If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
UNPUBLISHED
In re LOZANO, Minors. December 15, 2022
No. 359018
St. Clair Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 20-000057-NA
In re COLLINS/LOZANO, Minors. No. 3590191
St. Clair Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 20-000057-NA
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and O’BRIEN and HOOD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In Docket No. 359018, respondent father appeals as of right the order terminating his
parental rights to HL and LL under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions of adjudication continue
to exist), (g) (parent failed to provide proper care or custody for the child), and (j) (reasonable
likelihood of harm to the child if returned to the parent). In Docket No. 359019, respondent mother
appeals as of right the order terminating her parental rights to EC, HL, and LL, under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). We affirm with regard to respondent father. For respondent
mother, we vacate the order terminating parental rights and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
1
This Court consolidated the appeals in Docket Nos. 359018 and 359019. In re Lozano,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 2, 2021 (Docket Nos. 359018 and
359019).
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I. BACKGROUND
This case involves the removal of three minor children following a complaint of improper
supervision and physical neglect. Respondent father and respondent mother share two children
together: HL and LL. Respondent mother also has another child, EC, with a different father who
is not a party to this appeal.2
In February 2020, petitioner, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
(MDHHS), conducted a home visit and found respondents’ home “in disarray, cluttered, and safety
hazards were observed.” LL, an infant, was propped up on a bouncer seat with “a bottle covering
his face.” A representative from MDHHS also saw marijuana and marijuana paraphernalia on the
dining room table in reach of the children. The MDHHS representative also saw unsecured
chemicals under the kitchen sink within HL’s reach. Respondent mother tested positive for
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and amphetamines, and the petition alleged that both respondents
admitted to smoking marijuana in front of the children. After an in-home wardship, MDHHS
sought to remove the children from respondents’ home, citing a domestic violence incident in
which respondent father struck respondent mother in the head three times, and an unannounced
home visit that revealed marijuana and marijuana paraphernalia within reach of the children.
MDHHS also alleged that respondent mother had hit EC in the head with an electric cord.
The court exercised jurisdiction over the minor children. During the review period,
respondents progressed with their respective service plans to the point that the caseworkers
considered unsupervised visitations. In mid-April 2021, however, respondents were involved in
another altercation during a party. Respondent father became jealous and emotional after
respondent mother rode a “four wheeler” with another man, and told respondent mother they had
to leave the party. Respondents got into respondent father’s truck. Although respondent father
disputes whether he touched respondent mother, he acknowledged at the termination hearing that
he punched the steering wheel and ripped off the rear-view mirror. Then, when respondents
returned home, respondent father punched a mirror and knocked over a television. Respondent
father was criminally charged, but the prosecutor dismissed the case after respondent mother and
another witness declined to testify at trial.
The caseworker, Courtney Rawlins, of Ennis Center, reported to the trial court that she saw
respondents together at a gas station in early July 2021, despite the April 2021 incident. At the
time, respondent father had a no-contact order as part of the then-pending criminal case, but
respondent mother was not bound by the order. The July 2021 sighting of respondents together
led MDHHS to request termination of both respondents’ parental rights.
Rawlins did not testify at the termination hearing, but her supervisor, Tabitha Appledorn,
testified regarding what Rawlins saw in July 2021. Appledorn also testified that respondent mother
had regressed with regard to her parenting skills and the condition of her home after the April 2021
2
Respondent mother also has a fourth child, MP, but respondent mother released her parental
rights to MP in December 2008 after petitioner, the Michigan Department of Health and Human
Services, alleged physical neglect.
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incident. The court terminated both respondents’ parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i),
(g), and (j).
On appeal, both respondents argue that the trial court clearly erred by terminating their
parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). We disagree with respondent father.
Regarding respondent mother, we vacate and remand for clarification of the court’s analysis and
conclusions.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
“This Court reviews for clear error the trial court’s factual findings and ultimate
determinations on the statutory grounds for termination.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 709;
846 NW2d 61 (2014). This Court will reverse the trial court’s findings, even if the evidence
supports them, if this Court is “definitely and firmly convinced” that the trial court made a mistake.
Id.
As with the statutory grounds for termination, this Court will review whether termination
is in the children’s best interests for clear error. White, 303 Mich App at 713. Once the trial court
has concluded that the petitioner has established a statutory ground for termination by clear and
convincing evidence, the court then determines, by a preponderance of the evidence, whether
termination is in the best interests of the minor children. Id.
III. HEARSAY
As an initial matter, we address whether Appledorn’s testimony recounting Rawlins’s
observations of respondents together at a gas station in early July 2021, a few months after the
April 2021 incident, constituted inadmissible hearsay. We conclude that the trial court
appropriately allowed the hearsay testimony under MCR 3.988(C)(1).
With limited exceptions, hearsay evidence may be admitted at a dispositional hearing when
it is based on the same statutory grounds that led to jurisdiction. See In re Mota, 334 Mich App
300, 312-313; 964 NW2d 881 (2020) (“Unlike the adjudicative [trial], at the initial dispositional
hearing the respondent is not entitled to a jury determination of the facts and generally, the Rules
of Evidence do not apply, so all relevant and material evidence is admissible.”); see also MCR
3.988(C)(1) (providing that at the dispositional hearing, all relevant and material evidence,
including oral and written reports, may be received by the court and relied on to the extent of its
probative value, even though such evidence may not be admissible at the violation hearing); MCR
3.977(H)(2) (providing that the Michigan Rules of Evidence do not apply at a hearing on
termination of parental rights with the exception of proceedings under MCR 3.977(E) (termination
at the initial disposition) or MCR 3.977(F) (termination following a supplemental petition on the
basis of different circumstances); but see MCR 3.977(E)(3) (providing that termination of parental
rights at the initial disposition must be based on legally admissible evidence). When DHHS seeks
termination based on changed or different circumstances, i.e., different statutory grounds, hearsay
is not admissible. See MCR 3.977(F); see also In re Utrera, 281 Mich App 1, 17-18; 761 NW2d
253 (2008).
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The trial court appropriately admitted Appledorn’s testimony regarding Rawlins’s report.
There is no dispute that the testimony was hearsay.3 The trial court admitted the hearsay as
permissible at a dispositional hearing. See MCR 3.988(C)(1). Rawlins’s report focused on the
same statutory grounds that gave the trial court jurisdiction: respondent father’s violence toward
respondent mother. Compare Mota, 334 Mich App at 312-313. Because Appledorn’s testimony
regarding Rawlins’s report did not relate to new or changed bases for termination, the trial court
could appropriately admit the testimony at the dispositional hearing.
IV. DOCKET NO. 359018—RESPONDENT FATHER
A. STATUTORY GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION
Respondent father argues the trial court clearly erred in terminating his parental rights
under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). We disagree.
“To terminate parental rights, the trial court must find that at least one of the statutory
grounds for termination in MCL 712A.19b(3) has been proved by clear and convincing evidence.”
In re Ellis, 294 Mich App 30, 32; 817 NW2d 111 (2011). The trial court terminated respondent
father’s parental rights (and respondent mother’s) under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j),
which provide:
(3) The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the court finds,
by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:
* * *
(c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this chapter, 182 or
more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial dispositional order, and the
court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either of the following:
3
Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c). Hearsay is
inadmissible unless there is a specific exception allowing its introduction. MRE 802.
Appledorn’s testimony about what Rawlins saw in early July 2021 constituted hearsay. It
included an out-of-court statement, by Rawlins, admitted to prove the truth of the matter
asserted—that she saw respondents together in early July 2021. See MRE 801 and 802.
Although Rawlins was ostensibly unavailable to testify because of her pneumonia diagnosis,
MRE 804(a)(4), the trial court never made a finding of unavailability as required under MRE
804(a)(4), compare People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 721-722; 835 NW2d 399 (2013), and none
of the hearsay exceptions under MRE 803 or MRE 804 would have applied to her testimony.
Rather, the trial court admitted the hearsay as permissible at a dispositional hearing. See MCR
3.988(C)(1).
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(i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is no
reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable time
considering the child’s age.
* * *
(g) The parent, although, in the court’s discretion, financially able to do so, fails to
provide proper care or custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation
that the parent will be able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable
time considering the child’s age.
* * *
(j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the child’s
parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the
parent.
A parent’s failure to participate and benefit from their service plan is evidence that they will not
be able to provide proper care or custody and that the child will be harmed if returned to the
respondent. White, 303 Mich App at 711.
More than 182 days elapsed between the initial dispositional order and the termination
hearing. Additionally, the conditions that led to adjudication continued to exist, and there was no
reasonable likelihood that the conditions would be rectified within a reasonable time. MDHHS
became involved with respondents’ case after receiving information that respondents were
involved in domestic violence4 and drug use. Respondent father’s threatening and aggressive
behavior was one of the reasons, if not the primary reason, the children were taken into custody.
Although respondent father showed growth in other areas, such as parenting skills and drug use,
his aggressive behavior did not improve.
The trial court did not clearly err in finding that clear and convincing evidence supported
termination of respondent father’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i). Respondent
father engaged in domestic violence in mid-April 2021. The incident began when respondent
father and respondent mother attended a party. During the termination hearing, respondent father
denied striking respondent mother. He did, however, acknowledge that he was extremely
intoxicated. Respondents entered respondent father’s truck together. While in his truck,
respondent father punched the inside of his truck and ripped off the rearview mirror. Respondent
father admitted that after they drove home, he punched a mirror and knocked over a television in
respondent mother’s presence. We agree with the trial court that even if respondent father did not
hit respondent mother, his actions were threatening, intimidating, or assaultive. This incident still
constituted an act of violence toward respondent mother. We note, however, that Officer Keri
4
The conduct at issue included physical aggressiveness and threatening behavior by respondent
father toward respondent mother. Although as will be noted, respondent father testified that he
did not hit respondent mother, testimony from a police officer indicated that respondent mother
reported that he did hit her during the April 2021 incident.
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Duva, of the St. Clair County Sheriff’s Office, testified at the termination hearing that respondent
mother reported to her that respondent father hit respondent mother in the face more than once
while they were inside his truck. This caused her nose to bleed. Considering that the April 2021
incident happened after respondent father received services, and considering the severity of the
incident, the trial court did not clearly err when it determined that this condition of adjudication
continued to exist, and there was no reasonable likelihood that the condition would be rectified
within a reasonable time considering HL’s and LL’s young ages. Thus, the trial court did not
clearly err in terminating respondent father’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i).5
B. BEST INTERESTS
Respondent father also argues that the trial court clearly erred by concluding that
termination was in the children’s best interests. We disagree.
When considering whether termination is in a child’s best interests, the trial court weighs
a variety of factors, including “the child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the
child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the
parent’s home.” White, 303 Mich App at 713 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The court
also considers “a parent’s history of domestic violence, the parent’s compliance with his or her
case service plan, the parent’s visitation history with the child, the children’s well-being while in
care, and the possibility of adoption.” Id. at 714.
Respondent father argues that he completed all services, stopped using marijuana, and
benefited from services. As the trial court noted, there was evidence that the children were bonded
to respondent father and that he exhibited good parenting skills during visits. Nevertheless, we
agree with the trial court that respondent father’s ongoing threatening and aggressive behavior,
and severe intoxication, outweighs those facts. Respondent father failed to correct the pattern of
aggressive and threatening behavior, even after over a year of treatment and services. In fact, HL
had demonstrated physical aggression toward other young children, indicating that she had
observed and was mimicking respondent father’s behavior. Likewise, LL was also beginning to
demonstrate aggressive tendencies, despite his very young age. As the court noted below, the
aggressive and threatening behavior bears on respondent father’s parenting ability, even if he does
well during supervised visits. The trial court therefore concluded that respondent father did not
benefit from services, and a preponderance of the evidence supported this conclusion.
Furthermore, there was evidence that the children were doing well in their foster-care placement.
Thus, the trial court did not clearly err by concluding that termination of respondent father’s
parental rights was in the children’s best interests.
5
Because “[o]nly one statutory ground need be established by clear and convincing evidence to
terminate a respondent’s parental rights, even if the court erroneously found sufficient evidence
under other statutory grounds,” Ellis, 294 Mich App at 32, we need not address respondent
father’s arguments regarding subsections (g) and (j). Even so, after review, we conclude that the
trial court did not clearly err in terminating respondent father’s parental rights under MCL
712A.19b(3)(g) or (j).
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V. DOCKET NO. 359019—RESPONDENT MOTHER
A. STATUTORY GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION
Respondent mother argues that the trial court clearly erred by finding statutory grounds to
terminate her parental rights to HL, LL, and EC. We vacate the trial court order and remand for
the court to clarify how its order does not violate the holding in In re Jackish/Stamm-Jackisch, ___
Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 357001).
The primary reason MDHHS sought termination was an alleged sighting of respondents
together in early July 2021 (after the April 2021 incident). This Court has held that “it would be
impermissible for a parent’s parental rights to be terminated solely because he or she was a victim
of domestic violence.” In re Plump, 294 Mich App 270, 273; 817 NW2d 119 (2011). If the
respondent’s own behavior is harming the children or exposing them to harm, however, then
termination may be appropriate. Id. This was the case in Plump, where the respondent mother
was exposing her children to drugs and unsuitable housing without heat. Id. at 271-272. The
respondent mother had also exposed her children to a partner who had physically and sexually
abused them. Id. at 271-273. She continued to associate with the abuser of both children, in
violation of her probation requirements. Id. at 272.
This Court recently clarified its holding in Plump in In re Jackisch/Stamm-Jackisch. In
Jackisch, this Court emphasized that the key question, when domestic violence is the rationale for
termination, is which party is the abuser. Id. at ___; slip op at 4-5. This Court reiterated that “[t]he
fact that respondent was or is a victim of domestic violence may not be relied upon as a basis for
terminating parental rights.” Id. at ___; slip op at 4 (emphasis in original).
MDHHS argued, at the termination hearing, that the primary reason it sought termination
for respondent mother was because Rawlins saw respondents together in early July 2021. MDHHS
argued that the fact that respondent mother continued to interact with respondent father, even after
the April 2021 incident, showed that she had not benefitted from services and that there was a
reasonable likelihood she would place the children in harm’s way. We first note that, under Plump
and Jackisch/Stamm-Jackisch, the fact that respondent mother was a victim of domestic violence
during the April 2021 incident cannot constitute grounds for termination of her parental rights.
Regardless, Rawlins’s sighting of respondent mother and respondent father together in July
2021 was not a sufficient reason to terminate respondent mother’s parental rights. We note that
respondent father was ordered not to have contact with respondent mother as a condition in the
criminal case arising from the April 2021 incident. Respondent mother had no reciprocal
requirement until mid-July 2021, approximately a week after the gas-station sighting. The April
2021 incident occurred nearly a year after the initial domestic-violence incident that led to
adjudication, which involved respondent father striking respondent mother in the head three times.
It was also after both respondents successfully participated in services. Appledorn testified that
respondent mother indicated, in May 2021, that she wanted to get back together with respondent
father, but that was nearly two months before the trial court ordered her to have no contact with
respondent father (and four months before the termination hearing). There was no evidence that
respondent mother violated the no-contact court order after it was entered in mid-July 2021, or that
she physically abused the children. Instead, the trial court appears to have speculated that
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respondent mother would remain in an abusive relationship with respondent father despite the no-
contact order. “Termination of parental rights requires both a failure and an inability to provide
proper care and custody, which in turn requires more than speculative opinions . . . regarding what
might happen in the future.” In re LaFrance, 306 Mich App 713, 732; 858 NW2d 143 (2014)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). The idea that respondent mother may subject her children
to harm in the future is speculative. See In re Jackisch/Stamm-Jackisch, ___ Mich App at ___;
slip op at 4. On remand, the trial court must clarify the evidence on which it relies to find that
respondent mother’s conduct, as opposed to respondent father’s, harmed the children.
Although respondent father’s aggressive and threatening behavior was the primary reason
MDHHS sought termination, there were other issues leading to termination including the
conditions of respondent mother’s home, her marijuana use, and her parenting-time behavior. On
remand, the court must consider how these remaining issues affect its analysis and conclusions
related to respondent mother.
We note that the caseworker varied in how she described respondent mother’s progress
with the treatment plan. At first, Appledorn testified that respondent mother had improved to the
point that the agency, Ennis Center, was considering unsupervised visitations. As Appledorn
testified, “They were in compliance with all of the case services until the domestic violence
incident. We were actually going to go to unsupervised visits with the parents until that happened
in April.” Then, when asked if respondent mother had completed all of the recommended services,
Appledorn replied, “That is absolutely correct.” Specifically, respondent mother completed
parenting classes, life-skills classes, psychological counseling, a substance-abuse evaluation, and
drug testing, and obtained employment and housing. Yet, Appledorn also testified that respondent
mother was inattentive during more recent parenting-time visits. Respondent mother took her cell
phone into the bathroom during one virtual visit with the children. Appledorn testified that
respondent mother had regressed with regard to the condition of her home, and the amount of
clutter in the home was inappropriate. But Appledorn acknowledged that respondent mother had,
at times, improved the condition of her home. Appledorn also indicated that, at the time of her
testimony, she had not seen respondent mother’s home in nearly three months. Finally, Appledorn
testified that respondent mother, who had a valid medical-marijuana card, continued to keep open
marijuana in the home, despite having access to a locked box. Respondent mother tested positive
for cocaine in early 2021, but had not tested positive for any drugs other than marijuana since that
time.
We also note that that the presence of open marijuana and clutter in respondent mother’s
home, standing alone, is likely insufficient to warrant termination of respondent mother’s parental
rights—particularly when there was no evidence of any resulting harm to the children. See
LaFrance, 306 Mich App at 731 (“[D]rug use alone, in the absence of any connection to abuse or
neglect, cannot justify termination solely through operation of the doctrine of anticipatory
neglect.”); see also In re Richardson, 329 Mich App 232, 247-248; 961 NW2d 499 (2019) (holding
that lawful use of medical marijuana as treatment is an insufficient basis for termination of parental
rights); MCL 333.26424(d) (“[A] person shall not be denied custody or visitation of a minor for
acting in accordance with [the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act, MCL 333.26421 et seq.], unless
the person’s behavior is such that it creates an unreasonable danger to the minor that can be clearly
articulated and substantiated.”). Likewise respondent mother’s inattentive behavior at more recent
parenting-time visits may not warrant termination of her parental rights under any of the statutory
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grounds, considering that there was evidence her parenting skills had improved overall since
adjudication. On remand, the court should clarify the extent to which it relies on this behavior as
support for termination.
We recognize that respondent mother had a varied compliance history with her treatment
plan after the April 2021 incident. The trial court is best situated to determine whether there was
sufficient evidence that the conditions that led to the adjudication continued to exist without a
reasonable likelihood that the conditions would be rectified within a reasonable time considering
the children’s ages. MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i). Although her compliance was not perfect,
respondent mother demonstrated overall improvement through her service plan. The trial court
should clarify what evidence supports its conclusion that that respondent mother had no reasonable
expectation to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time, despite the court’s finding
that she was “financially able to do so[.]” MCL 712A.19b(3)(g). MDHHS acknowledged that
respondent mother had demonstrated proper care and custody until the April 2021 incident. The
trial court, therefore, should also clarify what evidence supports its conclusion that there was a
reasonable likelihood that the children would be harmed if returned to respondent mother. MCL
712A.19b(3)(j).
For the above reasons, we vacate the trial court order terminating parental rights related to
respondent mother and remand for clarification on how its findings and conclusions are consistent
with In re Jackisch/Stamm-Jackisch, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-6. To the extent that the
court no longer considers certain evidence related to respondent mother’s involvement in domestic
violence as a victim of domestic violence, it should clarify the evidence on which it relies in
support of its finding of statutory grounds. Because we vacate and remand for clarity on the
evidence supporting the statutory grounds for termination of respondent mother’s parental rights,
we need not address respondent mother’s arguments regarding the best-interest analysis.
VI. CONCLUSION
In Docket No. 359018, we affirm. In Docket No. 359019, we vacate the order terminating
parental rights and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the
no-contact order shall remain in full effect until further order from the trial court. We retain
jurisdiction.
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Noah P. Hood
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Court of Appeals, State of Michigan
ORDER
Kathleen Jansen
In re Collins/ Lozano Minors Presiding Judge
Docket No. 359019 Colleen A. O’Brien
LC No. 20-000057-NA Noah P. Hood
Judges
Pursuant to the opinion issued concurrently with this order, this case is REMANDED for
further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this Court. We retain jurisdiction.
Proceedings on remand in this matter shall commence within 28 days of the Clerk’s
certification of this order, and they shall be given priority on remand until they are concluded. As stated
in the accompanying opinion, we vacate the order terminating parental rights related to respondent mother
and remand for trial court to address how the termination order is consistent with In re Jackisch/Stamm-
Jackisch, ___ Mich App ___; ___NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 357001). The proceedings on remand
are limited to this issue.
The parties shall promptly file with this Court a copy of all papers filed on remand. Within
seven days after entry, appellant shall file with this Court copies of all orders entered on remand.
The transcript of all proceedings on remand shall be prepared and filed within 21 days after
completion of the proceedings
_______________________________
Presiding Judge
December 15, 2022