21-1970 (L)
United States v. Torres
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
New York, on the 29th day of November, two thousand twenty-two.
PRESENT:
DENNIS JACOBS,
DENNY CHIN,
BETH ROBINSON,
Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. Nos. 21-1970(Lead),
21-2484(CON)
CHRISTOPHER TORRES
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________________
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: YUANCHUNG LEE, Federal Defenders of
New York, Inc. Appeals Bureau, New
York, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: RUSHMI BHASKARAN, Assistant United
States Attorney (David Abramowicz,
Assistant United States Attorney, on the
brief), for Damian Williams, United
States Attorney for the Southern District
of New York, New York, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Keenan, Judge) entered on August 2, 2021.
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment is AFFIRMED.
______________
Defendant-appellant Christopher Torres (“Torres”) appeals a judgment of
conviction entered by the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Keenan, J.) based on a guilty plea Torres entered during a telephonic
proceeding, and further contends that the written sentencing judgment includes
a more onerous provision than the orally pronounced sentence. We assume the
parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments
on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
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I. The Telephonic Plea
In late 2019, Torres was arrested and charged with one count of
“Distribution and Receipt of Child Pornography” under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252A(a)(2)(B), (b)(2) and a second count of “Possession of Child Pornography”
under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2). In early 2021, in the midst of the
COVID-19 pandemic, Torres and the government reached a plea agreement
whereby Torres agreed to plead guilty on the second count.
On March 2, 2021, Torres signed a document entitled "Waiver of Right to
Be Present at Criminal Proceeding," which provided:
I understand I have a right to appear before a judge in a courtroom in the
Southern District of New York to enter my plea of guilty and to have my
attorney beside me as I do. I am also aware that the public health
emergency created by the COVID-19 pandemic has interfered with travel
and restricted access to the federal courthouse. I have discussed these
issues with my attorney. By signing this document, I wish to advise the
court that I willingly give up my right to appear in person before the judge
to enter a plea of guilty.
App’x at 31.
On March 9, 2021, Torres entered his guilty plea in a telephonic plea
proceeding. During the proceeding, the court asked Torres, “[Y]ou don’t mind
doing this over the telephone, do you[?],” to which Torres responded “No.” Id.
at 40. The court immediately followed up, asking, “In other words, you are
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waiving your right to appear in court and have me present, and everybody else
present. You are not objecting to that; is that correct?” Id. Torres responded that
this was correct. Id. After a plea colloquy with Torres, the court accepted the
plea and set a date for sentencing. Id. at 56. Near the end of the proceeding, the
court had the following exchange with counsel for the government:
MS. BHASKARAN: Your Honor . . . [t]here [are] just a couple of
things that I think we ought to put on the record, if I may?
THE COURT: Yes.
MS. BHASKARAN: The first is with respect to the CARES Act and
our proceeding remotely. The government would be grateful if the
Court can confirm that defendant has consented to this proceeding
by telephone after consulting with his counsel. In addition, the
government would request that the district court make a finding
that video teleconferencing is not reasonably available for today and
that this plea could not be further delayed without serious harms to
the interests of justice.
Id. at 56-57. At the court’s request, counsel for the government repeated
the last request, and Torres confirmed that he understood. The court then said,
“So those three things have been stated by the government, they’re fine with the
Court.” Id. at 57. The court asked whether the defense had an objection to any of
it, and defense counsel responded that she did not. Id. at 57-58. The court
discussed the telephonic nature of the plea proceeding one last time before
hanging up, eliciting Torres’s confirmation that he understood he could have
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demanded that he enter his plea in open court rather than by telephone. Id. at
58-59.
Not once during the plea proceeding did Torres or his counsel object to
proceeding telephonically. Rather, in addition to signing a written waiver, the
court asked Torres four times during the plea proceeding whether he consented
to proceeding via telephone, and Torres consented each time.
Torres was physically present for his sentencing on July 21, 2021 and did
not object to his conviction at that time. Torres timely appealed the court’s
judgment of conviction, arguing that the court erred by conducting the Rule 11
proceeding telephonically without making the adequate CARES Act findings. 1
A. The CARES Act
With limited exceptions, due process and the Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 43 require that a defendant be physically present when entering a
guilty plea. See United States v. Rosario, 111 F.3d 293, 298 (2d Cir. 1997)
(recognizing that Rule 43 codifies the defendant’s right to be present at all stages
of a trial). The CARES Act, however, carved out a narrow statutory exception to
1Torres later appealed the court’s subsequent restitution order. We understand that appeal to
rest solely on the grounds underlying his appeal of his conviction. He does not separately
challenge any aspect of the restitution order. Accordingly, our affirmance of his conviction also
resolves his challenge to the restitution order.
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this physical-presence requirement due to the national emergency caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic. See CARES Act, § 15002, PL 116-136, March 27, 2020, 134
Stat 281. That statute allows felony plea and sentencing proceedings to proceed
by video teleconference if several conditions are met:
(1) the Judicial Conference of the United States ‘finds that
emergency conditions . . . with respect to [COVID-19] will materially
affect the functioning of either the Federal courts generally or a
particular district court,’ § 15002(b)(2)(A); (2) the chief district judge
finds that felony sentencing hearings ‘cannot be conducted in person
without seriously jeopardizing public health,’ id.; (3) ’the district
judge in a particular case finds for specific reasons that
the . . . [plea] . . . cannot be further delayed without serious harm to
the interests of justice,’ id.; and (4) the defendant consents ‘after
consultation with counsel,’ § 15002(b)(4).
United States v. Leroux, 36 F.4th 115, 120-121 (2d Cir. 2022) (citing United States v.
Coffin, 23 F.4th 778, 779 (7th Cir. 2022)). This exception also allows a defendant to
enter a guilty plea by telephone if the district court finds the above conditions
met and video is not “reasonably available.” CARES Act § 15002(b)(1).
On appeal, Torres argues that the district court failed to find “specific
reasons” that the plea cannot be further delayed without serious harm to the
interests of justice, as required under the CARES Act. He reasons that because
the district court’s interests-of-justice finding was inadequate, the limited
statutory exception to Rule 43(a)'s presence requirement did not apply. He
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contends that a violation of the presence requirement of Rule 43(a) is structural
error requiring vacatur without regard to the presence or absence of prejudice.
We reject Torres’s claim that any insufficiency in the district court’s
interests-of-justice finding gives rise to a violation of the physical presence
requirement of Rule 43(a). The CARES Act created an exception to the physical-
presence requirement, and specifically authorizes remote plea and sentencing
hearings if the four statutory prerequisites are met. 2 See §15002(b). Torres does
not assert a wholesale failure to meet the statutory requirements of the CARES
Act; instead, he challenges the sufficiency of the court’s compliance with one of
those requirements. His challenge to the district court’s “interests-of-justice”
finding is a claim of CARES Act error—not rule 43(a) error. 3 See Coffin, 23 F.4th
at 781 (finding Coffin’s challenge to the interests-of-justice finding a claim of
CARES Act error, not Rule 43(a) error).
Moreover, Torres’s attempt to distinguish between sentencing and plea
waivers does not save his claim. The text of the CARES Act applies to both plea
2Torres does not challenge the constitutionality of the CARES Act’s exception to the in-person
requirement, but argues that the district court failed to comply with the Act in his case.
3For that reason, we need not consider whether the Rule 43(a) physical presence requirement in
the context of a felony guilty plea proceeding is waivable outside of the CARES Act context, nor
whether a deprivation of the Rule 43(a) physical presence right constitutes structural error.
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allocutions and sentencing without distinction. See Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and
Economic Security Act, PL 116-136, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 281, § 15002 (b) (2) (A)
(establishing the same requirements for both "felony pleas under Rule 11 . . . and
felony sentencings under Rule 32"). Moreover, we have held that “[t]he CARES
Act created a statutory exception to the physical presence requirement under
Rule 43 and Rule 53’s general ban on videoconferencing of criminal proceedings.”
Leroux, 36 F.4th at 120 (emphasis added). We made no distinction between
sentencing and plea proceedings in Leroux, and we decline to do so today.
B. Plain Error Review
Because Torres failed to object to the district court’s interests-of-justice
finding during the plea proceeding, we review his challenge to the sufficiency of
the finding for plain error. See Leroux, 36 F.4th at 121 (“Because Leroux failed to
challenge the District Court’s findings at the sentencing hearings or otherwise
object to proceeding with his sentencing by videoconference, we review for plain
error.”); United States v. Salim, 690 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir. 2012) (“When a criminal
defendant does not preserve an issue below by objecting, we apply a plain error
standard instead of a harmless error one.”).
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“Plain error is (1) error (2) that is plain, (3) that affects substantial rights,
and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.” United States v. Riggi, 541 F.3d 94, 102 (2d Cir. 2008).
Torres has not established that any error in the district court’s interests-of-justice
finding affected his rights or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. Torres has not alleged that he suffered any
prejudice as a result of the telephonic proceeding. He does not contend that he
could not hear or be heard, nor that the telephonic procedure undermined the
knowing and voluntary character of his plea. He has not claimed that but for the
telephonic proceeding, he would not have pled guilty. Even assuming that the
district court’s findings were inadequate, Torres has failed to establish plain
error.
II. Claimed Sentencing Discrepancy
Torres also asks this Court to correct the written judgment to conform to
the court’s oral pronouncement of a condition of supervised release. In
pronouncing Torres’s sentence, the district court stated as follows:
At the expiration of the period of incarceration, the defendant is to
serve a period of five years’ supervised release under the mandatory
conditions and the standard conditions set forth at pages 34 and 35
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of the probation report. 4 Particularly, I want to emphasize that he’s not
to have any contact with any child under the age of 15 years unless that’s
approved by probation, and he’s not to loiter within 100 feet of places
regularly frequented by children under the age of 18, such as
schoolyards, playgrounds, or any other kind of arcade.
Also, during the five years, I’m fixing the special conditions that are
set at page 36 of the probation report.
App’x at 87–88 (emphasis added). In contrast to the italicized oral statement, the
written judgment states: “The defendant must not have deliberate contact with
any child under . . . 18 years of age, unless approved by the U.S. Probation
Office.” App’x at 100.
It is well settled that when a variation between the unambiguous oral
pronouncement of a sentence and the written judgment of conviction exists, the
oral pronouncement controls. See United States v. Marquez, 506 F.2d 620, 622 (2d
Cir. 1974) (“[W]here there is a direct conflict between an unambiguous oral
pronouncement of sentence and the written judgment and commitment, . . . the
oral pronouncement . . . must control.”). However, we have given effect to
written judgments that merely clarify the conditions pronounced orally. See, e.g.,
United States v. Asuncion-Pimental, 290 F.3d 91, 95 (2d Cir. 2002); see also, United
States v. Villano, 816 F.2d 1448, 1452 (10th Cir. 1987) (“[T]he true function of the
4 The court was referencing the Presentence Investigation Report.
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written document is to help clarify an ambiguous oral sentence by providing
evidence of what was stated.”).
Here, the court’s oral pronouncement was inherently ambiguous. On the
one hand, the court emphasized that defendant should not have unapproved
contact with any child under the age of 15. App’x at 87–88. On the other, the
court also told Torres that he was prohibited from loitering in places “regularly
frequented by children under the age of 18.” Id. at 88. Then the court expressly
incorporated by reference the special conditions of probation set forth on page 36
of Torres's probation report—conditions that include the requirement that Torres
have no contact with any child under the age of 18. See Presentence Investigation
Report (sealed) at 36. 5
In the face of this ambiguity, the court’s written judgment did not conflict
with its oral pronouncement, and instead served to clarify the sentence.
* * *
5 There is no dispute that Torres had notice of this proposed condition.
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We have considered Torres’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
are without merit. Therefore, the District Court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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