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official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: March 21, 2023
S23A0110. MEADOWS v. THE STATE.
ELLINGTON, Justice.
Roden Meadows appeals his convictions for murder,
aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony arising from the fatal shooting of Jason
Williams. 1 On appeal, Meadows contends that the evidence was
1The crimes occurred on May 15, 2018. On August 14, 2018, Meadows
was indicted by a DeKalb County grand jury for malice murder (Count 1);
felony murder (Count 2); aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 3);
and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 4). In
August 2019, a jury found Meadows guilty on all counts. On September 10,
2019, the trial court sentenced Meadows to life imprisonment on Count 1 and
a consecutive 5-year sentence on Count 4 and purported to both merge Count
3 into Count 1 and also impose a 20-year sentence on Count 3 to run concurrent
with Count 1. Count 2 was vacated by operation of law. See Malcolm v. State,
263 Ga. 369, 372 (4) (434 SE2d 479) (1993). Meadows filed a motion for a new
trial on October 4, 2019, which was amended by new counsel on March 22,
2021. After both the State and Meadows waived an evidentiary hearing, the
trial court denied the motion for new trial on June 24, 2022. Meadows filed a
timely notice of appeal. The case was docketed in this Court to the term
beginning in December 2022 and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
constitutionally insufficient and that this Court should exercise its
authority under OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 as the “thirteenth juror”
and grant him a new trial. He also argues that the trial court erred
in three instances by failing to rebuke the prosecutor for making
improper and prejudicial statements during closing arguments. We
conclude that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Meadows’s
convictions and that this Court does not have authority under the
cited statutory law to sit as the “thirteenth juror.” We also conclude
that Meadows failed to preserve his challenges to two of the
prosecutor’s statements during closing arguments, and with respect
to the third instance, even if the trial court erred by failing to rebuke
the prosecutor, any error was harmless. Although not raised by
Meadows on appeal, we have identified in the record a merger error
related to the sentence the trial court entered on Count 3 of the
indictment. Because we cannot resolve this sentencing issue based
on the record before us, we vacate the merger of and sentence on
Count 3 and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.
1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the
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evidence presented at trial showed the following. On the day of the
crimes, Meadows and an unidentified male met Williams in the
parking lot of a DeKalb County grocery store. The three men left the
grocery store parking lot in a blue sedan driven by the unidentified
male, with Meadows seated in the front passenger seat and Williams
seated in the rear seat on the passenger’s side. The three men drove
to a nearby gas station, where Meadows went inside the store to
make a purchase, leaving the driver and Williams inside the car.
While Meadows was in the store, the driver stood near the rear of
the car and pumped gas until Meadows returned, spoke to the
driver, and remained at the rear of the car pumping gas while the
driver returned to the car. Meanwhile, Williams got out of the car
and walked into the store. When Williams went in the store,
Meadows walked around the car to the rear passenger side where
Williams had been seated and looked inside the car. Meadows then
finished pumping the gas and returned to the front passenger seat.
Williams returned to the car after a few minutes, got into the back
seat, again sitting behind Meadows, and within 20 seconds of
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returning to the car, Williams was shot in the chest. After he was
shot, Williams opened the car door and ran a short distance before
he fell to the ground as Meadows and the unidentified driver sped
away with the car’s rear passenger door still open. Williams died at
the scene.
Police were able to identify Meadows as one of the men inside
the car at the time of the shooting based on video surveillance and
evidence that Meadows’s debit card and PIN number were used
inside the gas station minutes before the shooting. Investigators also
discovered on Williams’s cellular phone an exchange of 36 text
messages with a telephone number ending in “2483” on the day of
the shooting. In this exchange, Williams’s phone received messages
about a plan to meet at the DeKalb County grocery store to conduct
a financial transaction. Just before 4:00 p.m. on the day of the
crimes, Williams’s phone received a final text message from the
phone number ending in “2483” stating, “Pulling in” to the grocery
store parking lot.
After the shooting, a police officer interviewed Marcus Chivers,
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Meadows’s step-brother. Chivers told the officer that Meadows
owned a .40-caliber pistol that looked similar to the officer’s Glock
pistol. During the search of Meadows’s residence, investigators
discovered a box of .40-caliber hollow-point Winchester bullets in
Meadows’s bedroom. At trial, GBI forensic firearms expert testified
that the bullet recovered from Williams’s body was a .40-caliber
hollow-point bullet fired from a Smith & Wesson pistol. She stated
the bullet could have been manufactured by Winchester or
Remington, but her analysis was inconclusive on the exact
manufacturer.
The medical examiner testified that Williams died as the result
of a single gunshot wound from a .40-caliber bullet. An autopsy
revealed an entrance and exit wound on Williams’s forearm and an
atypical entrance wound to the left side of Williams’s chest, the
shape of which indicated the bullet had passed through an object
prior to entering Williams’s chest. Based on the trajectory of the
bullet and characteristics of the wounds, the medical examiner
opined that a single bullet entered Williams’s forearm, exited the
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forearm, and entered his chest. The medical examiner testified that
she believed Williams was shot while in a defensive position with
his arm raised in front of his body, and based on the absence of soot
or stippling near the wounds, that the bullet was fired from a
distance of at least three to four feet.
2. Meadows contends that the evidence was constitutionally
insufficient to support his convictions for malice murder and
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. We
disagree.
When evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence as a matter of
federal constitutional due process, we view the evidence presented
at trial in the light most favorable to the verdicts and consider
whether it was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes of
which he was convicted. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319
(III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979); Moore v. State, 311 Ga.
506, 508 (2) (858 SE2d 676) (2021). This “limited review leaves to
the jury the resolution of conflicts in the evidence, the weight of the
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evidence, the credibility of witnesses, and reasonable inferences to
be made from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Rich v. State, 307 Ga.
757, 759 (1) (a) (838 SE2d 255) (2020) (citation and punctuation
omitted).
Meadows asserts that the evidence presented at trial pointed
to the driver being responsible for shooting Williams and that he
was merely present in the car when Williams was shot. In support
of this argument, Meadows points to the medical examiner’s
testimony that no gun powder or stippling was found on Williams’s
body and that, in her opinion, the gun used to shoot Williams was
fired from three to four feet away. Meadows argues that this
evidence shows it was highly unlikely that Meadows shot Williams
from the front passenger seat.
When properly viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdicts, however, the evidence presented at trial showed that
Meadows and the unidentified driver actively arranged to meet
Williams at a designated parking lot, and the three men then drove
to a gas station, where the driver and Meadows conversed and
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pumped gas while Williams went into the store. When Williams
returned to the car, someone inside the car, either Meadows or the
unidentified driver, shot Williams using a .40-caliber pistol loaded
with .40-caliber hollow-point bullets manufactured by either
Winchester or Remington. Meadows then fled the scene with the
driver of the car, without rendering any aid or assistance to
Williams. In addition, the evidence showed that Meadows was
known to own a .40-caliber pistol like the one used in the shooting
and .40-caliber hollow-point Winchester bullets were discovered by
police in Meadows’s bedroom. That evidence was sufficient for the
jury to find Meadows guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of malice
murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony as either a direct participant or, if the driver was the actual
shooter, as Meadows contends, as a party to the crimes. See Jackson,
443 U. S. at 319 (III) (B); OCGA § 16-2-20 (b) (3) and (4) (a person is
a party to a crime if he “aids or abets in the commission of the crime”
or intentionally “advises, encourages, hires, counsels, or procures
another to commit the crime”); Williams v. State, 313 Ga. 325, 328
8
(1) (869 SE2d 389) (2022) (conviction as a party to the crime requires
evidence of common intent and may be inferred from “presence,
companionship, and conduct before, during, and after the offense”)
(citation and punctuation omitted); Rawls v. State, 310 Ga. 209, 218-
219 (4) (a) (850 SE2d 90) (2020) (fact that a suspect fled the scene of
the crime points to the question of guilt in a circumstantial manner).
3. Meadows next argues that the State failed to prove the .40-
caliber bullets found in his bedroom were from the same
manufacturer as the bullets used in the shooting, and therefore, this
Court should exercise its discretion as the thirteenth juror under
OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 2 and grant him a new trial. This
argument has no merit, however, because the text of the statute
makes clear that this Court does not have authority to grant a
motion for new trial based on OCGA §§ 5-5-20 or 5-5-21, a conclusion
2 The grounds set forth in OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 authorize “the trial
judge to sit as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and to exercise his or her discretion to weigh
the evidence on a motion for new trial alleging these general grounds.” State v.
Holmes, 304 Ga. 524, 531 (3) (820 SE2d 26) (2018). Under these provisions, a
trial judge, not the appellate courts, may grant a new trial if the trial judge
concludes the verdict of the jury is “contrary to . . . the principles of justice and
equity,” OCGA § 5-5-20, or the verdict is “decidedly and strongly against the
weight of the evidence.” OCGA § 5-5-21.
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that our well-established case law confirms. See, e.g., Henderson v.
State, 304 Ga. 733, 734 (2) (822 SE2d 228) (2018) (rejecting
appellant’s request to grant a new trial based on OCGA §§ 5-5-20
and 5-5-21 because appellate courts “have no authority to grant such
a request”); Willis v. State, 263 Ga. 597, 598 (1) (436 SE2d 204)
(1993) (whether to grant a new trial under OCGA § 5-5-21 is solely
in the discretion of the trial court; an appellate court does not have
the same discretion).
4. During closing arguments, the prosecutor, in three separate
instances, made statements which prompted defense counsel to
object on the ground that the statements were improper and highly
prejudicial. On appeal, Meadows asserts that the trial court
committed reversible error when it sustained his objections but
failed to rebuke, or sufficiently rebuke, the prosecutor. We disagree
in each of the challenged instances.
Under OCGA § 17-8-75,
[w]here counsel in the hearing of the jury makes
statements of prejudicial matters which are not in
evidence, it is the duty of the court to interpose and
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prevent the same. On objection made, the court shall also
rebuke the counsel and by all needful and proper
instructions to the jury endeavor to remove the improper
impression from their minds; or, in his discretion, he may
order a mistrial if the prosecuting attorney is the offender.
“A trial court has broad discretion when responding to an alleged
violation of OCGA § 17-8-75,” Parker v. State, 276 Ga. 598, 599 (3)
(581 SE2d 7) (2003), and any error in “not fulfilling its duty under
OCGA § 17-8-75 is subject to harmless error analysis.” Stephens v.
State, 307 Ga. 731, 734 (1) (a) n.4 (838 SE2d 275) (2020).
(a) During closing argument, Meadows objected and moved for
a mistrial based on the prosecutor’s argument referencing trial
evidence showing that Meadows was known to carry a .40-caliber
pistol, .40-caliber bullets were found in his bedroom, and the gun
used to shoot Williams was not found. Meadows argued this
statement was improper because evidence related to a .40-caliber
pistol investigators found during a search of Meadows’s car was
determined by the trial court in pre-trial proceedings to be
inadmissible at trial. Following Meadows’s objection, the trial court
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and the parties engaged in a long colloquy outside the presence of
the jury, after which, defense counsel withdrew his motion for
mistrial and the court sustained Meadows’s objection. The trial
court then stated it would instruct the jury to disregard the
prosecutor’s statements about the fact that the gun used in the
shooting was not presented as evidence at trial, and defense counsel
agreed, stating, “Yes, judge, that’s what I would ask.” When the jury
returned to the court room, the court instructed the jury that
Meadows’s objection was sustained, that closing arguments are not
evidence, and that they should disregard the prosecutor’s
statements about the absence of the gun.
Under these circumstances, we need not determine whether
the trial court erred by failing to rebuke the prosecutor because the
trial court gave the agreed upon curative jury instructions, after
which Meadows failed to request any additional relief. Having
acquiesced to the remedy fashioned by the trial court, Meadows
cannot complain about the trial court’s failure to further rebuke the
prosecutor. See Stephens, 307 Ga. at 733-734 (1) (a) (“Where the
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objection to the prejudicial matter is sustained, the court has no duty
to rebuke counsel or give curative instructions unless specifically
requested by the defendant.”) (citation and punctuation omitted);
Ingram v. State, 290 Ga. 500, 503-504 (2) (722 SE2d 714) (2012) (“A
party cannot complain of a judgment, order, or ruling that his own
conduct produced or aided in causing.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted); Parker, 276 Ga. at 599 (3) (“A trial court’s ruling will not
be reversed for failing to go further than the objecting party
requests.”).
(b) Meadows also contends the trial court erred when it failed
to rebuke the prosecutor after she stated in closing argument that
the State had been unable to retrieve the contents of certain
electronic devices investigators discovered in Meadows’s bedroom
and that if investigators had found any evidence in the devices, it
would have been presented to the jury. These statements were made
in response to defense counsel’s argument that the State had failed
to properly investigate the crimes or connect the electronic devices
to Meadows. Pretermitting whether this argument was improper
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under OCGA § 17-8-75, a trial court has no duty to rebuke a
prosecutor unless specifically requested by the defendant. See
Cheley v. State, 299 Ga. 88, 95 (5) (786 SE2d 642) (2016) (“[I]t is well
established that a trial court has no duty to rebuke a prosecutor
under [OCGA § 17-8-75] unless specifically requested by the
defendant.”); Woodham v. State, 263 Ga. 580 (1) (a) (439 SE2d 471)
(1993) (“trial court has no duty to rebuke counsel or give curative
instructions unless specifically requested by the defendant”). Here,
Meadows’s objection to the prosecutor’s comment about the
electronic devices was sustained, and Meadows did not ask the court
to rebuke the prosecutor or for any other corrective action.
Accordingly, the trial court, in this instance, had no duty to rebuke
the prosecutor.
(c) Finally, Meadows asserts the trial court erred by failing to
rebuke the prosecutor for improperly commenting on Meadows’s
right to remain silent during closing arguments. The record shows
that during this portion of the State’s closing, the prosecutor argued,
based on reasonable inferences from the evidence, that Meadows
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was the person who texted Williams and arranged to meet him in
the grocery store parking lot and that Meadows knew the driver of
the blue sedan. The prosecutor stated:
How did the person, the driver, know to come and pick up
Mr. Meadows and the victim? Somebody had to have
contacted this person, reasonably, right? Unless they’re
saying it’s an Uber driver . . . people don’t, normally, sit
in the front seat of a car of a person that they don’t know.
But they do with a person that they do know. They also
don’t normally pay for gas for people they don’t know. But
they do for people that they do know.
They also don’t go around the other side and help pump
gas in the blue sedan for people they don’t know. But they
do for people that they do know. So it’s reasonable to
assume [Meadows] knew who the driver was and knows
who the driver is of that blue sedan.
Defense counsel objected on the ground that the State was
commenting on Meadows’s right to remain silent and asked that the
court admonish the prosecutor in front of the jury and give a charge
on a defendant’s choice not to testify. The trial court sustained the
objection and charged the jury that closing arguments are not
evidence, that a defendant does not have to present any evidence nor
testify, and that if a defendant chooses not to testify, the jury was
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not to consider that in any way in making its decision. The trial court
also instructed the jury in its final charge that “[e]vidence does not
include . . . opening or closing remarks of the attorneys,” and the
“defendant does not have to present any evidence nor testify.”
On this record, even assuming the trial court erred in this
instance by not rebuking the prosecutor under OCGA § 17-8-75, any
error was harmless. Considering the trial court’s instructions and
the strong evidence of Meadows’s guilt, including the gas station
video showing Meadows’s conduct before and after the crimes, we
conclude “it is highly probable that neither [these] statement[s] by
the prosecutor in closing argument, nor any alleged failure of the
trial court to comply with OCGA § 17-8-75, contributed to the
verdict.” Taylor v. State, 303 Ga. 583, 587 (3) (814 SE2d 302) (2018)
(any error by prosecutor in commenting on the defendant’s right to
remain silent was harmless considering overwhelming evidence of
the defendant’s guilt and trial court’s instruction to jury that
statements of counsel during closing are not evidence) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
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5. Although not raised by Meadows on appeal, the record
reflects that the trial court merged Count 3, the aggravated assault
count, into Count 1, the malice murder count, but also imposed a 20-
year sentence on Count 3. A separate judgment of conviction and
sentence on Count 3 would be authorized, however, only if the
indictment averred and the State proved that Meadows committed
an aggravated assault independent of the act that resulted in
Williams’s death. See Nazario v. State, 293 Ga. 480, 480 (746 SE2d
109) (2013) (“A conviction that merges with another conviction is
void - a nullity- and a sentence imposed on such a void conviction is
illegal and will be vacated if noticed by this Court . . . .”); Culpepper
v. State, 289 Ga. 736, 738-739 (715 SE2d 155) (2011) (explaining that
a non-fatal aggravated assault and a fatal aggravated assault that
are separated by a “deliberate interval” may support separate
convictions and sentences). These circumstances can often require
us to vacate a defendant’s sentence and remand to the trial court for
new findings and resentencing. See Wheeler v. State, 314 Ga. 484,
487 (2) (877 SE2d 565) (2022). Remand is not necessary in this
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instance, however, because the indictment charged Meadows with
both murder and aggravated assault by alleging that he shot
Williams and there was no evidence showing that the shooting
occurred other than in a single transaction. Accordingly, Count 3
necessarily merged into the malice murder conviction as a matter of
fact, and the separate sentence for aggravated assault must be
vacated. See Miller v. State, 309 Ga. 549, 552 (3) (847 SE2d 344)
(2020) (When there is “no evidence to suggest the occurrence of an
aggravated assault independent of the act which caused the victim’s
death[,] . . . a jury’s guilty verdict on the aggravated assault merges
as a matter of fact with the malice murder verdict for sentencing
purposes.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
Judgment affirmed and sentence vacated in part. All the
Justices concur.
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