In re J.S.

[Cite as In re J.S., 2022-Ohio-4539.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

IN RE: J.S., B.S., and S.S. : APPEAL NO. C-220456
TRIAL NO. F-18-1535X
:

: O P I N I O N.

Appeal From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 16, 2022

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Patsy Bradbury,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee Hamilton County Department of Job
and Family Services,

Victoria Link, for the Guardian Ad Litem for the minor children,

Christopher P. Kapsal, for Appellant Father.
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BERGERON, Judge.

{¶1} In October 2018, two children of appellant Father, now nine-and-a-half-

year-old J.S. and six-and-a-half-year old B.S., were placed in the emergency custody

of appellee Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services (“HCJFS”).

Subsequently-born (in May 2020) S.S.,1 another child of Father and now two and a

half years old, also ended up in HCJFS’s custody shortly after birth. After a hearing,

the juvenile court granted HCJFS’s motion for permanent custody of J.S., B.S., and

S.S. Father now appeals that judgment, criticizing the juvenile court’s permanent

custody decision under applicable Ohio law as well as based on the Indian Child

Welfare Act (“ICWA”). Based on our review of the record in this matter, however, we

agree with the juvenile court’s decision and affirm its judgment.

I.

{¶2} In October 2018, HCJFS became aware of J.S. and B.S. after Mother

crashed her car while driving intoxicated with the two elder children in the car.

Further investigation revealed abusive behavior from Father towards Mother,

including an incident where Father struck Mother in the face, causing a gash which

required stiches—Father would eventually plead guilty to this domestic violence

offense and be incarcerated for six months. After HCFJS became involved with the

family, the court placed J.S. and B.S. in temporary custody of the agency, and S.S. in

interim custody of the agency shortly after his birth.

{¶3} Unfortunately, this is not the first encounter of Father and Mother with

child services or the legal system—while previously residing in Arizona, Mother had

1Although both appellant, appellee, and the guardian ad litem refer to the youngest child in their
briefs as “S.S.” the juvenile court and magistrate below identifies this child as “S.J.” For clarity, we
will also refer to the youngest child as “S.S.”
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her parental rights over four of her other children terminated, and Father temporarily

lost custody of J.S. there. A swirling array of substance abuse and violence followed

the couple as their family grew. Mother struggled with various substances, including

abusing cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, fentanyl, and heroin. Likewise, Father’s violence

and temper cast a pall over the relationship—both committing domestic abuse towards

Mother, with allegations of controlling and verbally abusive behavior leading to his

domestic violence conviction, and serving other stints of incarceration totaling 25

years due to convictions including felonious assault and aggravated assault.

{¶4} Despite these obstacles, HCJFS developed a case plan to facilitate

reunification between Father, Mother, and their children. This plan included

visitation, parenting education, domestic violence education, behavioral counseling,

substance abuse treatment, and mental health treatment for Father and Mother,

tailored to their respective needs. Although both parents accepted their treatment

plans, they made minimal progress at best.

{¶5} Mother initially engaged in her various treatment plans, but this did not

last long, as lengthy periods of absence and non-engagement ensued. Part of this can

be attributed to her homelessness accompanied with continued substance abuse from

mid-2019 to mid-2020. Mother routinely refused to comply with the required

treatments, including missing toxicology screens, missing visitation appointments,

and forbidding HCJFS from visiting her. And at the time of the custody hearing,

Mother had an outstanding criminal charge against her for threatening to kill Father

during a video visit with the children.

{¶6} To Father’s credit, he did engage in some of his care plan, at least more

so than Mother. When he was not incarcerated, he managed to regularly visit the

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children. Although he initially denied needing domestic violence education, he would

eventually complete a domestic violence education program. He also testified that he

completed a fatherhood program in 2021. Supported financially by disability benefits,

Father resided in housing provided by a homelessness services agency, and testified in

2021 that he hoped to return to Arizona to stay with family there.

{¶7} But Father’s saga with the HCJFS case plan is clouded with serious

denial of any wrongdoing on his part. Although part of his reunification plan, Father

refused to submit to or participate in a mental health diagnostic test, various mental

health treatments (even though he self-reported a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress

disorder), and educational programming to support family members struggling with

addiction.

{¶8} In July 2021, the court convened a hearing regarding HCJFS’s

permanent custody motion concerning J.S. and B.S. and a disposition for S.S., who

was in the interim custody of HCJFS at the time. At the custody hearing, two

caseworkers involved in the matter testified, in addition to Father. HCJFS and the

guardian ad litem (“GAL”) advocated for permanent custody to be granted to HCJFS,

whereas Father vied for custody himself, and Mother—through her attorney—

requested custody for herself or in the alternative for Father. The children, through

their attorney, expressed their desire for custody with either parent.

{¶9} After the hearing, the magistrate granted permanent custody of the

children to HCJFS. As a threshold matter, the magistrate recognized that the two

older children had been in its temporary custody for at least 12 months out of a 22-

month period. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(e). Further, HCJFS demonstrated that Mother

“did not make satisfactory progress in case plan services and has not demonstrated

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the necessary behavior change * * * [and Father’s] utilization of rehabilitative services

was not sufficient to facilitate the behavioral change necessary to resume and maintain

parental duties.”

{¶10} Additionally, the magistrate reasoned that despite their express wishes

at the time, it was in the children’s best interests to be placed in permanent custody of

HCJFS. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1). In considering the relevant factors, the magistrate

highlighted the following: the children are bonded to their current foster caregivers,

the GAL supported a grant of permanent custody to HCJFS, the children had been in

agency care for multiple years (J.S. and B.S. since 2018, and S.S. since 2020), and a

strong need for the children to be in a safe, secure, and permanent placement which

could not be achieved without granting permanent custody to HCJFS. Therefore, the

magistrate concluded, the children should not be placed with either parent. R.C.

2151.414(B)(2).

{¶11} After Father objected to the magistrate’s decision, the juvenile court

remanded the matter to the magistrate to determine the application of the ICWA—the

children were deemed to be “Indian Children” as defined by the act and confirmed by

the Tohono O’odham Nation tribe (“the Nation”), given Mother’s membership in the

Nation. At a second hearing to determine the ICWA’s applicability, a qualified expert

witness under the ICWA and enrolled tribe member of the Nation testified that “[t]he

Nation’s position is to continue having the children stay with their foster home

placements that they’re currently in.” The juvenile court would eventually agree with

this conclusion in its decision granting permanent custody to HCJFS, leading to this

appeal by Father (Mother declined to appeal).

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II.

{¶12} Father initially protests that the juvenile court failed to demonstrate

sufficient, competent evidence to support the magistrate’s decision to grant

permanent custody to HCJFS under R.C. 2151.414 by a clear and convincing standard,

and because its decision is also against the manifest weight of the evidence, the

juvenile court erred and abused its discretion in adopting that decision.

{¶13} The juvenile court’s determination to grant permanent custody to

HCJFS must be supported by “clear and convincing” evidence. In re X.M.W., 1st Dist.

Hamilton Nos. C-190568 and C-190595, 2020-Ohio-449, ¶ 7, quoting In re A.M.Z., 1st

Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-190292, C-190317, and C-190326, 2019-Ohio-3499, ¶ 5. “Clear

and convincing evidence is sufficient evidence to ‘produce in the mind of the trier of

fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.’ ” In re X.M.W.

at ¶ 7, quoting In re L.D., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190470, 2019-Ohio-4990, ¶ 4.

{¶14} In a sufficiency of the evidence review, we must determine “whether

some evidence exists on each element. It is a * * * question of law.” In re P. & H., 1st

Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-190309 and C-190310, 2019-Ohio-3637, ¶ 7. “As to a challenge

to the weight of the evidence, ‘we weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in resolving conflicts

in the evidence, the [juvenile] court clearly lost its way and created * * * a manifest

miscarriage of justice’ warranting reversal.” In re X.M.W. at ¶ 8, quoting In re A.B.,

1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-150307 and C-150310, 2015-Ohio-3247, ¶ 16.

{¶15} Before we begin however, we must address Father’s failure to provide

record citations in support of his assignments of error. This alone gives us cause to

disregard Father’s arguments at the outset. App.R. 12(A)(2) (“The court may disregard

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an assignment of error presented for review if the party raising it fails to identify in the

record the error on which the assignment of error is based * * *.”). When a party makes

a record-based claim (such as the court’s decision conflicted with the evidence), it is

nearly impossible for us to evaluate that if it neglects to include record citations for us

to review. But given the significance of this case—the termination of parental rights—

we will address Father’s arguments notwithstanding the App.R.12 violation.

{¶16} If HCJFS moves for permanent custody of children, as it did for the

children here, “[t]he court will grant permanent custody to HCJFS if a two-prong test

is satisfied.” In re S.D., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-200045 and C-200084, 2020-Ohio-

3379, ¶ 13. “To grant the motion, courts first must find that any of the factors in R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e) apply, or that (B)(2) applies.” In re K.H.-T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 111001, 2022-Ohio-1504, ¶ 30. Second, “[t]he court must find * * * [that]

permanent custody is in the best interest of the children under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-

(e).” In re. S.D. at ¶ 13.

{¶17} The juvenile court identified R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) as one of the

enumerated factors that apply to the children—that they have been in the temporary

custody of a public children service agency for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-

month period. This certainly applies to J.S. and B.S., as they entered the temporary

custody of HCJFS in December 2018, and the motion to modify the children’s custody

to permanent custody was filed in February 2020—a period of over 12 months.

However, and as both Father and HCJFS agree, this analysis cannot apply to S.S. given

that he was later adjudicated dependent on a complaint seeking permanent custody,

and the hearing on permanent custody for his older siblings occurred simultaneously

with his disposition.

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{¶18} But HCJFS established the first prong of the two-prong test with respect

to S.S. through R.C. 2151.414(B)(2). R.C. 2151.414(B)(2) allows a court to grant

permanent custody if it determines that the child should not be placed with either

parent because the parent does not comply with the reunification plan. R.C.

2151.414(B)(2) and (E)(1) (“[T]he court shall grant permanent custody of the child to

the movant if the court determines in accordance with division (E) of this section that

the child cannot be placed with one of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or

should not be placed with either parent * * *.” “If the court determines, by clear and

convincing evidence, at a hearing * * * [that] [f]ollowing the placement of the child

outside of the child’s home and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent

efforts by the agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused

the child to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and

repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed

outside the child’s home * * * the court shall enter a finding that the child cannot be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either

parent[.]”).

{¶19} As the juvenile court aptly concluded, even though he did make some

progress, Father had not adequately completed his reunification plan. His

incarceration, caused by his own abuse against Mother, prevented him from visiting

the children regularly. And as demonstrated at the custody hearing, Father refused to

submit to various mental health testing as well as rehabilitative programming. At the

end of the day, the record establishes that Father failed to remedy some of the issues

that caused him to lose custody of the children in the first place.

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{¶20} Turning to the second prong of the two-prong test (which applies to all

three children), the court relied on clear and convincing evidence to conclude that

permanent custody in favor of HCJFS furthered the best interests of the children. In

considering the best interests of the children, the juvenile court considered various

factors, including the relationship the children have to their parents or current

caregivers, the wishes of the children (either expressly or through the GAL), the

custodial history of the children, and the children’s need for a permanent and secure

home. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e).

{¶21} In this respect, the court determined that the children are all healthily

bonded to their caregivers, and with HCJFS’s support, the children have a true

opportunity to receive safe, secure, and permanent placements. Although the juvenile

court acknowledged that the children—at least the two older children—had expressed

a desire to return to their parents, given their youth and the extant record, it was not

unreasonable for the court to heed the advice of the GAL instead.

{¶22} This is especially so given the instability that Father and Mother created

in the lives of their children thus far. Even if some of the children would prefer to be

with their parents, all of them have been in custodial care and extensively involved

with HCJFS at such young ages—especially S.S., who has been in custodial care since

he was just a few days old—due to Mother and Father’s legal and substance abuse

problems. And yet, when afforded the opportunity to undertake a process that would

lead to reunification with their children, Mother and Father faltered with not only their

reunification plans, but also in only sporadically visiting the children while in custodial

care. All told, we can confidently say that the juvenile court and magistrate were

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comprehensive in finding that it served the children’s best interests to have permanent

custody granted to HCJFS.

{¶23} Upon a close review of the record, we find that the juvenile court

appropriately relied on clear and convincing evidence to place the children in the

permanent custody of HCJFS. Consequently, we overrule Father’s first assignment of

error.

III.

{¶24} In his second assignment of error, Father insists that the juvenile court

erred in awarding permanent custody by disregarding certain requirements of the

ICWA. But as HCJFS highlights in its brief, nowhere in Father’s objection to the

magistrate’s decision did he dispute the application of the ICWA—he does so before

this court for the first time. Therefore, Father has waived all but plain error. In re

F.B., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200320, 2020-Ohio-5610, ¶ 12 (“Because Father failed

to raise this issue in his objection, he has waived all but plain error.”).

{¶25} The ICWA contains various provisions designed to protect Indian

children when evaluating the termination of parental rights. Among other things, the

statute requires active efforts to prevent the breakup of the family. 25 U.S.C. 1912(d)

(“Any party seeking * * * termination of parental rights to[] an Indian child under State

law shall satisfy the court that active efforts have been made to provide remedial

services and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian

family and that these efforts have proved unsuccessful.”). And it obligates a court to

consider testimony by a qualified expert witness and to determine that termination is

necessary to avoid serious emotional or physical harm to the child. 25 U.S.C. 1912(f)

(“No termination of parental rights may be ordered in such proceeding in the absence

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of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, including

testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the

parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage

to the child.”).

{¶26} We find no plain error on this record, particularly given that the court

considered qualified expert testimony from a Nation member who reached the same

conclusion as the juvenile court. Therefore, we overrule Father’s second assignment

of error.

* * *

{¶27} In light of the analysis above, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment

and overrule both of Father’s assignments of error.

Judgment affirmed.

MYERS, P. J., and ZAYAS, J., concur.

Please note:

The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.

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