NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
Electronically Filed
Intermediate Court of Appeals
CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
19-DEC-2022
10:12 AM
Dkt. 163 MO
NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I
PRINCEVILLE II COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION, a Hawaii
non-profit corporation, by its Board of Directors,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PRINCEVILLE AT HANALEI COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION,
Defendant-Appellee,
and
JOHN DOES 1-20; JANE DOES 1-20;
DOE PARTNERSHIPS 1-20; DOE ASSOCIATIONS 1-20;
DOE CORPORATIONS 1-20; DOE ENTITIES 1-20;
AND DOE GOVERNMENTAL UNITS 1-20, Defendants
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
(CIVIL NO. 14-1-0178)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(By: Hiraoka, Presiding Judge, and Wadsworth and Nakasone, JJ.)
This appeal stems from a dispute between two planned
community associations in the Princeville area of Kaua#i —
Plaintiff-Appellant Princeville II Community Association (P2CA)
and Defendant-Appellee Princeville at Hanalei Community
Association (PHCA). In a 2014 complaint, P2CA sought a
declaratory judgment that PHCA was required to contribute to the
maintenance and repair costs of shared roads and nearby entry
features on property owned by P2CA, as well as damages for unjust
enrichment. Following a bench trial, the Circuit Court of the
Fifth Circuit (Circuit Court) entered judgment in favor of PHCA
and against P2CA, provided that PHCA will have a duty to
contribute to certain future costs of repair and maintenance of
NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI#I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
the roads.1/
P2CA appeals from: (1) the September 14, 2018 "Final
Judgment" (Judgment) and (2) the October 24, 2018 "Order Denying
[P2CA's] Amended Non-Hearing Motion for an Award of Attorneys'
Fees and Costs" (Order Denying P2CA's Fee Motion), both entered
by the Circuit Court. P2CA also challenges the Circuit Court's:
(1) December 1, 2016 "Order Granting [P2CA's] Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment Against [PHCA] as to Whether [PHCA] Had and
Continues to Have a Duty to Contribute Toward the Maintenance and
Repair of the Lot 3 Roadways, Filed on September 16, 2016"
(Partial Summary Judgment Order); (2) May 25, 2018 "Findings of
Fact and Conclusions of Law" (FOFs/COLs); and (3) August 22, 2018
"Order Granting [PHCA's] Non-Hearing Motion for an Award of
Attorneys' Fees and Costs" (Order Granting PHCA's Fee Motion).
For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
I. Background
The Judgment resolved all claims in two consolidated
cases before the Circuit Court — Civil No. 13-1-0253 (Case 1) and
Civil No. 14-1-0178 (Case 2) — by entering judgment in favor of
PHCA and against P2CA (subject to the proviso quoted below) as to
all claims in P2CA's complaint in Case 2 (Complaint) and
dismissing all other claims in both Cases 1 and 2. Only the
claims asserted in P2CA's Complaint against PHCA, as described
below, are at issue in this appeal.
On August 28, 2014, P2CA filed its Complaint against
PHCA for declaratory relief and unjust enrichment. The Complaint
alleged, among other things, that: (1) in 1991, Princeville
Corporation, a real estate development company, submitted four
parcels of land, identified as Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, to the Ka
Haku Road Subdivision; (2) Lot 3 includes the beginning of Ka
Haku Road from Kuhio Highway, the section of Emmalani Road from
Ka Haku Road along the southerly side of Prince Albert Park, a
large fountain, and a gate house; (3) the gatehouse, the large
fountain, certain landscaping, and two underground pump rooms
1/
The Honorable Kathleen N.A. Watanabe presided.
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constitute the entry features of Ka Haku Road Subdivision (Entry
Features); (4) Princeville Development conveyed Lot 3 to P2CA by
deed dated January 4, 2013; (5) Princeville Corporation conveyed
Lot 1 to PHCA by deed dated March 25, 1994, which granted a non-
exclusive appurtenant easement to PHCA for road purposes over the
roadway on Lot 3 to access Prince Albert Park; (6) Lot 3 has been
used and continues to be used for ingress and egress by P2CA and
PHCA and their respective members, as well as others; (7) P2CA
has incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs to
maintain and repair the portion of Ka Haku Road on Lot 3 and the
Entry Features; and (8) PHCA has not contributed anything toward
P2CA's maintenance and repair costs of Lot 3 and the Entry
Features. The Complaint sought a declaratory judgment that: (a)
PHCA was, and will continue to be, required to contribute to
P2CA's costs to maintain and repair Lot 3 and the Entry Features;
and (b) if it becomes necessary to replace the roadways on Lot 3
or any of the Entry Features, PHCA would be required to
contribute to that cost. The Complaint also sought damages for
unjust enrichment, equal to PHCA's proportionate share of the
costs of maintaining and repairing Lot 3 and the Entry Features.
On September 16, 2016, P2CA filed a motion for partial
summary judgment against PHCA "as to whether [PHCA] had and
continues to have a duty to contribute toward the maintenance and
repair of the Lot 3 roadways" (Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment). (Formatting altered.) The Circuit Court granted the
motion in part, ruling that "[t]here are no genuine issues of
material fact and, as a matter of law, Defendant PHCA has a duty
to contribute to the reasonable future costs of repair and
maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways."
On November 3, 2016, the Circuit Court entered a
"Stipulation For Dismissal With Prejudice As To All Claims
Against All Parties Except Those Specified; Order" (Stipulation
for Dismissal). Pursuant to the Stipulation for Dismissal, the
only remaining claims in the consolidated cases were those
contained in P2CA's Complaint against PHCA.
Those remaining claims were tried to the court from
March 12 to March 15, 2018. On May 25, 2018, the Circuit Court
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issued the FOFs/COLs.
The following findings of fact (FOFs), among others, by
the Circuit Court are unchallenged on appeal and thus binding on
the parties and the court, see State v. Rodrigues, 145 Hawai#i
487, 494, 454 P.3d 428, 435 (2019):
2. [P2CA] owns Lot 3 of the Ka Haku Road Subdivision ("Lot
3").
3. [PHCA] owns Lot 1 of the Ka Haku Road Subdivision ("Lot
1").
. . . .
6. There was prior unity of ownership of all lands
presently owned by PHCA and/or by P2CA.
7. Without limitation, there was prior unity of ownership
of all lands owned by PHCA and of the land comprising the Ka
Haku Road Subdivision.
8. Prior to the creation of the Ka Haku Road Subdivision,
the main roadway access used by PHCA to reach the public
highway was Old Ka Haku Road.
9. The location of Old Ka Haku Road is reflected on File
Plan 2056, within the boundaries of the Ka Haku Road
Subdivision.
10. At the time when title to lands now owned by PHCA and
title to the land where Old Ka Haku Road was located was
severed, it was the intention of the parties owning and/or
receiving those lands that PHCA was entitled to use Old Ka
Haku Road for road purposes to access the public highway and
other locations, on an unrestricted basis.
11. PHCA members were never charged to use Old Ka Haku
Road.
12. Old Ka Haku Road no longer exists.
13. An easement for PHCA to have used Old Ka Haku Road for
road purposes is implied by the facts and circumstances
shown at trial.
14. The current Ka Haku Road ("Ka Haku Road") is located on
Lot 3.
15. Ka Haku Road replaced Old Ka Haku Road.
16. Prior to the time when P2CA took title to Lot 3, PHCA
was never charged to use the Lot 3 roadways.
17. PHCA used the Lot 3 roadways to access the public
highway and other locations, on an unrestricted basis, from
the time that the Lot 3 roadways were built until the time
that P2CA took title to Lot 3.
18. At all times prior to when P2CA took title to Lot 3,
the owner(s) of Lot 3 expected and intended PHCA to use the
Lot 3 roadways to access the public highway and other
locations, on an unrestricted basis.
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19. PHCA continues to use the Lot 3 roadways, and intends
to do so indefinitely.
20. The undisputed evidence demonstrates that the implied
easement for PHCA to use Old Ka Haku Road for road purposes
was relocated to the Lot 3 roadways.
21. PHCA has the same right to use the Lot 3 roadways for
road purposes as it had to use Old Ka Haku Road.
22. The Deed dated March 25, 1994, by which title to Lot 1
was conveyed to PHCA ("Lot 1 Deed"), contains the following
language:
TOGETHER with nonexclusive appurtenant easement for
road purposes over, across, along and upon the roadway
Lots 3 and 4 as shown on File Plan 2056; provided,
however, that in the event such roadway lots or any
portion thereof is conveyed to the State of Hawaii,
County of Kauai or to any other governmental
authority, such easement as to such roadway lot or
lots so conveyed shall immediately terminate.
23. As part of the conveyance of Lot 1 to PHCA, the grantor
intended to grant, and did grant, an easement to PHCA over
Lot 3 for road purposes.
. . . .
28. Based on the facts and circumstances surrounding the
execution of the Lot 1 Deed, the grantor of the Lot 1 Deed
intended to allow PHCA's use of the express easement for
road purposes to access the public highway and other
locations, on an unrestricted basis.
29. PHCA is authorized to use the Lot 3 roadways for road
purposes, regardless of starting point or destination.
30. P2CA took title to Lot 3 by deed dated January 4, 2013.
. . . .
33. P2CA entered into a Maintenance Agreement with
Princeville Corporation dated March 21, 1994.
34. Princeville Corporation is described in the Maintenance
Agreement as the owner of Lot 3.
35. The Maintenance Agreement provides, without limitation,
that Princeville Corporation "shall be solely responsible
for the maintenance, repair and replacement, as necessary,
of Lot 3 in a safe and clean condition and in good order and
repair."
36. The Maintenance Agreement also provides, without
limitation, that:
P2CA and Princeville Corporation desire that Lot 3
shall be held, sold, conveyed, encumbered,
hypothecated, leased, used, occupied and improved
subject to this Agreement, which shall run with Lot 3,
shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of P2CA
and Princeville Corporation and all persons having any
right, title or interest in Lot 3 or any portion
thereof, their heirs, successors and assigns.
37. An Extension of Maintenance Agreement dated
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December 24, 2002 was entered into between P2CA and
Princeville Corporation.
38. The Maintenance Agreement, as modified by the Extension
of Maintenance Agreement, remained in effect from its
inception until P2CA took title to Lot 3.
39. There is no evidence that Princeville Corporation or
any successor to its interest in Lot 3 ever filed an action
against PHCA, seeking contribution for Lot 3 expenses, prior
to the conveyance of Lot 3 to P2CA in 2013.
40. There is evidence that Princeville Corporation intended
that PHCA not be charged for the Lot 3 expenses during the
period when Princeville Corporation owned Lot 3.
. . . .
44. The Stipulation [for Dismissal] provides, without
limitation, as follows:
Further, [Princeville Development, LLC (PD), PRW
Princeville Development Company, LLC, and Princeville
Associates, LLC (collectively, Developers)] hereby
separately stipulate, and P2CA hereby separately
agrees and stipulates, that in the P2CA-Developers
Settlement, among other things, Developer provides
sufficient funds to P2CA such that P2CA can and is
required to repair the entire Ka Haku Road portion of
the Ka Haku Entrance from its intersection with Kuhio
Highway to its end just prior to the Wyllie Road
intersection, including its "stub-ins" to Queen Emma's
Drive and Queen Emma's Drive East, in compliance with
the appropriate standard provided for by that certain
unrecorded Maintenance Agreement dated March 21, 1994,
(the "Maintenance Agreement") in which PD agreed to be
responsible for the maintenance, repair and
replacement, as necessary, of the Ka Haku Entrance
until January 1, 2003, at which time PD was to convey
fee title to the Ka Haku Entrance to P2CA, which
conveyance date, on December 24, 2002, was extended to
January 1, 2013, and which conveyance was made on
January 7, 2013.
45. Repairs to the concrete portions of the roadways
referenced in the Stipulation [for Dismissal] have yet to
commence and are not definitely scheduled for commencement.
. . . .
87. The Maintenance Agreement was entered into for the
business purposes of Princeville Corporation.
. . . .
90. Princeville Corporation allocated approximately 75% of
the Lot 3 expenses to properties it owned within PHCA, by
contract.
91. Such allocations were made for the business purposes of
Princeville Corporation.
92. Approximately 75% of the Lot 3 expenses are currently
paid by members of PHCA.
. . . .
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95. PHCA was informed of Princeville Corporation's decision
to remove and to replace Old Ka Haku Road after that
decision was made.
96. Princeville Corporation did not intend that its choice
to make additional improvements to its own land, beyond road
replacement, for its own business purposes, would impose a
financial obligation upon PHCA itself.
97. P2CA did not construct the Entry Features.
. . . .
108. P2CA has not given PHCA possession of anything with
respect to the Entry Features.
109. P2CA has not given PHCA an interest in anything with
respect to the Entry Features.
110. The Entry Features do not add to PHCA's security.
111. The Entry Features do not add to PHCA's advantage, as
determined by PHCA.
(Original brackets omitted.)
In its conclusions of law (COLs), the Circuit Court
ruled, among other things:
9. PHCA presently has an implied easement to use the Lot 3
roadways for road purposes.
10. PHCA is authorized to use the Lot 3 roadways for road
purposes, regardless of starting point or destination
pursuant to the implied easement.
11. PHCA has an express easement appurtenant to use the Lot
3 roadways for road purposes.
. . . .
15. The circumstances surrounding the creation of the
easement appurtenant at issue here allow the Court to
conclude that PHCA is authorized to use the Lot 3 roadways
without restriction.
16. PHCA is authorized to use the Lot 3 roadways for road
purposes, regardless of starting point or destination
pursuant to the express easement.
17. PHCA has a duty to contribute to the reasonable future
costs of maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways.
18. In fashioning a remedy, the Court takes into account
various facts and circumstances, including, without
limitation, the terms of the Maintenance Agreement as well
as the terms of the Stipulation [for Dismissal], and
concludes that PHCA's duty to contribute to the reasonable
future costs of maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways
shall be deemed to commence once repairs to the concrete
portions of the Lot 3 roadways are completed.
19. PHCA has no duty to contribute to the past, present or
future maintenance and/or repair costs of the Entry
Features.
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20. Alternatively, PHCA's contribution to the reasonable
future costs of maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways
fairly and reasonably addresses all of P2CA's claims
(including with respect to the Entry Features) in light of
multiple factors, including, but not limited to:
A. PHCA's lack of use of the Entry Features;
B. The payment of approximately 75% of the Lot 3 expenses
by certain PHCA members;
C. The absence of those PHCA members from this case;
D. The absence of other Lot 3 easement holders from this case;
E. P2CA's choice to make no demand for contribution from
certain Lot 3 easement holders absent from this case;
F. The expense allocations made by Princeville Corporation;
G. The fact that the Lot 3 improvements were built by a
predecessor in interest to P2CA;
H. The transfer of Lot 3 to P2CA for a nominal consideration;
I. The insufficiency of objective data concerning the frequency
and intensity of use of the Lot 3 roadways by all users;
J. Evidence that much of the alleged Lot 3 expenses relate to
operation of the Entry Features rather than to maintenance
and/or repair expenses;
K. The value of ownership and control of Lot 3; and
L. P2CA's evident refusal to share decisionmaking
authority with PHCA.
21. P2CA's refusal to allow PHCA to participate
meaningfully in decision making concerning Lot 3 is unfair
and inequitable in light of its request for relief.
22. The equitable relief sought by P2CA is not supported by
relevant history or by current circumstances.
23. It is not unfair or unreasonable for P2CA to pay
approximately 25% of the Lot 3 expenses in light of its
ownership and control of Lot 3.
. . . .
28. In addition, the Court concludes that P2CA's voluntary
settlement with PRINCEVILLE DEVELOPMENT, LLC and PRINCEVILLE
ASSOCIATES[,] LLC sufficiently addresses the issue of the
condition of Lot 3, including the Entry Features, as of the
time that P2CA took title to Lot 3 and up to the present.
29. PHCA has not been unjustly enriched with respect to Lot
3 for any period prior to P2CA's acquisition of title to Lot
3.
30. P2CA did not confer a benefit upon PHCA with respect to
Lot 3 during any period prior to P2CA's acquisition of title
to Lot 3.
31. PHCA's retention of any benefit relating to Lot 3 that
might be deemed to exist, for any period prior to P2CA's
acquisition of title to Lot 3, if any, is not unjust.
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32. P2CA had an adequate remedy at law with respect to any
claims concerning the condition of the Lot 3 roadways and
the Entry Features while the Maintenance Agreement and the
Extension of Maintenance Agreement were in effect.
33. P2CA does not confer any present benefit upon PHCA with
respect to the Entry Features.
. . . .
42. In all events, the Court, in the exercise of its
discretion, declines to hold PHCA responsible to contribute
to Lot 3 expenses other than for the reasonable future costs
of maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways.
43. The Court concludes, however, that PHCA's intended
future use of the Lot 3 roadways requires the Court to
fashion a remedy that balances the equities now that the
matter has been before the Court and the parties' respective
positions have been litigated.
44. The Court expressly determines that prospective
application of the equitable remedy provided for herein is
appropriate based on the facts and circumstances of this
case.
45. The Court therefore holds that PHCA has a duty to
contribute to the reasonable future costs of repair and
maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways.
46. PHCA's contribution shall be 100% of the future
reasonable maintenance and repair expense of the portions of
the Lot 3 roadways that are presently in asphalt.
On July 20, 2018, PHCA filed a non-hearing motion for
an award of attorneys' fees and costs (PHCA's Fee Motion). On
August 22, 2018, the Circuit court entered the Order Granting
PHCA's Fee Motion, which awarded PHCA attorneys' fees in the
amount of $521,564.28 and costs in the amount of $43,486.73.
On September 14, 2018, the Circuit Court entered the
Judgment.
On September 28, 2018, P2CA filed an amended non-
hearing motion for an award of attorneys' fees and costs (P2CA's
Fee Motion). On October 24, 2018, the Circuit Court entered the
Order Denying P2CA's Fee Motion.
This appeal followed.
II. Points of Error
P2CA raises five points of error on appeal, contending:
(1) "The [Circuit] Court erred when it concluded, as a
matter of law, in [the Partial Summary Judgment Order] that PHCA
only had a duty to contribute to the reasonable future costs of
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repair and maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways and did not have
that same duty to contribute toward the maintenance and repair
costs already incurred by P2CA from when Lot 3 was conveyed to
P2CA in January 2013."
(2) "It was clearly erroneous for the [Circuit] Court
to exclude the infrastructure for the roadways and the
landscaping and Entry Features in its determination as to what
constituted the easement."
(3) The Circuit Court's FOF 106 – that "[t]he frequency
and intensity of the Lot 3 roadways has not been proven
objectively" – is clearly erroneous.
(4) The Circuit Court abused its discretion in
determining "that PHCA's duty to contribute toward the reasonable
future costs of repair and maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways
would be limited to . . . the portions of the Lot 3 roadways that
are presently in asphalt . . . ."
(5) The Circuit Court abused its discretion in granting
PHCA's Fee Motion and in denying P2CA's Fee Motion.
III. Discussion
A. Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
In its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, P2CA argued
that it was entitled to summary judgment "on the issues of
whether, as a matter of law, PHCA was, and will continue to be,
required to contribute to P2CA's costs to maintain and repair the
Lot 3 Roadways[.]"2/ P2CA broke down these issues as follows:
1. As a matter of law, PHCA was required to
contribute to P2CA's costs to maintain and repair the Lot 3
Roadways [(Issue 1)].
2. As a matter of law, PHCA is required to contribute
to P2CA's future costs to maintain and repair the Lot 3
Roadways, provided it continues to use the Lot 3 Roadways
[(Issue 2)].
2/
In its supporting memorandum, P2CA defined the "Lot 3 Roadways" as
follows: "Lot 3 consists, in part, of sections of two roads: Ka Haku Road
beginning at Kuhio Highway and proceeding north along the east side of Lots 2
and 1 and Emmalani Drive that proceeds west off of Ka Haku Road between Lots 2
and 1 . . . ." In its memorandum in opposition, PHCA did not dispute P2CA's
definition, but generally referred to the "Lot 3 roadway" or the "Lot 3
roadways." The Partial Summary Judgment Order refers to the "Lot 3 roadways."
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In the Partial Summary Judgment Order, the Circuit
Court ruled that "as a matter of law, Defendant PHCA has a duty
to contribute to the reasonable future costs of repair and
maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways." (Emphasis added.) The
Circuit Court did not expressly resolve Issue 1, i.e., whether
PHCA was required to contribute to costs already incurred by P2CA
to maintain and repair the Lot 3 Roadways. Accordingly, we
construe the Partial Summary Judgment Order as impliedly denying
summary judgment as to Issue 1. See, e.g., Kawamata Farms, Inc.
v. United Agric. Prod., 86 Hawai#i 214, 233, 948 P.2d 1055, 1074
(1997) ("However, because the Circuit Court's order only
partially granted summary judgment, the Circuit Court impliedly
denied summary judgment with respect to the Plaintiffs'
negligence and strict liability claims . . . . ").
On appeal, P2CA contends that the Circuit Court erred
in concluding that PHCA "only had a duty to contribute to the
reasonable future costs of repair and maintenance of the Lot 3
roadways and did not have that same duty to contribute toward the
maintenance and repair costs already incurred by P2CA from when
Lot 3 was conveyed to P2CA in January 2013." In other words,
P2CA contends that the Circuit Court erred in failing to grant
partial summary judgment as to Issue 1.
Following a trial on the merits, "an order denying [a]
motion [for summary judgment] [can]not be appealed if denial was
based on the presence of factual questions for the jury, but
[can] be appealed if based on questions of law." Bhakta v. Cnty.
of Maui, 109 Hawai#i 198, 209, 124 P.3d 943, 954 (2005) (quoting
Larsen v. Pacesetter Sys., Inc., 74 Haw. 1, 17-18, 837 P.2d 1273,
1282-83 (1992)); see Gump v. Walmart Stores, Inc., 93 Hawai#i
428, 437, 5 P.3d 418, 427 (App. 1999), aff'd in part and rev'd in
part on other grounds, 93 Hawai#i 417, 5 P.3d 407 (2000)
(applying the dual framework established by Larsen, i.e., "that a
denial of summary judgment based on the presence of factual
issues is not reviewable, while a denial based on questions of
law is.").
Here, P2CA has not established that the Circuit Court's
partial denial of the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment was
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based on a question of law, as opposed to the presence of factual
questions. The Partial Summary Judgment Order is silent as to
the basis for denying summary judgment as to Issue 1. Similarly,
the transcript of the hearing on the motion fails to shed light
as to the basis of the Circuit Court's denial of summary judgment
as to Issue 1. Cf. Gump, 93 Hawai#i at 437, 5 P.3d at 427 ("The
transcript of the hearing on the motion provides . . . some
inkling as to the basis of the court's denial.").
In the memorandum supporting its Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment, P2CA contended that it was entitled to partial
summary judgment on Issues 1 and 2 because there was no dispute
that: (1) PHCA has an easement over the Lot 3 Roadways; (2) PHCA
has a duty to contribute to the maintenance and repair of the Lot
3 Roadways, based on Ass'n of Apartment Owners of Wailea Elua v.
Wailea Resort Co., 100 Hawai#i 97, 105-07, 58 P.3d 608, 616-18
(2002), and Restatement (Third) of Property (Restatement)
§ 4.13(1) (1998); and (3) "all users must contribute to the
maintenance costs," based on principles of equity. (Formatting
altered.) In response, PHCA argued that partial summary judgment
was improper because, among other things: (1) "the general
equitable principle" stated in Wailea Elua must yield to the
contrary intent of the parties, as reflected in the circumstances
surrounding creation of the Lot 3 roadway easement, consistent
with Restatement §§ 4.1 and 4.11; (2) PHCA has prior rights to
use the Lot 3 roadway without payment, based on the developer's
intent; (3) P2CA's claim is untimely because it "slept on its own
rights"; (4) questions of intent regarding the creation of the
Lot 3 roadway easement "pervade this case"; and (5) P2CA's claim
for past amounts involves genuine issues of material fact as to
whether P2CA failed to mitigate its alleged damages.
On this record, P2CA has failed to show that the
Circuit Court's denial of partial summary judgment as to Issue 1
was based on a question of law, as opposed to the presence of
genuine issues of material fact.3/ We thus conclude that P2CA is
3/
Indeed, following trial, the Circuit Court concluded "in light of
multiple factors" that PHCA's contribution to the reasonable future costs of
maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways fairly and reasonably addressed
all of P2CA's claims. COL 20 (emphasis added), quoted supra.
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not entitled to review of the Partial Summary Judgment Order, to
the extent it denied partial summary judgment as to Issue 1.
B. Nature and Scope of the Easement
The Circuit Court determined the nature and scope of
PHCA's easement in COLs 9-11 and 15-16, quoted above. P2CA does
not challenge these COLs. Instead, P2CA contends that the
Circuit Court erred in "exclud[ing] the infrastructure for the
roadways and the landscaping and Entry Features in its
determination as to what constituted the easement."4/ Relatedly,
P2CA summarily challenges FOFs 46-61, 66-85, and 98-99,5/ which
4/
In its opening brief, P2CA refers repeatedly to the
"infrastructure," "landscaping," and "Entry Features," but does not define
these terms. Moreover, P2CA appears to use these terms in the opening brief
in a manner that is not entirely consistent with the definitions stated in
P2CA's Complaint against PHCA. The Complaint defines: (a) "Entry Features"
as "the gate house and the large fountain on Lot 3, the Landscaping, and the
Pump Rooms"; (b) "Landscaping" as "extensive landscaping and two (2) smaller
fountains located on either side of the Lot 3 gate house"; and (c) "Pump
Rooms" as "[t]wo (2) []underground pump rooms which are located off Lot 3
[and] are connected to and operate the large fountain on Lot 3 and the two (2)
smaller fountains on either side of the gate house by way of pipes, electrical
wires, conduits and other fixtures[.]" In the FOFs/COLs, the Circuit Court
adopted the definition of "Entry Features" stated in the Complaint.
5/
These FOFs state:
46. There is a fountain depicting Neptune located on Lot 3
("Neptune fountain").
47. PHCA does not use the Neptune fountain.
48. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not unreasonably burden P2CA with respect to the Neptune
fountain.
49. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not cause wear or deterioration to the Neptune fountain.
50. P2CA controls the Neptune fountain.
51. PHCA does not control the Neptune fountain.
52. P2CA has declined to allow PHCA to participate
meaningfully in decision making concerning Lot 3, including,
but not limited to, with respect to the Neptune fountain.
53. PHCA would decommission the fountain if given the
opportunity to do so.
54. There is a gate house located on Lot 3.
55. PHCA does not use the gate house.
56. The gate house has not been in use for years, since
prior to at least 2010.
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57. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not unreasonably burden P2CA with respect to the gate house.
58. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not cause wear or deterioration to the gate house.
59. P2CA controls the gate house.
60. PHCA does not control the gate house.
61. P2CA has declined to allow PHCA to participate
meaningfully in decision making concerning Lot 3, including,
but not limited to, with respect to the gate house.
. . . .
66. There is landscaping on Lot 3.
67. The landscaping located on Lot 3 is primarily grass.
68. The landscaping located on Lot 3 is beyond the Lot 3
roadway shoulder, described by the curb.
69. PHCA does not use the landscaping located on Lot 3.
70. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not unreasonably burden P2CA with respect to the landscaping
located on Lot 3.
71. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not cause wear or deterioration to the landscaping located
on Lot 3.
72. P2CA controls the landscaping located on Lot 3.
73. PHCA does not control the landscaping located on Lot 3.
74. P2CA has declined to allow PHCA to participate
meaningfully in decision making concerning Lot 3, including,
but not limited to, with respect to the landscaping located
on Lot 3.
75. The pump rooms referenced in P2CA's Complaint are
located off Lot 3 and operate the Neptune fountain.
76. PHCA does not use the pump rooms.
77. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not unreasonably burden P2CA with respect to the pump rooms.
78. PHCA's use of the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes does
not cause wear or deterioration to the pump rooms.
79. P2CA controls the pump rooms.
80. PHCA does not control the pump rooms.
81. P2CA has declined to allow PHCA to participate
meaningfully in decision making concerning Lot 3, including,
but not limited to, with respect to the pump rooms.
82. None of the "Entry Features," as that term is defined
in P2CA's Complaint, existed at the time when title to lands
now owned by PHCA and title to the land where Old Ka Haku
Road was located was severed.
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appear to identify the Entry Features on or near Lot 3; describe
the use and control of, as well as decision-making regarding,
these features; and determine whether these features burden P2CA
or confer any benefit on PHCA.
We review findings of fact and findings of fact that
present mixed questions of fact and law under the clearly
erroneous standard. See Kalima v. State, 148 Hawai#i 129, 143,
468 P.3d 143, 157 (2020).
A finding of fact or a finding of fact that presents mixed
questions of fact and law is clearly erroneous when,
"despite evidence to support the finding, the appellate
court is left with the definite and firm conviction in
reviewing the entire evidence that a mistake has been
committed."
Id. (quoting Bremer v. Weeks, 104 Hawai#i 43, 51, 85 P.3d 150,
158 (2004)). Such a finding is also clearly erroneous when the
record lacks substantial evidence to support it. See Birano v.
State, 143 Hawai#i 163, 181, 426 P.3d 387, 405 (2018) (quoting
O'Grady v. State, 140 Hawai#i 36, 43, 398 P.3d 625, 632 (2017)).
P2CA does not provide any argument as to why any of the
challenged FOFs are clearly erroneous. See HRAP Rule 28(b)(7).
Nor does P2CA cite any evidence in the record that contradicts or
undermines any of the challenged FOFs. See id. Instead, P2CA
simply makes the following assertions, without any citation to
the record or any relevant authority:
The purpose and intent of Lot 3 was to create an entrance
into all of Princeville . . . to include all of the
infrastructure necessary for the roadway as well as the
additional features that would make the roadway and
entrance. It is unreasonable to separate each separate item
83. The Entry Features are not depicted on File Plan 2056.
84. The Entry Features were not built for the benefit of
PHCA.
85. The Entry Features are not part of any easement held by
PHCA.
. . . .
98. Whatever benefit that PHCA may have received by virtue
of the construction of the Entry Features, if any, was
conferred gratuitously and not by P2CA.
99. The operation of the Entry Features by P2CA does not
constitute a benefit to PHCA, as determined by PHCA.
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in an easement to determine whether it is part of or not
part of the easement.
See id. Rule 28(b)(4) and (7).
On this record, P2CA has not presented a discernible
argument explaining why the challenged FOFs are clearly erroneous
or how the Circuit Court erred in determining the scope of the
easement held by PHCA. P2CA's "failure to comply with HRAP
28(b)(4) [and (7)] is alone sufficient to affirm the [C]ircuit
[C]ourt's judgment." Morgan v. Planning Dep't, Cnty. of Kauai,
104 Hawai#i 173, 180, 86 P.3d 982, 989 (2004); see Hawaii
Ventures, LLC v. Otaka, Inc., 114 Hawai#i 438, 478, 164 P.3d 696,
736 (2007) (stating that "an appellate court is not obliged to
address matters for which the appellant has failed to present
discernible arguments" (citing HRAP Rule 28(b)(7))).
Accordingly, P2CA's challenge to FOFs 46-61, 66-85, and 98-99 is
deemed waived. See HRAP Rule 28(b)(7).
In any event, we conclude that the Circuit Court did
not clearly err in finding that the Entry Features are not part
of PHCA's easement to use the Lot 3 roadways for road purposes.
"An easement should be interpreted to give effect to the
intention of the parties who created it to carry out the purpose
for which it was created, as ascertained from the language of
[the] instrument and the circumstances surrounding its creation."
Polumbo v. Gomes, No. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2018 WL 1082986, at *6
(Haw. App. Feb. 28, 2018) (mem.) (citing Restatement § 4.1
(2000)); see also Restatement § 4.1 cmt d ("In interpreting
expressly created servitudes, the expressed intention of the
parties is of primary importance. Their intention is ascertained
from the servitude's language interpreted in light of all the
circumstances."). "Questions of intent are ultimately questions
of fact for the trier of fact to resolve." Lee Ching v. Loo
Dung, 145 Hawai#i 99, 110, 446 P.3d 1016, 1027 (App. 2019), rev'd
on other grounds, 148 Hawai#i 416, 477 P.3d 856 (2020) (citing
Childs v. Harada, 130 Hawai#i 387, 397, 311 P.3d 710, 720 (App.
2013)).
In this regard, P2CA does not contest numerous FOFs
relevant to the Circuit Court's determinations that PHCA's
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easement is for road purposes and that the Entry Features are not
part of the easement. These include, for example, FOFs 10, 13,
17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 95-97, and 108-11, quoted above. These
uncontested FOFs are binding on appeal and support the Circuit
Court's determination that the Entry Features are not part of the
easement. In addition, P2CA points to no evidence contradicting,
among others, FOFs 82-85. On this record, we conclude that the
Circuit Court did not clearly err in finding that the Entry
Features are not part of the easement held by PHCA.
C. Frequency and Intensity of Use of Lot 3 Roadways
FOF 106 states: "The frequency and intensity of use of
the Lot 3 roadways has not been proven objectively." P2CA
contends that FOF 106 "is clearly erroneous considering such use
can be inferred by the number of potential users of Lot 3 and
where those users are located and there was more than sufficient
evidence to support the number of potential users in P2CA and
PHCA." More specifically, P2CA points to witness testimony at
trial regarding "the difference in the number of units in PHCA as
opposed to P2CA." Thus, it appears that P2CA is arguing that the
Circuit Court should have inferred the frequency and intensity of
use of the Lot 3 roadways based on the greater number of "units,"
including hotel and residential units, "in PHCA, as opposed to
P2CA."
In response, PHCA points out that P2CA offered no
evidence at trial of who actually uses the Lot 3 roadways. PHCA
also argues that P2CA did not account for even all potential
users of the Lot 3 roadways, including numerous other holders of
easements to use Lot 3, identified in FOF 100, as well as the
public.6/
We conclude that substantial evidence supports FOF 106,
and we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. The witness testimony regarding the
number of units in each of the two planned communities did not
6/
We note that PHCA's evidence of potential use of the Lot 3
roadways based on the number of units in the respective communities also does
not account for the fact that there is a separate entry to Princeville at
Hanalei through Hanalei Plantation Road.
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directly establish the frequency and intensity of use of the Lot
3 roadways by any objective (i.e., observable or verifiable)
means. P2CA is essentially disputing the Circuit Court's
decision not to draw P2CA's preferred inference from indirect,
and arguably incomplete, evidence. "We . . . give full play to
the province of the trier of fact to determine credibility, weigh
the evidence, and draw rational inferences from the facts."
State v. Horton, CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2021 WL 4551318, at *3 (Haw.
App. Oct. 5, 2021) (SDO) (quoting State v. Lioen, 106 Hawai#i
123, 130, 102 P.3d 367, 374 (App. 2004)). On this record, we
conclude that FOF 106 is not clearly erroneous.
D. Asphalt and Concrete Portions of the Lot 3 Roadways
COL 46, which actually presents mixed issues of fact
and law, states: "PHCA's contribution shall be 100% of the
future reasonable maintenance and repair expense of the portions
of the Lot 3 roadways that are presently in asphalt." P2CA
contends that the Circuit Court abused its discretion in
determining that PHCA would be responsible for contributing to
the future reasonable maintenance and repair costs of the asphalt
portions, but not the concrete portions, of the Lot 3 roadways.
P2CA argues that this result is inequitable because: (1) the
asphalt portions constitute only 30%, while the concrete portions
constitute 70%, of the Lot 3 roadways; and (2) the proportionate
use of the Lot 3 roadways by PHCA users is greater than by P2CA
users based on the relative number of "units" in each of the two
communities.
We first note that P2CA asserts, without any citation
to the record, that "the testimony was that the asphalt portion
of the roadway made up only 30% of the roadway and the remainder
of the roadway was concrete." "We will not comb through the
record to find error" — or alleged testimony — particularly
where, as here, the record is thousands of pages. Pele Defense
Fund v. Puna Geothermal Venture, 8 Haw. App. 203, 212, 797 P.2d
69, 74 (1990). P2CA's naked assertion is therefore disregarded.
See HRAP Rule 28(b)(4), (7).
Ultimately, P2CA's argument rests on the premise that
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the Circuit Court should have allocated the future costs of
repair and maintenance according to the parties' relative use of
the Lot 3 roadways, which in turn depends upon P2CA's assertion
that the proportionate use of the roadway easement should have
been inferred based on the relative number of units in the two
communities. As previously discussed, however, the Circuit Court
was not required to draw this inference based on the evidence
presented by P2CA, and in fact, rejected this inference in FOF
106 by finding that the frequency and intensity of use of the Lot
3 roadways had not been proven objectively.
P2CA seemingly ignores this finding, as well as COL
20.I., in arguing that the Circuit Court failed to consider any
of the factors set out in Restatement § 4.13 comment d in
determining "what would be equitable in this case."7/ In fact,
the Circuit Court expressly considered "[t]he insufficiency of
objective data concerning the frequency and intensity of use of
the Lot 3 roadways by all users." The Circuit Court also
considered numerous other relevant equitable factors in its
decision regarding PHCA's contribution to the future costs of
maintenance and repair of the Lot 3 roadways, as reflected in the
FOFs/COLs, including COLs 18, 20-23, and 28.
On this record, we conclude that mixed COL 46 is
supported by substantial evidence, and we are not left with a
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.
Further, the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in
fashioning the equitable remedy stated in mixed COL 46.
E. Attorneys' Fees
In the Order Granting PHCA's Fee Motion, the Circuit
7/
Restatement § 4.13 comment d states:
In allocating costs between the owner of the servient
estate and the holders of easements or profits, factors that
should be considered include the values of their respective
contributions to construction and improvement of any
facilities for enjoyment of the easement or profit,
including the value of the land contributed by the servient
owner, and the amount paid for the easement. In addition,
the frequency and intensity of use made by each and the
value of any other contributions that enhance the value of
the servitude or the servient estate should be taken into
account.
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Court awarded PHCA attorneys' fees pursuant to HRS § 607-14,8/ "on
the basis that such fees are reasonable and were necessarily
incurred[,]" and awarded PHCA costs pursuant to HRS § 607-99/ and
HRCP Rules 54 and 68.10/ In the Order Denying P2CA's Fee Motion,
the Circuit Court ruled:
The Court declines to exercise its discretion, if any,
to award attorneys' fees based upon [HRS] § 632-3; the Court
finds as fact that Plaintiff P2CA's attorneys' fees were not
8/
HRS § 607-14 (2016) states, in relevant part:
In all the courts, in all actions in the nature of assumpsit
and in all actions on a promissory note or other contract in
writing that provides for an attorney's fee, there shall be
taxed as attorneys' fees, to be paid by the losing party and
to be included in the sum for which execution may issue, a
fee that the court determines to be reasonable; provided
that the attorney representing the prevailing party shall
submit to the court an affidavit stating the amount of time
the attorney spent on the action and the amount of time the
attorney is likely to spend to obtain a final written
judgment, or, if the fee is not based on an hourly rate, the
amount of the agreed upon fee. The court shall then tax
attorneys' fees, which the court determines to be
reasonable, to be paid by the losing party; provided that
this amount shall not exceed twenty-five per cent of the
judgment.
. . . .
The above fees provided for by this section shall be
assessed on the amount of the judgment exclusive of costs
and all attorneys' fees obtained by the plaintiff, and upon
the amount sued for if the defendant obtains judgment.
9/
HRS § 607-9 states in relevant part: "(b) All actual
disbursements, . . . sworn to by an attorney or a party, and deemed reasonable
by the court, may be allowed in taxation of costs. In determining whether and
what costs should be taxed, the court may consider the equities of the
situation."
10/
HRCP Rule 54(d)(1) states in relevant part: "Except when express
provision therefor is made either in a statute or in these rules, costs shall
be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise
directs[.]"
HRCP Rule 68 states in relevant part:
At any time more than 10 days before the trial begins,
any party may serve upon any adverse party an offer of
settlement or an offer to allow judgment to be taken against
either party for the money or property or to the effect
specified in the offer, with costs then accrued. . . . An
offer not accepted shall be deemed withdrawn and evidence
thereof is not admissible except in a proceeding to
determine costs. If the judgment finally obtained by the
offeree is not more favorable than the offer, the offeree
must pay the costs incurred after the making of the offer.
The fact that an offer is made but not accepted does not
preclude a subsequent offer.
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reasonably and necessarily incurred with respect to the
issue upon which P2CA claims to have prevailed, or with
respect to any other issue; the Court sustains PHCA's
objections to claimed costs and otherwise declines to award
costs to P2CA[.]
On appeal, P2CA contends that the Circuit Court abused
its discretion in granting PHCA's Fee Motion and in denying
P2CA's Fee Motion, "because P2CA should have been deemed the
prevailing party since it clearly prevailed on the main disputed
issue in the case."
This court reviews the denial or grant of attorney's
fees and costs under the abuse of discretion standard. See Oahu
Publ'ns, Inc. v. Abercrombie, 134 Hawai#i 16, 22, 332 P.3d 159,
165 (2014) (quoting Ranger Insurance. Co. v. Hinshaw, 103 Hawai#i
26, 30, 79 P.3d 119, 123 (2003)); Kamaka v. Goodsill Anderson
Quinn & Stifel, 117 Hawai#i 92, 126, 176 P.3d 91, 125 (2008).
"[A]n abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court has
clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or disregarded rules or
principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a
party litigant." Oahu Publ'ns, 134 Hawai#i at 22, 332 P.3d at
165 (brackets omitted) (quoting Hinshaw, 103 Hawai#i at 30, 79
P.3d at 123).
"[I]n general, a party in whose favor judgment is
rendered by the [trial] court is the prevailing party in
that court, plaintiff or defendant, as the case may be.
Although a plaintiff may not sustain his entire claim, if
judgment is rendered for him, he is the prevailing party for
purposes of costs and attorneys' fees."
Kamaka, 117 Hawai#i at 126, 176 P.3d at 125 (internal quotation
marks and original brackets omitted) (quoting MFD Partners v.
Murphy, 9 Haw. App. 509, 514, 850 P.2d 713, 716 (1992)); Sierra
Club v. Dep't of Transp. of State of Haw., 120 Hawai#i 181, 216,
202 P.3d 1226, 1261 (2009); see Oahu Publ'ns, 134 Hawai#i at 24,
332 P.3d at 167 ("In general, the litigant in whose favor
judgment is rendered is the prevailing party." (quoting Wong v.
Takeuchi, 88 Hawai#i 46, 49, 961 P.2d 611, 614 (1998))).
Where there is no final judgment clearly stating which
party prevailed, the court "is required to first identify the
princip[al] issues raised by the pleadings and proof in a
particular case, and then determine, on balance, which party
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prevailed on the issues." Sierra Club, 120 Hawai#i at 216, 202
P.3d at 1261 (quoting MFD Partners, 9 Haw. App. at 514, 850 P.2d
at 716). A party "will be deemed to be the successful party for
the purpose of taxing costs and attorney's fees" "where [that]
party prevails on the disputed main issue, even though not to the
extent of his original contention[.]" Sierra Club, 120 Hawai#i
at 216, 202 P.3d at 1261 (quoting Food Pantry, Ltd. v. Waikiki
Business Plaza, Inc., 58 Haw. 606, 620, 575 P.2d 869, 879
(1978)).
Here, the Judgment plainly states that "Judgment is
hereby entered in favor of [PHCA] and against [P2CA]; provided
only that PHCA shall have a duty to contribute to the reasonable
future costs of repair and maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways to
the extent specified in the [FOFs/COLs.]"11/ (Emphasis added.)
Because judgment was rendered for PHCA, it was the prevailing
party for purposes of attorneys' fees pursuant to HRS § 607-14,
and the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in awarding
attorney's fees to PHCA on that basis. See Kamaka, 117 Hawai#i
at 126, 176 P.3d at 125; see Sierra Club, 120 Hawai#i at 216, 202
P.3d at 1261 ("Kamaka presents the general rule for prevailing
parties, as discussed within the context of HRS § 607-14[.]").
In any event, on balance, PHCA prevailed on the
principal issues raised in the litigation. As P2CA stated in its
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, "P2CA brought claims against
PHCA seeking declaratory rulings requiring PHCA to contribute
toward the maintenance and repair of Lot 3," including the
roadways and Entry Features, "and damages for their failure to do
so." (Emphasis added.) In fact, P2CA's Complaint asserted two
claims against PHCA. The first claim, for declaratory relief,
sought a declaratory judgment that PHCA was, and will continue to
be, required to contribute to P2CA's costs to maintain and repair
Lot 3, including the roadways and the Entry Features. The second
claim, for unjust enrichment, sought damages equal to PHCA's
11/
In the FOFs/COLs, the Circuit Court concluded that "PHCA has a
duty to contribute to the reasonable future costs of repair and maintenance of
the Lot 3 roadways" and "PHCA's contribution shall be 100% of the future
reasonable maintenance and repair expense of the portions of the Lot 3
roadways that are presently in asphalt."
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proportionate share of the costs of maintaining and repairing the
Lot 3 roadways and Entry Features. P2CA prevailed only on the
issue of whether PHCA has a duty to contribute to the reasonable
future costs of repair and maintenance of the Lot 3 roadways,12/
and then only with respect to portions of the Lot 3 roadways that
are currently in asphalt. PHCA prevailed on the disputed main
issues of whether PHCA had been required (i.e., in the past) to
contribute to P2CA's costs to maintain and repair the Lot 3
roadways and Entry Features, and whether P2CA was entitled to
damages based on PHCA's proportionate share of those past costs.
PHCA also prevailed on the disputed issues of whether it will be
(i.e., in the future) required to contribute to P2CA's costs to
maintain and repair the Entry Features, as well as the concrete
portions of the roadways.
On this record, we conclude that on balance, PHCA
prevailed on the disputed main issues raised by the pleadings and
proof. Accordingly, the Circuit Court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding attorneys' fees and costs to PHCA, and in
declining to award attorneys' fees and costs to P2CA, on the
basis that PHCA was the prevailing party.13/
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the
following:
(1) the December 1, 2016 "Order Granting [P2CA's]
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Against [PHCA] as to Whether
[PHCA] Had and Continues to Have a Duty to Contribute Toward the
Maintenance and Repair of the Lot 3 Roadways, Filed on
September 16, 2016";
(2) the May 25, 2018 "Findings of Fact and Conclusions
of Law";
12/
In its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, P2CA described this
issue as one of two "threshold issues," suggesting it was not the disputed
main issue in the litigation.
13/
P2CA also asserts that it was entitled to attorneys' fees under
HRS § 632-3 and Hinshaw, 103 Hawai#i at 26, 79 P.3d at 127, but makes no
discernible argument as to why that is so in these circumstances. The
argument is thus deemed waived. See HRAP Rule 28(b)(7); Hawaii Ventures, 114
Hawai#i at 478–79, 164 P.3d at 736–37.
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(3) the August 22, 2018 "Order Granting [PHCA's] Non-
Hearing Motion for an Award of Attorneys' Fees and Costs";
(4) the September 14, 2018 "Final Judgment"; and
(5) the October 24, 2018 "Order Denying [P2CA's]
Amended Non-Hearing Motion for an Award of Attorneys' Fees and
Costs."
DATED: Honolulu, Hawai#i, December 19, 2022.
On the briefs:
/s/ Keith K. Hiraoka
John A. Morris, Presiding Judge
Arlette S. Harada, and
Dan C. Oyasato
(Ekimoto & Morris) /s/ Clyde J. Wadsworth
for Plaintiff-Appellant. Associate Judge
Philip S. Nerney
(Law Offices of Philip S. /s/ Karen T. Nakasone
Nerney, LLLC) and Associate Judge
Robert P. Richards
(Myhre, Tsuchida, Richards &
Storm, AAL, ALC)
for Defendant-Appellee.
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