Gibraltar Rock v. DEP Apl of: New Hanover Twp.

[J-35A-2022 and J-35B-2022]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT

BAER, C.J., TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, JJ.

GIBRALTAR ROCK, INC. : No. 78 MAP 2021
:
: Appeal from the Order of the
v. : Commonwealth Court dated June 30,
: 2021 at No. 500 C.D. 2020 Reversing
: the Order of the Pennsylvania
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF : Environmental Hearing Board dated
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : April 24, 2020 at EHB Docket No.
: 2018-072-L. (Consolidated with
: 2018-075-L) and Remanding
APPEAL OF: NEW HANOVER TOWNSHIP :
AND PARADISE WATCHDOGS/BAN THE : ARGUED: May 18, 2022
QUARRY AND JOHN C. AUMAN :

GIBRALTAR ROCK, INC., : No. 79 MAP 2021
:
Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the
: Commonwealth Court dated June 30,
: 2021 at No. 500 C.D. 2020 Reversing
v. : the Order of the Pennsylvania
: Environmental Hearing Board dated
: April 24, 2020 at EHB Docket No.
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF : 2018-072-L. (Consolidated with
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, : 2018-075-L) and Remanding
:
Appellant : ARGUED: May 18, 2022
:

OPINION

JUSTICE DONOHUE DECIDED: December 21, 2022

This matter involves permits issued by the Department of Environmental

Protection (the Department) to Gibraltar Rock, Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation seeking

to operate a quarry on a 241-acre property in New Hanover Township (the Township).
The Environmental Hearing Board (Board) sustained an appeal of the issuance of the

permits, brought by the Township and citizens’ groups. The Board rescinded the

permits finding that their issuance was inconsistent with statutory and regulatory

requirements. The Commonwealth Court reversed the Board’s decision for reasons

that were never raised by the parties, including that the Board’s opinion effectuated an

unconstitutional taking. Based on our review, we find that the Commonwealth Court

erred in considering issues not raised by Gibraltar and then by reversing the Board’s

rescission of the permits. We therefore vacate the order of the Commonwealth Court

and remand for the Commonwealth Court to consider the issue raised in Gibraltar’s

petition for review.

Factual Background

For the past twenty years, Gibraltar worked to obtain and renew permits for

quarrying on land located on a 241-acre property in the Township. The permits include

a non-coal surface mining permit, a national pollutant discharge elimination system

permit (NPDES), and an authorization to mine (collectively, the permits). The permits

were originally issued to Gibraltar in 2005, then renewed in 2010 and 2018. 1 During

protracted litigation regarding the permits and zoning, 2 it came to light that a site directly

1 The permits were issued by the Department’s Pottsville district mining office. See
Noncoal Surface Mining Permit No. 46030301, 4/15/2005, 4/15/2010 (renewed) &
7/2/2018 (renewed); NPDES Permit No. PA0224308, 4/15/2005, 4/15/2010 (renewed) &
7/2/2018 (renewed); Noncoal Authorization to Mine No. 6794-46030301-02, 7/2/2018.
2 On April 15, 2005, the Department first issued the permits, authorizing noncoal surface
mining activities on the 241 acres. New Hanover Twp., Paradise Watchdogs/Ban the
Quarry, & John C. Auman v. DEP & Gibraltar Rock, Inc., 2020 EHB 124, 128 (¶ 13)
(Apr. 24, 2020) (citing Stipulation of Facts, 10/17/2019, ¶ 13). Notably, prior to applying
for the permits, Gibraltar filed applications for relief from zoning ordinances that would
prohibit operation of the quarry. New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 127 (¶¶ 8-10). The
(continued…)

[J-35A&B-2022] - 2
adjacent to the quarry had contributed to groundwater pollution in the area. In 2011, the

(…continued)
Township Zoning Hearing Board reviewed the permits and rejected some arguments
but granted Gibraltar a special exception for quarrying on its land with added conditions,
some of which were affirmed (e.g., a requirement that Gibraltar construct a berm before
quarrying) while others were struck down (a requirement that Gibraltar dedicate eighty
acres of its land to the Township for recreation purposes or pay over two million dollars
as a “fee in lieu of land”) on appeal. In re Gibraltar Rock, 2287 C.D. 2011, 2013 WL
5614244, *9-12 (Pa. Commw. Oct. 11, 2013) (non-precedential decision). This
application and appeal process lasted nearly a decade, a lag which necessitated
additional steps for the permitting process.

For instance, although a surface mining permit is valid for the life of the quarry and its
reclamation, it must be activated within three years of issuance. 25 Pa. Code § 77.128.
Because litigation was pending regarding the substantive validity of the ordinances and
districts in which Gibraltar would be permitted to mine, and because Gibraltar’s surface
mining permit was otherwise required to be activated by April 15, 2008, Gibraltar sought
and obtained several extensions from the Department to activate the permit. New
Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 129, ¶ 18 (citing 25 Pa. Code § 77.128(b)).

Also, in 2009, Gibraltar began to activate Permit No. 46030301 by beginning
construction. Id. at 129, ¶ 19. The Township obtained a preliminary injunction to stop
construction at the site until Gibraltar secured all zoning approvals. Because Gibraltar
had already begun construction, it sought and the Department approved a series of
temporary cessations of operations under the mining permits. Id. (citing 25 Pa. Code §
77.651(b) (requiring written application to the Department prior to “temporary cessation
of operations”)). The Township filed appeals to the Board which were partly sustained.
The Board concluded that Gibraltar may submit a mining permit renewal application if it
wanted to maintain the permit while it pursued the necessary local approvals to ensure
that the 2005 permit was still up-to-date from a noncoal surface mining regulatory
perspective. Id. at 129-30, ¶¶ 20-22 (citing New Hanover Twp. v. DEP & Gibraltar
Rock, Inc., 2014 EHB 834, 888-89 (Nov. 3, 2014)). The Board directed the Department
to notify Gibraltar of the format and contents required for the renewal application. Id.

Gibraltar filed an application for renewal of its NPDES Permit No. PA0224308 on
October 11, 2014. Id. at 130, ¶ 23. Thereafter, the Department issued instructions to
Gibraltar regarding the renewal application for its surface mining permit. On January
16, 2015, Gibraltar submitted a renewal application for its surface mining permit. Id. at
130-31, ¶ 25. After Gibraltar submitted its renewal application, the Department issued
deficiency letters requesting additional information. Among other things, the
Department sought information pertaining to groundwater contamination at the
proposed quarry site. Id. at 131-32, ¶¶ 27-34; id. at 140, ¶ 80. Gibraltar responded to
all of the requests and inquiries.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 3
Department discovered that a former industrial site, the Hoffmansville Road and vinyl

chloride site (Hoff VC site) was contaminated with hazardous substances that seeped

into the groundwater. New Hanover Twp., Paradise Watchdogs/Ban the Quarry, & John

C. Auman v. DEP & Gibraltar Rock, Inc., 2020 EHB 124, 125 (Apr. 24, 2020). Thus, the

Hoff VC site was officially designated as a cleanup site under the Pennsylvania

Hazardous Sites Cleanup Act (“HSCA”), Act of October 18, 1988, P.L. 756, 35 P.S. §§

6020.101–6020.1305. New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 125.

Notably, the Township and citizens’ groups Paradise Watchdogs and Ban the

Quarry, as well as John C. Auman (collectively, the Township) have opposed the

construction of the quarry throughout the past twenty years. They have cited various

concerns, chief among which is that quarrying will spread already-existing

contamination from the Hoff VC site.

During the permit renewal process in 2017, a draft NPDES permit was published

in the Pennsylvania Bulletin. New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 141, ¶ 86. In response,

the Township sent the Department a letter with written objections and comments,

seeking that Gibraltar provide a “fate and transport model considering 3-dimensional

groundwater flow.” Id. at 142, ¶ 88. “A fate and transport model is used to evaluate

hydrogeologic contaminant movement from a source, predicting estimated contaminant

concentration, direction, and arrival time to a selected destination while accounting for

parameters such as contaminant degradation and aquifer porosity.” Id. at 157, ¶ 184.

The Department forwarded the request to Gibraltar, which, through its technical

consultant EarthRes Group, Inc. (EarthRes), presented a fate and transport model to

the Department’s Pottsville district mining office which was reviewing the permit. Id. at

[J-35A&B-2022] - 4
142, ¶ 89. Gibraltar’s model concluded that contaminant capture due to quarry pumping

was unlikely. Id. Gibraltar also responded to the Township’s comments and objections,

provided additional information in response to the Pottsville mining office’s requests,

and submitted a reclamation bond in the amount of $1,422,935.00. Id. at 143, ¶¶ 93-97.

On July 2, 2018, the Department’s Pottsville district mining office issued the final

renewed permits. Id. at 143, ¶ 98. 3

The Township appealed to the Board, which held a week of hearings regarding

the permit renewals. The Board determined that the Department improperly issued the

permits because Gibraltar failed to affirmatively demonstrate, inter alia, that the

operation of its quarry complied with the Noncoal Surface Mining Conversion and

Reclamation Act (Noncoal Act)4 requirement that it “will not cause pollution to the waters

of the Commonwealth.” 52 P.S. § 3308(a)(3). Relying on expert testimony presented

by the Township, the Board cited the risk that quarrying activities would likely intercept

and spread contamination plumes emanating from the Hoff VC site, leading to

groundwater contamination. New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 203, ¶¶ 8-10. The Board

entered an order rescinding the permits. Board Order, 4/24/2020.

In serving its function as factfinder and arbiter of credibility, the Board made

extensive factual findings. It found that more than a dozen contaminants – some of

which can persist for more than 100 years absent remediation – continue to be present

at the Hoff VC site at levels that exceed the medium-specific concentration established

3Gibraltar’s final land development plan remained pending. New Hanover Twp., 2020
EHB at 143, ¶ 99.
4 Act of December 19, 1984, P.L. 1093, as amended 52 P.S. §§ 3301–3326.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 5
for used residential aquifers. 5 New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 145-47, ¶¶ 113-14,

122. It found that recent samplings from monitoring wells at the Hoff VC site in 2017

and 2019 uncovered the presence of previously undetected chemical contaminants. Id.

at 147, ¶ 125. The Board also found that the Department was not at that time “taking

any action” with respect to the contamination of the monitoring wells and that the

Department had “no immediate or specific plans at this time to conduct further studies

and remediation activities at the Hoff VC HSCA Site, although there is no doubt that

there will be such activities.” Id. at 149-50, ¶¶ 133-36.

The Board found that the Township’s expert geologist Toby Kessler credibly

testified to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the contamination being

detected at Gibraltar’s monitoring wells originated at the Hoff VC site and was already

moving from the Hoff VC site toward the quarry, even without any pumping. Id. at 153,

156, ¶¶ 157, 177. It also credited the testimony of Dr. Charles McLane, another expert

retained by the Township, demonstrating that quarry pumping would increase

contaminated groundwater flow from the area of the Hoff VC site toward the area of the

quarry pits. Id. at 162, ¶ 216. 6

5 The Land Recycling and Environmental Remediation Standards Act, Act of May 19,
1995, P.L. 4, as amended 35 P.S. § 6026.101–908, defines “Medium-specific
concentration” as “The concentration associated with a specified environmental medium
for potential risk exposures.” 35 P.S. § 6026.103. Section 303 describes the
requirements used to establish the medium-specific concentration of regulated
substances in groundwater in aquifers for drinking water or agriculture, as well as in
other settings. Id. § 6026.303.
6The Board observed that the Department had not conducted an analysis of how quarry
pumping would impact the remediation efforts at the Hoff VC site. New Hanover Twp.,
2020 EHB at 164, ¶ 229. Nor did the Department call any expert witnesses on this (or
any other issues) in this appeal. Id. at 158, ¶¶ 185-88. Instead, the Department relied
upon the fate and transport model prepared by EarthRes. Id.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 6
 Finally, the Board emphasized the testimony of a Department witness indicating

that he would not have issued the permits knowing what he learned from the hearing.

Id. at 166, ¶ 248. Along these lines, the Board found that the Department issued the

permits on multiple mistaken assumptions, including that contamination from the Hoff

VC site would likely never reach the quarry, id. at 155, ¶ 168, and that Gibraltar’s

system of “sentinel wells” would alert them to encroaching contamination from the Hoff

VC site in time for Gibraltar to take preventative measures or actions. Id. at 163, ¶ 222.

Because the sentinel wells were already contaminated, they could not provide an “early

warning of the spread of contamination.” Id. at 163, ¶ 225. 7

Having established the facts, the Board recounted the legal standards by which it

assesses third-party appeals. Those challenging the issuance of the permit bear the

burden of proof and must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the

Department acted contrary to the law or unreasonably or that its decision is not

supported by the facts. Id. at 167 (citing Solebury Sch. v. DEP, 2014 EHB 482, 544

(July 31, 2014); 25 Pa. Code § 1021.122(c)(2)).

The approval or denial of a permit is reviewed under 52 P.S. § 3308, which

provides in relevant part as follows:

Section 8. Permit approval or denial.

7 The Department also mistakenly assumed that the contaminated water could and
would be treated prior to its discharge to surface waters, id. at 164, ¶ 231, but the Board
found that the permits do not obligate Gibraltar to clean up contaminated groundwater
emanating from the Hoff VC site, regardless of whether quarry pumping has caused the
active migration of contaminants in the groundwater. Id. at 164, ¶ 232 (citing Noncoal
Surface Mining Permit No. 46030301C2 & C3, (Special Conditions or Requirements, ¶¶
38-39)). Nor do the permits identify a method for treating the contaminants identified
therein. Id. at 165, ¶ 240.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 7
 (a) General rule. – No permit shall be issued under this act unless
the applicant affirmatively demonstrates that:

(1) The permit application is accurate and complete and that
all requirements of this act and the regulations
promulgated hereunder have been complied with.

(2) The operation and reclamation plan contained in the
application can be accomplished as required by this act
and regulations.

(3) The operation will not cause pollution to the waters of this
Commonwealth.

(b) Other grounds for refusal to issue, renew or amend
permit. –

(1) The department shall not issue any surface mining permit
or renew or amend any permit if it finds, after
investigation and an opportunity for an informal hearing,
that:

(i) the applicant has failed and continues to fail to comply
with any of the provisions of this act of May 31, 1945
(P.L. 1198, No. 418), known as the Surface Mining
Conservation and Reclamation Act [52 P.S.
§§ 1396.1–1396.19b]; or

(ii) the applicant has shown a lack of ability or intention to
comply with any provision of this act or the Surface
Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act, as
indicated by past or continuing violations.

Any person, partnership, association or corporation that has
engaged in unlawful conduct, as defined in section 23, [52
P.S. § 3223] or that has a partner, associate, officer, parent
corporation, subsidiary corporation, contractor or
subcontractor that has engaged in such unlawful conduct
shall be denied any permit required by this act unless the
permit application demonstrates that the unlawful conduct is
being corrected to the satisfaction of the department.

52 P.S. § 3308 (a)(1)-(3), (b)(1).

[J-35A&B-2022] - 8
 Further, the Board observed that the relevant regulations, which echo the

statutory requirements, provide that a permit may not be approved unless the applicant

affirmatively demonstrates and the Department finds in writing that, inter alia,

(1) The permit application is accurate and complete and that
the requirements of the act, the environmental acts and this
chapter have been complied with.
(2) The applicant has demonstrated that the noncoal mining
activities can be reasonably accomplished as required by the
act and this chapter under the operation and reclamation
plan contained in the application.
(3) The applicant has demonstrated that there is no
presumptive evidence of potential pollution of the waters of
this Commonwealth.

25 Pa. Code § 77.126. The regulations also require a permit applicant to show that it

will “ensure the protection of the quality and quantity of surface water and

groundwater[.]” 25 Pa. Code § 77.457(a). Finally, the Board stated that the

Department’s duty to ensure that mining “can be reasonably accomplished” under 25

Pa. Code § 77.126(2) “requires it to ensure that the mining can be performed in

accordance with the law without an undue risk to health, safety, and the environment.”

New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 168-69.

Based on the extensive factual findings and applicable law, the Board concluded

that the “spread of multiple hazardous contaminants in the groundwater that would

result from Gibraltar’s quarry pumping constitutes presumptive evidence of potential

pollution that cannot be permitted consistent with the Noncoal Act. 52 P.S. § 3308(a);

25 Pa. Code § 77.126(a)(3).” Id. at 203, ¶ 8. Also, “Gibraltar has not shown that the

quarry can be operated without disturbance to the prevailing hydrologic balance, without

deleterious changes in groundwater quality, and without causing water pollution in

[J-35A&B-2022] - 9
violation of 25 Pa.Code § 77.521 and 52 P.S. § 3308(a). See also 25 Pa. Code

§ 77.457.” Id. at 203, ¶ 10. It found that the Department did not uphold its constitutional

duties as trustee of Pennsylvania’s public natural resources under Article I, Section 27 8

of the Pennsylvania Constitution because it did not “fully consider and understand the

environmental effects of” issuing the permit, and it “failed to act with prudence and

impartiality as the trustee of Pennsylvania’s public natural resources by permitting

Gibraltar’s quarry.” Id. at 204, ¶¶ 12-14. Also, the Department erred in concluding that

Gibraltar’s operations “could be reasonably accomplished in accordance with the law.”

Id. at 204, ¶¶ 15-17 (citing 52 P.S. § 3308(a)(2); 25 Pa. Code § 77.126(a)(2)). Namely,

the permit application violated the requirement that it must be “complete” in that it “does

not describe how a discharge potentially containing hazardous substances will be

treated.” Id. at 204-05 (¶¶ 18-19 (citing 52 P.S. § 3308(a)(1); 25 Pa. Code §

77.126(a)(1)).

Finally, and relevant to the only substantive challenge raised by Gibraltar on

appeal, the Board addressed the remedy:

Clearly, the Department has issued the Gibraltar permits
prematurely in light of the unanswered questions regarding
the Hoff VC site. As investigation and remediation of that

8 § 27. Natural Resources and the public estate.

The people have a right to clean air, pure water, and to the
preservation of the natural, scenic, historic and esthetic
values of the environment. Pennsylvania’s public natural
resources are the common property of all people, including
generations yet to come. As trustee of these resources, the
Commonwealth shall conserve and maintain them for the
benefit of all the people.

PA. CONST. art. I, § 27.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 10
 hazardous site evolves, it may become clear that quarrying
can be accomplished in harmony with the cleanup.
However, given the lack of any momentum on that site, we
are concerned that a remand pending HSCA activities would
drag on indefinitely, again giving rise to the staleness
concerns that required a remand in our first Adjudication.
Therefore, we will rescind the permits but without prejudice
to Gibraltar’s right to reapply for the permits if remediation of
the Hoff VC site matures to the point that it becomes
apparent that there will be no presumptive evidence of
potential pollution and quarrying will not unreasonably
interfere with the HSCA cleanup.
Id. at 201-02 (internal citations omitted). 9

Gibraltar filed an appeal to the Commonwealth Court, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 763(a)(1), 10 asserting that the Board erred in rescinding the permits rather than

remanding them to the Department. Gibraltar’s Petition for Review, 5/26/2020, ¶ 13;

Gibraltar’s Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020, at 4. Gibraltar insisted that the Board

based its remedy determination on two findings: there was a lack of momentum to clean

up the Hoff VC site and the neighboring site’s clean-up would drag on indefinitely, giving

rise to staleness concerns, which Gibraltar identified as arising out of the Board’s

Finding of Fact 133. 11 Gibraltar’s Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020, at 25-30, 31-

9 In the Board’s 2014 adjudication, it concluded that the Department abused its
discretion by providing permit extensions to Gibraltar for more than nine years “without
evaluating whether the permit which was issued in 2005 is still current and up-to-date
from a noncoal surface mining regulatory perspective.” New Hanover Twp., 2014 EHB
834, 902, ¶ 18.
10 Section 763(a)(1) provides that the Commonwealth Court “shall have exclusive
jurisdiction of appeals from final orders of government agencies[.]” 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 763(a)(1); see also PA. CONST. art. V, § 9 (providing that “[t]here shall … be a right of
appeal … from an administrative agency to a court of record or to an appellate court,
the selection of such court to be as provided by law”).
11Gibraltar refers to the Board’s Finding of Fact 133 as the basis for the Board’s faulty
conclusion. See New Hanover Twp., 2020 EHB at 149, ¶ 133 (finding that the
(continued…)

[J-35A&B-2022] - 11
35. Gibraltar stated that neither finding was supported by substantial evidence;

therefore, it urged the Commonwealth Court to reverse the decision to rescind rather

than remand the permit approvals. Id. at 29-30. Gibraltar also raised two additional

arguments. First, the Commonwealth Court should consider the Township’s “bad faith”

in withholding an expert report (that of Dr. McLane) identifying significant concerns

regarding the issuance of the permit up until the hearing before the Board. Id. at 35-40.

Second, Gibraltar urged the court to consider the enormous expense and time it had

sunk into the permitting process, complaining that forcing it to start all over would be

“manifestly unjust.” Id. at 41.

On Gibraltar’s appeal, the Commonwealth Court reversed the Board’s order and

remanded the matter with instructions to the Department to direct Gibraltar on what it

must do to obtain mining permits. Gibraltar Rock, Inc. v. DEP, 258 A.3d 572, 581-82

(Pa. Commw. 2021). The court faulted the Board for basing its decision on the

Department’s conduct at the Hoff VC site rather than on the substance of Gibraltar’s

renewal application. Gibraltar Rock, 258 A.3d at 581-84. In support, the court relied on

Section 24 of the Noncoal Act which it interpreted as “authoriz[ing] the repeal of mining

permits[,]” only where the repeal relates to the terms of the Act and its regulations. Id.

at 581-82. It faulted the Board for rescinding the permits on the basis of the

Department’s action, or inaction, under another statute (presumably the HSCA) and

relating to another property.

(…continued)
Department “has no immediate or specific plans at this time to conduct further studies
and remediation activities at the Hoff VC HSCA site, although there is no doubt that
there will be such activities”).

[J-35A&B-2022] - 12
 Next, the court found that based on the Board’s adjudication, Gibraltar “cannot

pursue the lawful use of its land for the operation of a rock quarry” unless and until the

Department remediates the Hoff VC site. Id. at 582. By so conditioning the permit, the

Board effected a taking of Gibraltar Rock’s lawful use of its land without due process of

law. Id. at 583 (citing PBS Coals, Inc. v. Dep’t of Transp., 244 A.3d 396, 398 (Pa. 2021)

(providing that a de facto taking applies to “any governmental action that interferes with

property rights”)).

Further, and again sua sponte, the court addressed how the Board’s adjudication

was not in harmony with Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. It

explained that Gibraltar’s permit established an agreement to remediate groundwater

pollution of the Hoff VC site to the extent that the contaminants migrate to Gibraltar’s

land. However, without a permit, Gibraltar could not be called upon to participate in the

remediation efforts. The court stated that “[l]osing Gibraltar’s participation in the

cleanup of contaminated groundwater itself may work a harm on the environment,” thus

violating Article I, Section 27. Id. at 584. Therefore, the court reversed the Board’s

order rescinding Gibraltar’s mining permits and remanded the matter to the Board with

instructions to return the matter to the Department “to direct Gibraltar Rock, Inc. on what

it must do to obtain mining permits pursuant to the [Noncoal Act], … and its regulations

as provided in [its] opinion.” Id.

[J-35A&B-2022] - 13
Analysis

The Department 12 and the Township (collectively Appellants) sought this Court’s

review, asserting that the Commonwealth Court exceeded its authority by sua sponte

addressing issues not raised by Gibraltar in its petition for review and that the

Commonwealth Court erred in reversing the Board’s order. Appellants also contest the

constitutionality of the permit. This Court granted review to address multiple issues

raised in the petitions for allowance of appeal. 13 Based on our review, we conclude that

12 In its brief to the Commonwealth Court, the Department stated that it accepted the
Board’s adverse determination and therefore did not seek review. Department’s
Commonwealth Court Brief, 10/5/2020, at 13. The Department wrote solely to contest
Gibraltar’s characterization of the Commonwealth Court’s scope and standard of review.
13 The order granting the appeal listed the following questions:

1. Whether the Commonwealth Court’s decision conflicts
with prior Supreme Court decisions that a permit cannot be
issued unless it meets the criteria set forth in the applicable
statutes?

2. Whether the Commonwealth Court erred in remanding the
permits, when the permit applicant could not prove the
requirements set forth by the governing statutes for permit
issuance in the first place?

3. Whether the permit in this case violates the Pennsylvania
Constitution Article 1 section 27?

4. Did the Commonwealth Court exceed its authority in
addressing legal questions Sua Sponte in an appeal that
raised the narrow issue of whether the EHB’s remedy was
supported by substantial evidence?

5. Did the Commonwealth Court err in concluding that the
environmental hearing board’s rescission of a permit rather
than remand to DEP constituted a De Facto taking?

(continued…)

[J-35A&B-2022] - 14
the Commonwealth Court erred in considering issues not raised by Gibraltar and then

by reversing the Board’s rescission of the permits. We therefore vacate the order of the

Commonwealth Court and remand for consideration of the issue actually presented in

Gibraltar’s petition for review.

Our starting point for this analysis is the Board’s uncontested determination that

Gibraltar failed to satisfy the permitting requirements established in the Noncoal Act and

the associated regulations, e.g., 52 P.S. § 3308(a); 25 Pa. Code §§ 77.126(a), 77.521.

The statute is clear that “no permit shall be issued” unless the applicant affirmatively

demonstrates that it meets the statutory requirements. 52 P.S. § 3308(a). The Board

determined that this permit should not have been issued because Gibraltar failed to

meet its burden of satisfying the criteria in the applicable statutes. As to the Board’s

conclusion that the permits were issued in error because Gibraltar did not show that the

quarry could be operated without spreading multiple hazardous contaminants in the

groundwater and without deleterious changes in groundwater quality, New Hanover

Twp., 2020 EHB at 203, ¶¶ 8, 10, neither Gibraltar nor the Department appealed. They

(…continued)
6. Did the Commonwealth Court contradict Supreme Court
decisions regarding the department’s duties under Article I,
Section 27 of the Pennsylvania Constitution?

7. Did the Commonwealth Court err in interpreting the
noncoal surface mining act to preclude permit rescission
where the environmental hearing board concluded renewal
requirements were not met?

8. Did Commonwealth Court err in failing to acknowledge the
role [sic] Pennsylvania remediation statutes in any
remediation of a hazardous site in its remand order?

Gibraltar Rock, Inc. v. DEP, 266 A.3d 442, 443 (Pa. 2021) (re-numbered).

[J-35A&B-2022] - 15
did not dispute the legal premise that Gibraltar, as the applicant, was required to comply

with the statutory permitting mandates; nor did they challenge the finding that Gibraltar

failed at the administrative hearing to rebut the Township’s evidence that it failed to

meet the applicable statutory requirements for a permit to be issued.

Instead, when Gibraltar appealed to the Commonwealth Court, it only challenged

the propriety of the Board’s decision to rescind rather than remand the permit to the

Department for further proceedings. Gibraltar’s Petition for Review, 5/26/2020, ¶ 13;

Gibraltar’s Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020, at 29-30. Pursuant to the

Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, an appellate brief must raise the questions

involved, and no questions will be considered unless stated in the “statement of the

questions involved.” Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). The Note to the Rule explains that the

statement of questions should be drafted “with sufficient specificity to enable the

reviewing court to readily identify the issues to be resolved[.]” Pa.R.A.P. 2116 Note. In

the Commonwealth Court, Gibraltar’s “statement of the questions involved”14 and its

brief solely advanced a challenge that the Board’s determination to rescind was based

14 STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION INVOLVED

SHOULD THE ORDER OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
HEARING BOARD BE REVERSED AND GIBRALTAR
ROCK'S APPROVALS REMANDED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
TERMS OF THE ADJUDICATION BECAUSE THE BOARD
ABUSED ITS DISCRETION RESCINDING THE
APPROVALS RATHER THAN REMANDING THEM TO THE
DEPARTMENT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS?

Gibraltar’s Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020, at 4.

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on two findings of fact that were not supported by substantial evidence: (1) the

Department had no immediate or specific plans to conduct further studies or

remediation activities at the Hoff VC site (i.e., Finding of Fact 133); and (2) there was a

lack of momentum at the Hoff VC site. Gibraltar’s Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020,

at 29. 15

Yet, when the Commonwealth Court reversed the order of the Board, it did not

address whether there was substantial evidence to support the two findings as Gibraltar

had urged. Instead, the court pursued three unique theories, finding that the Board

erred in rescinding the permits based on the Department’s actions rather than

Gibraltar’s; that the Board’s decision effectuated an unconstitutional taking; and that the

Board’s decision may have worked a harm on the environment in violation of Article I,

Section 27. Gibraltar Rock, 258 A.3d at 581-84.

Appellants urge that the Commonwealth Court exceeded its authority. The

Department characterizes Gibraltar’s petition for review as being a “request for limited

review,” and it views the Commonwealth Court as having inserted three significant

issues sua sponte. This, according to the Department, violated “[l]ongstanding judicial

practice and precedent [which] prohibits an appellate court from reversing a judgment

on a basis that was not raised and preserved by the parties.” Department’s Brief at 16.

It draws attention to this Court’s decision in Danville Area School District v. Danville

Area Education Ass’n., 754 A.2d 1255 (Pa. 2000), where we held that sua sponte

consideration of issues deprives counsel of the opportunity to brief and argue issues

15 Although the statement of the question is couched in terms of the Board’s abuse of
discretion, Gibraltar’s argument was premised on the error that the Board’s recitation of
the permits was not “based on substantial evidence.”

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and “disturbs the process of an orderly judicial decision making.” Department’s Brief at

17 (citing Danville, 754 A.2d at 1259). The Department explains that the

Commonwealth Court’s sua sponte invocation of Section 24 of the Noncoal Act “is a

critical example of the danger” of this practice. Id. at 21-22 (citing 52 P.S. § 3324). The

parties never had the opportunity to address Section 24, which, according to the

Department, does not apply to review of permit applications submitted after March 17,

1990. Id. Further, the Department stresses that the Commonwealth Court failed to

address the one question Gibraltar raised. Id. at 22.

The Township likewise asserts that the Commonwealth Court erroneously

invoked issues sua sponte. The Township compares this case to Commonwealth ex

rel. Robinson by Robinson v. Robinson, 478 A.2d 800 (Pa. 1984), in which this Court

found that “the Superior Court exceeded the proper scope of appellate review by

reviewing the record independently of the issues raised by the parties.” Township’s

Brief at 36-38 (citing Robinson, 478 A.2d at 804). 16

For its part, Gibraltar tactfully acknowledges that the “Commonwealth Court likely

put more on paper than was needed.” Gibraltar’s Brief at 32. Gibraltar does not defend

16 Widener University Commonwealth Law School Environmental Law and
Sustainability Center together with Citizens for Pennsylvania’s Future, Delaware
Riverkeeper Network, Green Amendments for the Generations, and Clean Air Council
submit an amicus brief in support of Appellants. They focus on the Board’s
determination that the permits violated the Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution, and they urge this Court to affirm that constitutional analysis. Widener
Amicus Brief at 10. The Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors
submit an amicus brief in support of the Township, arguing in support of the Board’s
determination to rescind the permits. Township Supervisors Amicus Brief at 10. The
Township Supervisors, like the Township, suggest that rescission was the only remedy
available to the Board in this scenario. Id.; Township’s Brief at 23 (arguing that once it
is determined that a permit should not have been issued, it must be rescinded).

[J-35A&B-2022] - 18
the Commonwealth Court’s analysis, but instead proposes that “the prudential result”

would be for this Court to “affirm the Commonwealth Court’s order for the narrower

reasons” Gibraltar raised and “abrogate unneeded discussion in the opinion below.” Id.

(citing EQT Prod. Co. v. DEP, 181 A.3d 1128 (Pa. 2018)). Gibraltar alternatively

suggests that the Court could categorize certain aspects of the Commonwealth Court’s

opinion as non-binding dicta and dismiss the matter as improvidently granted. Id. at 33

n.36.

These arguments require this Court to address the scope of Gibraltar’s appeal

before the Commonwealth Court, starting with well-established principles of issue

preservation, to determine whether the Commonwealth Court exceeded its authority by

addressing issues that were not raised on appeal. 17 An appellate court must address

an appeal as it is filed and generally may not raise an issue sua sponte. 18 “An appellate

court … can only pass upon the legal question involved in any case which comes before

it[.]” Francis v. Neville Twp., 92 A.2d 892, 894 (Pa. 1952). “We have held on numerous

occasions that where the parties fail to preserve an issue for appeal, [an appellate court]

may not address the issue, even if the disposition of the trial court was fundamentally

wrong.” Knarr v. Erie Ins. Exch., 723 A.2d 664, 666 (Pa. 1999).

17 This issue of the authority of the Commonwealth Court to address certain issues is a
legal one over which our review is plenary. See similarly Commonwealth v. Bishop, 217
A.3d 833 (Pa. 2019) (providing that review of waiver issue is plenary).
18 The common exceptions to this rule – subject matter jurisdiction and sentencing
legality – do not apply here. See Bisher v. Lehigh Valley Health Network, Inc., 265 A.3d
383, 399 (Pa. 2021) (“The lack of jurisdiction of the subject matter may be raised at any
time and may be raised by the court sua sponte if necessary.”); see also
Commonwealth v. Foster, 17 A.3d 332, 352 (Pa. 2011) (Castile, C.J., concurring) (“A
classic claim of sentencing ‘legality’ is obvious, undeniable, and capable of even
administration, so much so that the claim may be raised sua sponte.”).

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 In Knarr, for instance, the trial court calculated an award arising out of an

automobile collision with citation to the Uniform Arbitration Act of 1927. Id. at 665.

When Erie Insurance appealed, it raised multiple issues but did not challenge the

applicability of the Uniform Arbitration Act of 1927. Notwithstanding Erie’s waiver, the

Superior Court sua sponte determined that a more recent version of the Uniform

Arbitration Act (the “Act of 1980”) applied, and it reversed on that basis. Id. at 666. On

review, this Court held that addressing the Act of 1980 sua sponte was “clear error” on

the part of the Superior Court, “regardless of the accuracy of [its] legal analysis.” Id.

One year later, we confirmed that this general precept extends to constitutional

errors. Danville, 754 A.2d at 1259. In Danville, a retired teacher sought the benefit of a

legislative retirement incentive enacted after her retirement. Id. at 1257. Before an

arbitrator and the trial court, the primary dispute concerned the meaning of “years of

service,” with the arbitrator holding and the trial court affirming that the term

encompassed time spent in military service or on maternity leave such that the retired

teacher was entitled to the benefit of the retirement incentive. Id. at 1258. The School

District appealed to the Commonwealth Court, still focusing on the meaning of the

disputed term. The Commonwealth Court sua sponte raised the issue of an

unconstitutional impairment of contract and reversed the award on that basis. Id. We

found that the Commonwealth Court “did not have the power to raise the

constitutionality of the award” sua sponte, relying on the “jurisprudential tenet that a

court will consider only the controversies preserved by the litigants[.]” Id. at 1259. We

explained that this tenet applies even to constitutional errors, citing our decision from

Wiegand v. Wiegand, 337 A.2d 256 (Pa. 1976) in the following passage:

[J-35A&B-2022] - 20
 In a unanimous decision, our court held that the Superior
Court, by sua sponte deciding the constitutionality of the
Divorce Law, when the constitutionality of the provisions in
question was never questioned by the parties either in the
trial court or in their briefs to the Superior Court, exceeded
its proper appellate function of deciding controversies
presented to it. The policy reasons expressed by our court
twenty-five years ago behind prohibiting the sua sponte
raising of issues by an appellate court to reverse a judgment
are as valid today as then. Sua sponte consideration of
issues disturbs the process of orderly judicial decision
making. A reviewing court addressing an issue on its own
deprives counsel of the opportunity to brief and argue the
issues and the court the benefit of counsel’s advocacy.
[Wiegand, 337 A.2d at 257]. It renders the lower
proceedings a mere dress rehearsal for further appellate
review.

Danville, 754 A.2d at 1259 (citing Wiegand, 337 A.2d at 257-58).

This reasoning applies with equal force to the three issues raised sua sponte by

the Commonwealth Court in the instant matter. Here, when it appealed to the

Commonwealth Court, Gibraltar raised only the issue of whether the determination to

rescind the permits was supported by substantial evidence. Yet, the Commonwealth

Court reversed the Board for three reasons not raised by Gibraltar.

First, the Commonwealth Court addressed the Board’s focus on the

Department’s conduct rather than Gibraltar’s and relied on Section 24 of the Noncoal

Act. Gibraltar did not invoke Section 24 of the Noncoal Act. More to the point, Gibraltar

did not challenge the Board’s finding that its quarry operation could not be permitted

consistent with the Noncoal Act. Nor did it claim that the Board erred in rescinding the

permits based on the Department’s inaction rather than focusing on Gibraltar’s action or

inaction. Instead, Gibraltar narrowly contested the Board’s finding that the

Department’s Hoff VC site remediation efforts lacked direction and momentum. It simply

sought to demonstrate that the Board got these facts wrong. See Gibraltar’s

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Commonwealth Court Brief, 9/4/2020, at 29-30 (arguing that there was “no substantial

evidence of [r]ecord” to support the Finding of Fact 133). The Commonwealth Court’s

sua sponte invocation and reliance on Section 24 of the Noncoal Act, 52 P.S. § 3324,

deprived the parties of the opportunity to address Section 24 and raise arguments that it

has no applicability to the present circumstances, arguments that would have otherwise

been made in the course of normal briefing. This sua sponte invocation of an issue to

support reversal of the Board violated basic precepts of issue preservation and the

Commonwealth Court’s authorized scope of review.

Likewise, the Commonwealth Court exceeded its authority when it sua sponte

addressed the two constitutional issues – i.e., that the “Board effected a taking …

without due process of law” and that “the Board’s adjudication is not consonant” with

Article I, Section 27. Gibraltar, 258 A.3d at 582-84. Because these issues were never

preserved or raised on appeal, the Commonwealth Court should not have raised and

considered them sua sponte. Danville, 754 A.2d at 1260.

Finally, we decline to address Gibraltar’s alternative argument that the Board’s

rescission of the Permits was based on facts not “supported by substantial evidence.”

Instead, we remand for the Commonwealth Court to address that issue in the first

instance.

Having determined that the Commonwealth Court erred in resolving the appeal

based on its independent consideration and analysis of constitutional and statutory

issues, the order of the Commonwealth Court is hereby vacated, and the matter is

remanded to the Commonwealth Court.

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 Chief Justice Todd and Justices Dougherty, Wecht, Mundy and Brobson join the

opinion.

The Late Chief Justice Baer did not participate in the decision of this matter.

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