NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 17 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
KIM JACKSON, No. 22-15622
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
3:20-cv-00288-RCJ-CLB
v.
CHRIS DUTRA; et al., MEMORANDUM*
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Nevada
Robert Clive Jones, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 7, 2023
Phoenix, Arizona
Before: HAWKINS, GRABER, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff Kim Jackson appeals the district court’s order granting summary
judgment to Officer Dutra, Officer Dejesus, and Sergeant Edmonson of the Sparks,
Nevada Police Department. The order dismissed Jackson’s claims for unlawful
seizure, false arrest, and excessive force. Jackson timely appealed, and we have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo, Bark v. U.S. Forest
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Serv., 958 F.3d 865, 869 (9th Cir. 2020); and we affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand.
Jackson argues that Defendants lacked probable cause to arrest her for
attempted child endangerment because the crime of “attempt” requires a specific
intent, which she argues is absent here. We need not decide this question of
Nevada law because a reasonable police officer in Defendants’ position could have
concluded that there was probable cause to suspect that Jackson had committed the
crime of attempted child endangerment, and qualified immunity protects an officer
from suit “when he makes a reasonable mistake of law . . . .” Lacey v. Maricopa
County, 693 F.3d 896, 915 (9th Cir. 2012). Therefore, all three Defendants were
entitled to qualified immunity as to Jackson’s unlawful seizure and false arrest
claims. We affirm the dismissal of those claims.
Defendants Dutra and Dejesus argue that they were entitled to use force to
effectuate Jackson’s arrest, and also entitled to use force in their community
caretaking capacity, when Jackson appeared to attempt to climb over a second-
floor railing. Police officers are permitted to use force both to effectuate an arrest
and, in their community caretaking capacity, to address an ongoing emergency.
Ames v. King County, 846 F.3d 340, 348–49 (9th Cir. 2017). In the latter case,
their actions must meet the overarching standard of “reasonableness.” See
Miranda v. City of Cornelius, 429 F.3d 858, 863 (9th Cir. 2005). Officers may not
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continue to use force once an individual is subdued and no longer resisting. See
Hyde v. City of Willcox, 23 F.4th 863, 871 (9th Cir. 2022) (finding use of taser
excessive where plaintiff “had effectively stopped resisting”); Jones v. Las Vegas
Metro. Police Dep’t, 873 F.3d 1123, 1130 (9th Cir. 2017) (noting that “[a]s the
situation evolved, . . . the justification for the use of force waned” when a suspect
was subdued and on the ground after being tased); Drummond ex rel. Drummond v.
City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2003) (concluding that “some force
was surely justified in restraining Drummond so that he could not injure either
himself or the arresting officers,” but noting that only a “minimal amount . . . was
warranted”); Watkins v. City of Oakland, 145 F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 1998)
(holding that, when an arrestee was “recoiling from the pain” and “obviously
helpless” before he was handcuffed, allowing a police dog to continue attacking
him constituted excessive force).
Here, Officers Dutra and Dejesus acted reasonably when they grabbed
Jackson to prevent her from climbing over the second-floor railing. Their use of
force remained reasonable as Jackson resisted and they attempted to handcuff her
and move her away from the railing. But the officers continued to pull Jackson’s
arms in opposite directions even after they had moved her away from the railing.
A question of fact exists as to when Jackson ceased resisting and whether the
officers’ use of force continued after the emergency had ended. If Officers Dutra
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and Dejesus used more force than necessary once Jackson had been subdued, then
under clearly established Ninth Circuit caselaw, their use of force was excessive.
See Hyde, 23 F.4th at 871; Jones, 873 F.3d at 1130; Drummond, 343 F.3d at 1059;
Watkins, 145 F.3d at 1090. Therefore, we reverse the entry of summary judgment
as to Jackson’s excessive force claims against Officers Dutra and Dejesus.
Jackson also alleges that Sergeant Edmonson is subject to supervisory
liability for the actions of Officers Dutra and Dejesus. Vicarious liability does not
exist under § 1983, and a supervisor may be held liable for the actions of
subordinates only where there exists “a sufficient causal connection between the
supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Jeffers v. Gomez,
267 F.3d 895, 915 (9th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (internal citation omitted). No such
causal connection exists between Sergeant Edmonson’s alleged actions and
Officers Dutra and Dejesus’s alleged use of excessive force. Therefore, we affirm
the dismissal of all claims against Sergeant Edmonson.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED. The
parties shall each bear their own costs on appeal.
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