements—Older Son

with his great-grandparents nearby and Younger Son with a great-uncle and his wife in Fort Worth.

The investigator turned the case over to a Department caseworker, who held an

early-case conference with Mother and Boyfriend. The conference was to discuss Mother’s

Family Service Plan, which catalogued the services the Department required Mother to complete

before it would return the children to her, including weekly drug-testing. Then, three months after

the removal, the trial court ordered Mother to complete the requirements in her Plan.

The caseworker also told Mother and Boyfriend that if they were going to continue

their romantic relationship, he would have to complete a Plan of his own before the children would

be returned to Mother. Later after some drug-testing of Mother and Boyfriend, and some progress

by Mother on her Plan, the two tested positive for methamphetamine. From then on, they refused

to pursue any of the services required by their Plans.

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 With Mother ceasing progress on her Plan, and with the caseworker’s and Older

Son and Younger Son’s therapist’s approval, the Department prevented Mother from contacting

the children until she began complying with her Plan again. Her phone calls with Older Son had

grown contentious. Plus, though the Department required that the great-grandfather be involved

with the phone calls, Mother tried to evade that requirement by arranging contact with Older Son

through her father.

At trial, the Department presented exhibits and testimony from Mother; Boyfriend;

Boyfriend’s adult daughter, who testified about Boyfriend’s domestic violence and other

concerning behavior; the investigator; the caseworker; the children’s therapist; the

great-grandfather; the great-uncle; and a representative from Court Appointed Special Advocates

(CASA). After the close of the evidence, Mother moved for a directed verdict on the statutory

predicate grounds for termination that the Department would submit to the jury—Subsections (D),

(E), and (O)—and the best-interest requirement. The court denied the motion; the jury returned a

verdict in the Department’s favor; and Mother moved for a new trial on the predicate and

best-interest grounds, which was denied by operation of law. Mother now appeals the final order

of termination that the trial court rendered on the jury’s verdict.

APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

To terminate parental rights, the Department must prove both one of the statutory

predicate grounds and that termination is in the best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code

§ 161.001(b)(1), (2); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). The Department must prove

both elements by clear and convincing evidence. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.206(a); In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree

3
of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007; accord In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex. 2002).

Legal-sufficiency review of the evidence to support termination requires reviewing

all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding under attack and considering undisputed

contrary evidence to decide whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief

or conviction that the finding was true. See In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 630–31 (Tex. 2018).

“Factual sufficiency, in comparison, requires weighing disputed evidence contrary to the finding

against all the evidence favoring the finding.” Id. at 631. “Evidence is factually insufficient if, in

light of the entire record, the disputed evidence a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in

favor of a finding is so significant that the factfinder could not have formed a firm belief or

conviction that the finding was true.” Id. When reviewing the evidence, we must “provide due

deference to the decisions of the factfinder, who, having full opportunity to observe witness

testimony first-hand, is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and demeanor of witnesses.”

In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014).

ADMISSIONS OF EVIDENCE

In her first evidence-admission issue, Mother challenges the trial court’s admission

of Department’s exhibits 15 and 16, regarding Boyfriend’s criminal offenses. The exhibits include

judgments of conviction, and evidence of successful discharge from community supervision, for

Boyfriend’s Class A misdemeanor for violating a protective order and his Class B misdemeanor

for a terroristic threat. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 22.07 (terroristic threat), 25.07 (violation of

protective order). On appeal, Mother argues that the exhibits should have been excluded under

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Rule of Evidence 404 as evidence of a crime used improperly for a character-conformity purpose

and under Rule of Evidence 609 as evidence of a conviction from over 10 years ago whose

probative value does not outweigh its prejudicial effect. We review a trial court’s ruling admitting

evidence for an abuse of discretion and may not reverse unless the ruling lies outside the “zone of

reasonable disagreement.” See Diamond Offshore Servs. Ltd. v. Williams, 542 S.W.3d 539, 545

(Tex. 2018).

When the Department offered the exhibits, Mother’s objections were that the

exhibits were irrelevant, hearsay, improper impeachment, and “over ten years old.” Mother did

not object on Rule 404 grounds, the objections she did make did not raise Rule 404 or its substance,

and a Rule 404 ground was not apparent from the context. Thus, she failed to preserve her

Rule 404 argument for appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)(A)–(B);

In re P.W., No. 02-21-00219-CV, 2021 WL 6068944, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 23,

2021, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Elness Swenson Graham Architects, Inc. v. RLJ II–C Austin

Air, LP, 520 S.W.3d 145, 159 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017, pet. denied) (en banc) (“To preserve error

for appeal, the argument made in the trial court must comport with the argument made on appeal.”).

As for the Rule 609 argument, that evidence rule applies only when the proponent

of a conviction offers it “[f]or the purposes of attacking the credibility of the witness,” meaning

that if the conviction is offered for another relevant purpose, the trial court does not abuse its

discretion by admitting the conviction over a Rule 609 objection. Murray v. Texas Dep’t of

Fam. & Protective Servs., 294 S.W.3d 360, 369–70 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (internal

quotation and emphasis omitted) (quoting Tex. R. Evid. 609). Here, the Department offered

Boyfriend’s convictions as evidence of the best interest of Older Son and Younger Son—for

example, Boyfriend’s convictions are relevant to several of the Holley factors used in determining

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children’s best interest like the children’s present and future needs and the stability of Mother’s

home. See id. The trial court thus did not abuse its discretion by overruling Mother’s Rule 609

objection, and we overrule this evidence-admission issue.

In her next evidence-admission issue, Mother maintains that the trial court should

have excluded Boyfriend’s adult daughter’s testimony. On appeal, Mother argues that the

testimony was hearsay within hearsay, speculative, and “prejudicial to the jury” and daughter was

not competent to testify to events that occurred when she was 11 years old.

Mother seeks reversal for the trial court’s refusal to exclude all the daughter’s

testimony, but Mother’s only objection in the trial court that applied to all the daughter’s testimony,

rather than to just one question-and-answer or another, was to relevance. Mother’s relevance

objection did not preserve for appeal objections to the entirety of the daughter’s testimony that it is

hearsay within hearsay, speculative, impermissibly prejudicial, or incompetent. See Tex. R. App.

P. 33.1(a)(1); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)(A)–(B); Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Durst, No. 04-07-00862-CV,

2009 WL 490056, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 25, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (appellate

issue waived because relevance complaint and speculation complaint do not “mirror” each other

such that objection to one does not preserve for appeal complaint about the other); Thomas v.

State, 226 S.W.3d 697, 705 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2007, pet. dism’d) (relevance

objection did not preserve hearsay appellate issue); see also Elness Swenson Graham Architects,

520 S.W.3d at 159 (“To preserve error for appeal, the argument made in the trial court must

comport with the argument made on appeal.”).

Mother’s appellate brief also does not identify which questions or answers during

the daughter’s testimony were objectionable on the grounds of hearsay within hearsay, speculation,

impermissible prejudice, or incompetence. And the brief does not provide substantive arguments

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or citations to authorities or to the record of the daughter’s testimony to support this issue. Mother

has thus failed to adequately brief this issue, thereby waiving appellate review of it. See Tex. R.

App. P. 38.1(i); Hoover v. Guillory, No. 03-21-00421-CV, 2022 WL 3903124, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Austin Aug. 31, 2022, no pet. h.) (mem. op.); M.D. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs.,

No. 03-20-00531-CV, 2021 WL 1704258, at *4 n.3 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 30, 2021, no pet.)

(mem. op.).

In a final evidence-admission issue, Mother maintains that the trial court should

have excluded Department’s exhibit 14, a business-records exhibit of Mother’s drug-testing in this

case, including records of missed drug tests. Mother’s argument on appeal concedes that “the

business record appears to satisfy the requirements of a business record affidavit,” yet asserts that

“the Department did not show through its business record affidavit and sponsoring witness that the

testing procedures and methodology are sufficiently trustworthy and reliable to be admitted” under

Rule of Evidence 803(6). (Emphasis added.)

But the applicable Rule 803(6) burden falls to “the opponent” of a business record

“to demonstrate that the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation

indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” Tex. R. Evid. 803(6)(E); see Lyons v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr.

Co., No. 05-16-00607-CV, 2017 WL 817143, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 2, 2017, pet. denied)

(mem. op.). Mother’s appellate brief makes no showing of how she carried that burden in the

trial court, relying instead only on arguing that the Department did not present indicia of

trustworthiness to the trial court. Further, the sponsoring affidavit here provides information

on which the trial court could have exercised its discretion to admit Exhibit 14, including by

describing the tests’ chain of custody, the instruments used to perform the testing, and the certified

or licensed professionals who performed the tests or reviewed the test results. See F.C. v. Texas

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Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-19-00625-CV, 2020 WL 101998, at *5–6 (Tex. App.—

Austin Jan. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (similar items from similar affidavit gave trial court

discretion to admit test results). We thus overrule this final evidence-admission issue.1

STATUTORY PREDICATE GROUNDS—ENDANGERMENT

In two of her remaining issues, Mother maintains that the evidence was legally

and factually insufficient to support the jury’s findings against her under Family Code

section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E). Subsection (D) applies when a parent has “knowingly placed

or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger

the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D).

Subsection (E) applies when a parent has “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with

persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the

child.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

For these purposes, “‘[e]ndanger’ means ‘to expose to loss or injury; to

jeopardize.’” In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (quoting Texas Dep’t of

Hum. Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987)). “Although ‘“endanger” means more than

a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment,

it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury,’”

1
Mother cites as support In re K.C.P., in which our sister court analyzed an admission of
drug-testing results over a Rule 803(6) objection when the objecting attorneys in the trial court
identified “qualifications” problems in the proffered business record and with its sponsoring affiant
and “the State failed to provide any evidence showing either the types of tests administered or
whether they were properly administered.” See 142 S.W.3d 574, 577–79 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2004, no pet.). We considered K.C.P. in our decision in F.C. v. Texas Department of Family &
Protective Services, which we apply above. See No. 03-19-00625-CV, 2020 WL 101998, at *5–
6 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

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id. (quoting Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533), or even that the conduct happen in the child’s presence,

Pruitt v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-10-00089-CV, 2010 WL 5463861, at *4

(Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 23, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). “Endangerment does not have to be

established as an independent proposition, but can be inferred from parental misconduct alone,”

and courts may look to conduct “before the child’s birth and both before and after the child has

been removed by the Department.”2 Id. “Conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and

instability endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being.” Id.

The relevant inquiry under Subsection (E) is whether the endangerment of the

child’s well-being was the direct result of a person’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or

failures to act. See T.M. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-21-00174-CV,

2021 WL 4692471, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 8, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re J.F.-G.,

612 S.W.3d 373, 382 (Tex. App.—Waco 2020), aff’d, 627 S.W.3d 304 (Tex. 2021). If the

endangering person is someone other than the parent–appellant, then the parent generally must

have known of the other person’s endangering conduct. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(E);

J.F.-G., 612 S.W.3d at 384; In re F.E.N., 542 S.W.3d 752, 764 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2018), pet. denied, 579 S.W.3d 74 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). “Termination under subsection (E)

requires more than a single act or omission, and the Department must show a voluntary, deliberate,

and conscious course of conduct by the parent, considering a parent’s actions both before and after

the child was removed from the home.” T.M., 2021 WL 4692471, at *6.

2
“As a general matter,” however, “the relevant time frame” for Subsection (D) review is
usually “before the child’s removal ‘since conditions or surroundings cannot endanger a child
unless that child is exposed to them.’” In re J.W., 645 S.W.3d 726, 749 (Tex. 2022) (quoting In re
O.R.F., 417 S.W.3d 24, 37 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. denied)). An exception exists for
when the parent “cause[s] his child to be placed in an endangering environment after removal.”
Id. at 749 n.12.

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 By contrast, the relevant inquiry under Subsection (D) is whether the child’s

environment, including the child’s living conditions and conduct by parents or others in the home,

endangered the child’s well-being. V.P. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-19-

00531-CV, 2020 WL 544797, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 4, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

“Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by persons who live in the child’s home . . . is part

of the ‘conditions or surroundings’ of the child’s home under subsection (D).” Id.; see In re

J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (“Domestic

violence, want of self-control, and propensity for violence may be considered as evidence of

endangerment.”). Because the evidence here under Subsections (D) and (E) is interrelated, we

consolidate our review of the evidence. See V.P., 2020 WL 544797 at *4.

The evidence here established several circumstances showing either or both of

Subsection (D) and Subsection (E) endangerment. First, the evidence established that Mother

knowingly placed Older Son and Younger Son in a home with Boyfriend, when she knew he had

a history of endangering conduct. And she was aware this conduct continued in the home. See

T.M., 2021 WL 4692471, at *6 (Subsection (E) endangerment can involve conduct before child’s

removal from home); V.P., 2020 WL 544797 at *4 (“Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct

by persons who live in the child’s home . . . is part of the ‘conditions or surroundings’ of the child’s

home under subsection (D).”). Boyfriend’s adult daughter testified about his past domestic

violence against her mother, Boyfriend’s prior partner. His parental rights to her have been

terminated, and she testified in this case “to help other children.” She described how she had lived

with Boyfriend for roughly three years beginning when she was around eight years old. In an

incident involving the daughter’s mother (several years before this case), Boyfriend, while drunk,

got into a physical fight with the mother. She had locked him out of the house, but he broke back

10
in, pushed her onto a bed, and pressed his forearm onto her throat. The daughter told the jury that

this behavior was common for Boyfriend. He would become “very aggressive when he drinks

alcohol,” often drinking two six-packs before noon, to the point that living with him was “always

like walking on eggshells.” He can “get really aggressive” just at something a person says, making

him generally unpredictable and the daughter afraid to go home when she lived with him.

Around the time of the forearm incident, according to Boyfriend’s daughter,

Boyfriend also threatened her half-sibling’s life. The boy had taken indecent photos of one of

Boyfriend’s daughters on a tablet device. When Boyfriend found the photos, he told the boy,

“to his face,” “that he was going to kill him.” The boy ran to his room; the daughter went to her

room afraid; and Boyfriend told the boy’s mother, “You need to get your kid,” and “I’m going

to kill him.”

The daughter relayed still other troubling incidents about Boyfriend. He would

sometimes be “aggressive with the babies” in his home (his other children and his then-partner’s

young children). When one child spilled popcorn on the floor, Boyfriend “shoved [the boy’s] face

into the ground” and “scream[ed], ‘You have to pick it up.’” And he threatened the child with a

belt. The daughter also once saw cocaine in Boyfriend’s wallet and marijuana in the cabinets of

their home. After the daughter stopped living with Boyfriend when she was 11 years old, she went

to foster care and needed therapy, had nightmares, and never wanted to live with him again.

The Department also explored Boyfriend’s past violent behavior while

cross-examining him. He testified that he had been charged with choking his children’s mother

but that the charge was dismissed because she recanted. He admitted that he had spent time

incarcerated in Florida for robbing other drug users. And the trial court admitted the exhibits of

Boyfriend’s Texas misdemeanors for violating a protective order and terroristic threat.

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 There was evidence that Mother knew about all of Boyfriend’s history. He

admitted before the jury both that he knows Mother’s past “[m]ore than normally one would

because of all this came up and we had to go into so much detail and so much into it” and,

importantly, that “she knows [his] past pretty well.” Older Son feels like Mother has chosen

Boyfriend over her own children.

Older Son also had told a school counselor “that he had been threatened with

harm” by Boyfriend. Some evidence suggested that Boyfriend had threatened to kill Older Son

and that Mother was aware of the threat. Although the Department later “ruled out” the allegation

of Boyfriend’s threatening Older Son because it could not find evidence to substantiate it,

nevertheless and by Mother’s admission, Older Son “was afraid to go to sleep due to [Boyfriend]

in the house,” and his school grades “were slipping and he couldn’t focus because he felt unsafe.”

Boyfriend himself admitted that Older Son is “stressed out about [Boyfriend’s] being” in the home

and even told the jury that Older Son is “kind of a titty baby when it comes to momma.” During

this case, Mother broke up with Boyfriend for a short time, but they reconciled and resumed their

relationship. Around the time they got back together, the Department removed Boyfriend’s

children from his care.

Next, both Boyfriend and Mother have illegally used drugs while living together.

Around the time of the removal, Mother was drug-tested and admitted that she would test positive

for methamphetamine because about two days earlier she had used it with a friend while in the

home. Mother at first told the investigator that Boyfriend had recently used methamphetamine

as well, including while at the home, but later changed her story to say that Boyfriend had not

used. About three months after the removal, Boyfriend took a drug test, and it was positive for

methamphetamine. Although he denied that Mother or he used methamphetamine while in the

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home with the children, he admitted that they used it while “on the property” when the children

lived there. His explanation was that he would use when he was outdoors but not in the children’s

presence. Mother also admitted to starting to use illegal drugs or abuse prescription drugs when

she was 15 years old.

As for drug-testing during the case, Mother thrice tested positive for THC; provided

a few “negative diluted” tests3 and some clean tests; and tested positive for methamphetamine,

amphetamine, and marijuana. Ever since that last positive eight months into the case, she has

refused all drug-testing required by the court’s order, missing in all 66 or so required tests.

The jury could reasonably infer from each missed drug test that Mother was continuing to

use illegal drugs. See J.M. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-22-00187-CV,

2022 WL 7163637, at *12 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 13, 2022, no pet. h.) (mem. op.); In re C.A.B.,

289 S.W.3d 874, 885 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). She also admitted to

the jury that she occasionally smokes methamphetamine. The children’s therapist testified that

Mother’s and Boyfriend’s substance abuse is part of what has created a “history of instability” in

the children’s home.

Boyfriend has refused any more drug-testing since his positive result during the

case. He agreed in his testimony that he is “actively not participating in” the Plan the Department

required of him, refusing drug-testing, substance-abuse assessment, individual therapy, and

psychological evaluation. His refusal to complete a Plan was the reason Mother gave for breaking

up with Boyfriend for a time.

3
This means that her samples were diluted by an abundance of water above normal levels.

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 Also, Mother failed to undergo individual therapy until successfully discharged by

the therapist. But Mother was never successfully discharged by either of the therapists whom she

saw and stopped seeing the therapists altogether roughly five months before trial. She also failed

to pursue the Plan-required engagement with a sobriety-support group, finding a sobriety sponsor,

and a substance-abuse assessment. She told the jury that she does not need the Plan’s services.

Aside from the events post-removal in this case, the jury heard evidence of

Mother’s earlier history with the Department stemming from her drug abuse. Older Son had

been removed from her care in 2010 for her abusing Vicodin, including “while supervising”

then-four-year-old Older Son, such that she “would sleep all the time and not supervise or care

for” him. The Department ultimately returned him to her even though she had refused inpatient

drug treatment requested by the Department. Then in 2015, Older Son was again removed

from Mother after she was arrested at a traffic stop for possession of a controlled substance,

possession of marijuana, resisting arrest, and theft.4 As a result of the arrest, she surrendered a

meth pipe. The Department at the time had reason to believe that there had been domestic violence

between Older Son’s father and Mother. She successfully got Older Son back after completing

Department-requested services, including drug rehabilitation, drug-testing, counseling, parenting

classes, and maintaining stable housing and employment, in contrast with this case.

Given all this evidence, we conclude under the legal-sufficiency standards that a

reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction both that Mother knowingly

placed Older Son and Younger Son in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical

or emotional well-being and that she engaged in conduct, or knowingly placed Older Son and

4
The theft allegation was based on her assisting Older Son’s father to sell stolen
copper pipe.

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Younger Son with a person (Boyfriend) who engaged in conduct, that endangered the children’s

physical or emotional well-being. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E); A.C., 560 S.W.3d

at 630–31. All of the following circumstances, each shown by the evidence, supports the jury’s

endangerment findings under Subsections (D) and (E): Mother’s history with the Department; her

history of drug use, her drug use’s past effect on her parenting and on instability in the home, and

her continuing use during this case even while she was at risk of losing her children; her placing

the children in a home with Boyfriend, who had committed domestic violence, threatened another

child’s life, and made Older Son so afraid that it affected his school grades, all while Mother knew

about Boyfriend’s history in detail; and her active refusal to participate in her court-ordered Plan.

See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009) (use of narcotics and its effect on ability to

parent); T.M., 2021 WL 4692471, at *6 (drug use during termination suit, when parent knows of

risk of losing the children); In re L.A.T., No. 13-19-00217-CV, 2019 WL 4493702, at *5–6 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Sept. 19, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (history with Department);

In re M.B., No. 02-15-00128-CV, 2015 WL 4380868, at *12 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 16,

2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (failure to complete Department’s plan); Pruitt, 2010 WL 5463861,

at *4 (exposing child to instability); In re A.W.T., 61 S.W.3d 87, 89 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2001, no pet.) (per curiam) (intentional criminal activity exposes parent to incarceration, thus

endangering child’s emotional and physical well-being).

Mother raises certain evidence and gaps in the evidence that she believes require

reversal. She raises positives about the children’s home life with her and with Boyfriend, including

that they celebrated birthdays and holidays and that Boyfriend had never physically harmed the

children in the home. But proof of endangerment requires no finding that the endangering person

actually harmed the children. See M.C., 917 S.W.2d at 269.

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 Mother also raises Boyfriend’s and her own denials during their testimony of any

domestic violence between them, the therapist’s testimony that he knew of no such domestic

violence either, and Boyfriend’s testimony about his lack of any domestic-violence problems

since he left his former partner. The jury was within its rights to disbelieve any of Mother’s and

Boyfriend’s denials and thus give them no weight. See A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 503. And despite

the therapist’s testimony, no actual injury to the children or to Mother is needed to establish

endangerment to the children, see M.C., 917 S.W.2d at 269, but only conduct from which it

can be reasonably inferred that the children were exposed to loss or to uncertainty and instability,

see id.; Pruitt, 2010 WL 5463861, at *4. The jury heard that Older Son feels that Mother has

chosen Boyfriend over her own children and that Older Son was so frightened of Boyfriend that

his grades suffered. From this the jury reasonably could have inferred danger to Older Son’s

emotional well-being.

Much the same is true for Mother’s reliance on her denials about knowing of

Boyfriend’s past domestic violence. The jury could have disbelieved her denials, and, contrary to

her testimony, Boyfriend’s testimony was that both members of the relationship knew about each

other’s pasts in detail, with her knowing his past “pretty well.” And although Mother’s appellate

brief raises what she believes are inconsistencies or holes in Boyfriend’s adult daughter’s

testimony, the jury was within its rights to choose to believe the testimony. See id.

Finally, Mother relies on the investigator’s testimony that the children seemed to

be well cared for and did not show signs of abuse, that Mother did not appear to the investigator

to be under the influence of drugs, and that Mother’s interactions with Younger Son looked loving

and appropriate. And she points out that the investigator did not enter the home to look around

before effecting the emergency removal of the children. But these items from the evidence, and

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the others we have recounted above, are not so significant that the jury could not have formed a

firm belief or conviction under Subsections (D) and (E) based on Mother’s history with the

Department, her history of and continuing drug use and its effects on her parenting and on

instability in the home, her placing the children in a home with Boyfriend though knowing about

his past, and her active refusal to participate in her court-ordered Plan and its drug-testing

requirements. See A.C., 560 S.W.3d at 631. We thus conclude that the evidence was factually

sufficient under Subsections (D) and (E) and overrule these two issues.

Because of this conclusion, we need not reach Mother’s separate issue by which she

challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s statutory-predicate

finding under Subsection (O). Only one predicate-ground finding is needed to support termination,

in addition to a best-interest finding. See In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tex. 2019) (per

curiam). We thus proceed to Mother’s sole remaining issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; S.B. v.

Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., __ S.W.3d __, 2022 WL 4242538, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Austin Sept. 15, 2022, pet. filed).

BEST INTEREST

In her last issue, Mother maintains that the evidence was legally and factually

insufficient to support the jury’s best-interest findings about either child. Deciding “best

interest” is “child-centered and focuses on the child’s well-being, safety, and development.” A.C.,

560 S.W.3d at 631. A strong presumption exists that a child’s best interests are served by

maintaining the parent–child relationship. D.J. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs.,

No. 03-20-00323-CV, 2020 WL 7395924, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 17, 2020, pet. denied)

(mem. op.); In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 580 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied).

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 To determine whether termination is in a child’s best interest, we consider the

non-exhaustive factors set out in Holley v. Adams: (1) the child’s wishes; (2) the child’s present

and future emotional and physical needs; (3) any emotional and physical danger to the child, now

and in the future; (4) the parenting abilities of the person seeking custody; (5) the programs

available to assist these individuals in promoting the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the

child by the individual or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the proposed home or

proposed placement; (8) the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing

parent–child relationship is not appropriate; and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.

See 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). The Department need not prove all these factors, and

the lack of evidence under some factors does not preclude a finding that termination is in the

child’s best interest, “particularly if the evidence were undisputed that the parental relationship

endangered the safety of the child.” C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. “The need for permanence is the

paramount consideration when determining a child’s present and future physical and emotional

needs.” M.R. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-17-00715-CV, 2018 WL

1023899, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 23, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). Best-interest decisions

may take into account endangerment evidence presented to prove the statutory predicate grounds.

See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; V.P., 2020 WL 544797, at *8. This is especially true of endangerment

evidence involving the parent’s illegal-drug use—a “significant” factor to which the factfinder

“may give great weight.” S.C. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-20-00039-CV,

2020 WL 3892796, at *16 (Tex. App.—Austin July 10, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Evidence under the first factor, Older Son’s and Younger Son’s wishes, weighed in

favor of termination. Older Son has expressed his desire not to live with Mother or to ever see

Boyfriend again. The caseworker, the children’s therapist, and the great-grandfather all testified

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to this, with the great-grandfather adding that Older Son does not even want any contact with

Mother. Older Son wants Mother’s parental rights both to him and to Younger Son terminated,

the latter so that Younger Son will not have to live the life that Older Son has had to. Younger

Son does not like Boyfriend either. Mother has made comments that Older Son is a “lost cause,”

but she wants to be reunited with Younger Son. Several witnesses testified that Younger Son

misses Mother as well, is bonded with her, and wants to see her again, but the jury reasonably

could have discounted Younger Son’s wish to be with Mother because of the evidence of her

endangering conduct; testimony from the caseworker and therapist that Younger Son’s wishes are

unreliable because of his young age and behavioral difficulties; testimony from the therapist that

Younger Son’s greatest needs are long-term safety and stability in the home, which the drug use

in Mother’s home undercuts; and testimony from the CASA representative that Younger Son

has also expressed a desire to live in his current placement with his great-uncle and from other

witnesses that he is bonded with the great-uncle.5 See A.W. v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective

Servs., No. 03-21-00324-CV, 2021 WL 5911975, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 15, 2021, no

pet.) (mem. op.); T.M., 2021 WL 4692471, at *10; S.C., 2020 WL 3892796, at *16.

Under the second, third, fourth, seventh, and eighth factors identified above, the

evidence of Mother’s endangering conduct is significant, and still other evidence makes these

factors weigh in favor of termination. For example, even though Mother knew that failing to

comply with her court-ordered Plan may result in losing her children—having been told as much

at virtually every hearing she attended and at the early-case conference with the Department—she

5
The great-grandfather illustrated this last point when he testified about an instance of
Younger Son’s jumping out of a car upon seeing the great-uncle and jumping into his arms because
he missed him.

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still actively refused to engage with her Plan. Older Son knew about this because, as the CASA

representative testified, Older Son stopped wanting to be reunited with Mother once he realized

that “she’s not doing what she needs to be doing” to “get her act together.” Also, the children’s

therapist summed up his view of Mother’s care for the children as marked by a “long history of

instability,” in part because of “people that [Mother]’s dated,” the differing parenting styles that

those people have brought into the home, and the substance abuse during Boyfriend’s time in the

home. The therapist added, “[W]hen you are involved in illicit drug use and you are involved in

multiple relationships and people coming in and out of the house and influencing the kids, that is

a global level of instability that leads to variations in your parenting style,” operating in different

ways when in different relationships. He even testified to an allegation by Older Son that

Mother had given him marijuana and smoked it with him, which Mother both “minimized” and

“denied,” in the therapist’s eyes. Some of Mother’s conduct problems coincided with Boyfriend’s

appearance in her life. According to the great-grandfather, Mother had kept a stable household

after Younger Son’s father’s death, but things deteriorated “soon after she began seeing”

Boyfriend, at which point she grew “aloof,” falling out of contact with the great-grandparents.

Finally, the great-uncle testified that Younger Son was seeing a therapist that the family liked, but

Mother “got involved and basically ran [the therapist] off” by bombarding her with calls and texts.

Under the sixth factor, Older Son and the great-grandfather were of one mind in

wanting Older Son to live there from now on, and they were supported in that plan by the CASA

representative, the therapist, and the caseworker. The great-uncle, who with his wife hold a license

to foster children, wants to adopt Younger Son, and it was undisputed that Younger Son is having

his physical, developmental, and emotional needs met in that placement. This evidence makes the

sixth factor weigh in favor of termination.

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 Mother raises in response on best interest Younger Son’s wishes, addressed above;

undisputed testimony from Department personnel that Mother would often give Younger Son

appropriate care, as when putting him to bed or playing with him; and the lack of any evidence of

physical abuse of the children when they lived with her. These matters support Mother’s position.

But under the legal-sufficiency standards, we conclude that the evidence showing that the

children’s best interest was that her parental rights be terminated allowed the jury reasonably to

form a firm belief or conviction that such findings were true. See A.C., 560 S.W.3d at 630–31.

And under factual sufficiency, the evidence Mother raises against the jury’s best-interest findings

is not so significant that the jury could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that its findings

were true. See id. at 631. We thus overrule Mother’s last issue.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s order of termination.

__________________________________________
Chari L. Kelly, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Kelly

Affirmed

Filed: November 23, 2022

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