Com. v. McClelland, D.

J-S42005-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DAVID JAMES MCCLELLAND :
APPELLANT :
: No. 1191 WDA 2021

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered September 8, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Washington County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-63-CR-0001884-2011

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: MARCH 30, 2023

David James McClelland appeals from the order dismissing his petition

pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”). We affirm the PCRA

court’s order. However, because Appellant’s conduct was the result of a

single, continuous conspiratorial relationship to commit burglary, we vacate

Appellant’s sentences for conspiracy, and his convictions for conspiracy to

commit the crimes of criminal homicide, dealing in proceeds of unlawful

activity, robbery, and theft by unlawful taking. We hereby remand for

resentencing on the charge of conspiracy to commit burglary. Our decision

here today does not disturb Appellant’s convictions and sentences for second-

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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degree murder, dealing in proceeds of unlawful activities, or receiving stolen

property.1

This Court previously detailed the underlying factual and procedural

history of this case. See Commonwealth v. McClelland, 133 A.3d 76

(Pa.Super. 2015) (unpublished memorandum) (“McClelland I”). Briefly,

Appellant, along with his father, David A. McClelland, and his step-mother,

Diane McClelland, “engaged in numerous burglaries and thefts of cash from

the home of Evelyn Stepko, their elderly neighbor, who lived alone, beginning

in August 2009 and continuing through July 18, 2011, when [Ms.] Stepko was

found murdered in her home.” Id. (unpublished memorandum at 1-2).

Appellant, a municipal police officer at the time, received large amounts of

cash from his father that he knew had been stolen from Ms. Stepko. Appellant

asked for additional money, which he used at the casino and to purchase

various items. He also received gifts of a vehicle and a house that were

purchased with funds stolen from Ms. Stepko. See id. The McClellands were

tried separately.

Prior to Appellant’s jury trial, the Commonwealth tendered three plea

offers: (1) ten to twenty years of incarceration in exchange for also testifying

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1 As will be explained further infra, Appellant was sentenced to life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole for second-degree murder plus
consecutive sentences for dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity, receiving
stolen property, and conspiracy. Our disposition only affects Appellant’s
conspiracy sentence, which was imposed at the conspiracy to commit second-
degree murder count. The four remaining conspiracy convictions merged with
that count for sentencing.

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against Mrs. McClelland; (2) twenty to forty years of incarceration; and (3)

twenty-five to fifty years of incarceration. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 7/22/21,

at 9, 15, 30. All three plea offers required Appellant to plead guilty to third-

degree murder, which he refused to do. Following the trial, the jury convicted

Appellant of second-degree murder, dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity,

receiving stolen property, and conspiracy to commit the crimes of criminal

homicide, dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity, robbery, burglary, and theft

by unlawful taking.

Appellant was sentenced to the following terms of incarceration: life

imprisonment without the possibility of parole (“LWOP”) for second-degree

murder, two to four years for dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity, ten to

forty years for the conspiracy charges,2 and two to four years for receiving

stolen property. All sentences were set to run consecutively to each other,

for an aggregate sentence of life imprisonment plus fourteen to forty-eight

years of incarceration. This Court affirmed Appellant’s judgment of sentence

and our Supreme Court denied his petition for allowance of appeal. See id.,

appeal denied, 138 A.3d 3 (Pa. 2016). Of relevance to the instant appeal,

____________________________________________

2 Although the court indicated it was imposing a sentence of ten to forty years
of incarceration for all five conspiracy charges, the court commitment forms
indicate that the incarceration sentence was only imposed at the conspiracy
to commit criminal homicide charge, and the other conspiracy convictions
merged for sentencing purposes.

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Joshua Camson, Esquire, represented Appellant throughout the trial and direct

appeal proceedings.3

In 2017, Appellant retained new counsel and timely filed the present

PCRA petition, his first. Generally, Appellant argued that Attorney Camson

provided ineffective assistance during three separate phases, namely: (1)

pretrial, by providing deficient advice with regard to plea negotiations and for

not requesting a change of venue or questioning of potential jurors; (2) trial,

by failing to object to the court’s definition of conspiracy as part of its second-

degree murder jury instruction;4 and (3) appeal, by failing to preserve in

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement his challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence to support his convictions for conspiracy and second-degree murder.

After filing notice of its intent to dismiss the petition without a hearing

pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 907, the PCRA court dismissed Appellant’s petition.

On appeal to this Court, Appellant challenged the PCRA court’s decision

to dismiss, without a hearing, his PCRA petition. Finding it dispositive, we first

considered whether the PCRA court erred in dismissing without a hearing

Appellant’s claim that Attorney Camson provided deficient advice during the

plea negotiations. In this regard, Appellant had argued that Attorney Camson
____________________________________________

3 We note that Attorney Camson was appointed to represent Appellant
approximately five months before his jury trial commenced. Prior to Attorney
Camson’s appointment, Daniel Chunko, Esquire, represented Appellant.

4 Appellant and the PCRA court generally refer to second-degree murder as
felony murder. While the terms are interchangeable, we will utilize the more
formal nomenclature within this memorandum and refer to this type of
homicide as second-degree murder.

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misadvised him as to what the Commonwealth needed to prove for a jury to

convict Appellant of murder, misunderstood the Commonwealth’s continuing-

conspiracy theory of the case, and failed to inform Appellant of inculpatory

evidence. See Commonwealth v. McClelland, 239 A.3d 109 (Pa.Super.

2020) (non-precedential decision at 6-7) (“McClelland II”). We agreed with

Appellant’s legal arguments and concluded that if the facts as alleged were

true, counsel would arguably have rendered ineffective assistance. See id.

(non-precedential decision at 8-10). However, because the PCRA court did

not conduct a hearing, we could “not discern from the record before us

evidence of what trial counsel advised Appellant during plea negotiations, and

the relationship, if any, of trial counsel’s actions and advice to Appellant’s

assertions of ineffectiveness.” Id. (non-precedential decision at 11). Finding

our review hindered, we vacated the PCRA court’s order and remanded for an

evidentiary hearing. See id. (non-precedential decision at 12); see also id.

(non-precedential decision at 11) (“Issues of fact exist because we do not

have a record of trial counsel’s actions and advice during plea negotiations,

[nor do we have] the basis for the PCRA court’s conclusion that Appellant

would never have accepted a plea.” (cleaned up)).

On remand, the PCRA court held an evidentiary hearing, at which

Appellant and Attorney Camson testified. Although not so limited by our

remand directive, the evidentiary hearing solely related to Attorney Camson’s

representation during the plea proceedings; no testimony was elicited nor

evidence offered with respect to Appellant’s ineffectiveness claims as to the

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court’s jury instructions, change of venue or questioning of potential jurors,

or issue preservation on appeal. The PCRA court ultimately dismissed

Appellant’s PCRA petition.

This timely filed appeal followed. Both Appellant and the PCRA court

have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. With the matter before this Court once

again, Appellant presents the following issues for our consideration:5

I. Did the [PCRA] court abuse its discretion in denying the
PCRA petition where trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to object to the deficient jury instructions on conspiracy as
it related to the [second-degree] murder charge?

II. Did the [PCRA] court abuse its discretion in denying the
PCRA petition where [Appellant] established that he was
denied the effective assistance of counsel during the plea
bargaining stage of his criminal prosecution, specifically, his
trial counsel failed to give him adequate, accurate and
competent advice about whether to accept or reject a plea
offer?

III. Did the [PCRA] court abuse its discretion in denying the
PCRA petition where trial counsel was ineffective for not
requesting a change of venue based on pretrial publicity,
and for not requesting that the prospective juror be
questioned regarding their impartiality after hearing a
potential juror express his belief that [Appellant] was guilty;
alternatively, was counsel ineffective for not raising the
issue on appeal that the court abused its discretion in
denying a motion for change of venire?

IV. Did the [PCRA] court abuse its discretion in denying the
PCRA petition where counsel was ineffective for failing to
preserve the issue for appeal that the evidence was
insufficient as a matter of law to sustain the convictions of
criminal conspiracy to commit burglary or robbery,
____________________________________________

5 We note that these are the same issues Appellant had raised on appeal from
the PCRA court’s prior order dismissing this PCRA petition.

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conspiracy to commit homicide – second degree murder,
and second degree murder?

Appellant’s brief at 4 (cleaned up).

We begin with our well-settled standard of review.6

When reviewing the propriety of an order pertaining to PCRA
relief, we consider the record in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party at the PCRA level. This Court is limited to
determining whether the evidence of record supports the
conclusions of the PCRA court and whether the ruling is free of
legal error. We grant great deference to the PCRA court’s findings
that are supported in the record and will not disturb them unless
they have no support in the certified record. However, we afford
no such deference to the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions.
We thus apply a de novo standard of review to the PCRA court’s
legal conclusions.

Commonwealth v. Mojica, 242 A.3d 949, 953 (Pa.Super. 2020) (cleaned

up).

Appellant’s PCRA claims all implicate the effective assistance of counsel.

Thus, our review is also guided by the following principles. “When reviewing

claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, courts must presume that counsel

provided effective assistance.” Id. at 955 (cleaned up). In order to overcome

this presumption, a petitioner must “plead and prove that (1) the claim has

arguable merit; (2) counsel lacked any reasonable basis for the action or

____________________________________________

6 We note that the Commonwealth has asked this Court to dismiss the instant
appeal because Appellant filed his brief and reproduced record late. See
Commonwealth’s brief at 13-14. “[T]he late filing of an appellate brief may
result in sanctions from the appellate court, including . . . dismissal of the
appeal, where the late filing impedes our review.” Clark v. Peugh, 257 A.3d
1260, 1264 n.1 (Pa.Super. 2021) (cleaned up). While we do not condone the
lateness of Appellant’s filings, we decline to dismiss the instant appeal as
Appellant’s tardiness has not impeded our review. See id.

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inaction; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice as a result.” Id. (cleaned

up). “Failure to satisfy any prong of the test will result in rejection of the

appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” Id. (cleaned up).

Appellant first argues that the PCRA court erred in dismissing his claim

that Attorney Camson was ineffective for failing to object to the conspiracy

portion of the trial court’s second-degree murder jury instruction. See

Appellant’s brief at 9. Whether the underlying claim has legal merit is

governed by the following principles:

In examining jury instructions, our standard of review is to
determine whether the trial court committed a clear abuse of
discretion or an error of law controlling the outcome of the case.
A charge will be found adequate unless the issues are not made
clear, the jury was misled by the instructions, or there was an
omission from the charge amounting to a fundamental
error. Moreover, in reviewing a challenge to a jury instruction the
entire charge is considered, not merely discrete portions
thereof. The trial court is free to use its own expressions as long
as the concepts at issue are clearly and accurately presented to
the jury.

Commonwealth v. Bradley, 232 A.3d 747, 759 (Pa.Super. 2020) (cleaned

up).

Turning to the relevant portion of the court’s instructions, after defining

malice and the possible verdicts for the general charge of criminal homicide,

the court provided the following instruction regarding second-degree murder:

For murder of the 2nd degree or felony murder, 2nd degree
murder as commonly called, a killing is with malice if the
perpetrator engages in one of certain enumerated felonies,
including robbery and burglary, and a killing occurs.

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Since the law, through the felony murder rule allows the
finder of fact, the jury, to infer that the killing was malicious from
the fact that the actor was engaged in a felony, such as robbery
or burglary, of such a dangerous nature to human life that the
perpetrator is held to the standard of a reasonable man, knew or
should have known that death might result from that felony.

....

I will now define 2nd degree murder. I will start with some
terminology and basic principles. The more serious types of
crimes in our states are called felonies. For example, burglary
and robbery are felonies. 2nd degree murder is often called felony
murder because it’s a killing connected with a felony. When two
people are partners in a successful or unsuccessful attempt to
commit a felony, and one of them kills a third person, both
partners may be guilty of felony murder. Neither partner has to
intend to kill, nor anticipate that anyone will be killed.

The defendant has been charged with 2nd degree murder,
that is felony murder. To find the defendant guilty of this offense,
you must find that the following four elements have been proven
beyond a reasonable doubt:

First, that the defendant. . . and/or his co[-]defendant,
David A. McClelland, killed or caused the death of Evelyn Stepko.

Second, that the defendant. . . and/or his co-felon. . . did
so while he and co-felon were partners in committing certain
burglaries or robberies.

Third, that the defendant. . . and/or his co-felon. . . did the
act that killed or caused the death of Evelyn Stepko in furtherance
of the burglary and/or robbery.

Fourth, that the defendant was acting with malice. You may
find that the defendant was acting with malice if you are satisfied
beyond a reasonable doubt that he and David A. McClelland were
partners in committing the burglary and/or robbery. Because
burglary and robbery are crimes that are inherently dangerous to
human life, there does not have to be any other proof of malice
for 2nd degree murder.

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I shall now define burglary and robbery for you. The
defendant has been charged with 2nd degree murder and this also
relates to the conspiracy to commit burglary, which I will get to
shortly.

I will now define the elements of burglary [and robbery] as
it relates to these charges.

....

Going back to the requirement that the defendant and David
A. McClelland were partners in committing the burglary and/or
robbery, I instruct you that the two of them were partners if they
conspired to commit the burglary and/or robbery. Two or more
people conspire to commit a crime if with the intent of encouraging
or helping the commission of the crime, they agree that one or all
of them will commit the crime or that one of them will help the
others in planning it and committing it. Their agreement may be
express and verbal, they may actually talk about it, or their
agreement may be an unspoken agreement that can be inferred
from their words and their conduct and the surrounding
circumstances. Each knows what the other is thinking, they don’t
have to talk about it.

Finally, to commit the conspiracy, one of the conspirators
must commit what the law calls an overt act. An overt act is an
act by any member of the conspiracy that would serve to further
the goal of the conspiracy. Here, the Commonwealth contends
that the burglary and the robbery and the murder were such overt
acts.

I shall now explain the meaning of in furtherance as it
relates to 2nd degree murder. A partner’s act that kills is
considered to be in furtherance of the felony even though such
crime was not contemplated or approved by the parties, if it was
the natural and probable consequence of the partner’s conduct. A
partner’s act that kills is not in the furtherance of the felony if the
partner does the act for his or her own personal reasons that are
independent of the felony.

N.T. Jury Trial Volume VII, 4/9/13, at 1162-1168 (cleaned up). Four pages

later, after defining the charged choate crimes, the court instructed the jury

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on conspiracy as it related to the crimes of criminal homicide, dealing in

proceeds of unlawful activities, robbery, burglary, and theft by unlawful

taking:

In Pennsylvania, joining in a conspiracy or creating a
conspiracy is itself a crime. Even if the crime the people are
planning is not carried out, the members of the conspiracy are still
responsible for the distinct crime of conspiracy.

In general terms, a conspiracy is an agreement between two
or more persons to commit a crime. A conspiracy exists once two
conditions are met. One, there is an agreement and two, one of
the members then commits some act to help achieve the goal of
the conspiracy.

I will now explain each of these elements in greater detail.
The first element of conspiracy is an agreement. It can be stated
in words or unspoken but acknowledged, but it must be an
agreement in the sense that two or more people have come to an
understanding that they agreed to act together to commit a crime
or crimes. Their agreement does not have to cover the details of
how the crime will be committed, nor does it have to call for all of
them to participate in actually committing the crime. They can
agree that one of them will do the job.

What is necessary is that the parties do agree, in other
words, do come to a firm, common understanding that a crime
will be committed. Although the agreement itself is the essence
of the conspiracy, a defendant cannot be convicted of conspiracy
unless he or she or a fellow conspirator does something more, an
overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. The overt act is an act
by any member of the conspiracy that would serve to further the
goal of the conspiracy.

The overt act can be criminal or non-criminal itself as long
as it is designed to put the conspiratorial agreement into effect.
This is to show that the parties have a firm agreement and are not
just thinking or talking about committing a crime.

The overt act shows that the conspiracy has reached the
action stage. If a conspirator actually commits or attempts to

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commit the agreed crime, that, obviously, would be an overt act
in furtherance of the conspiracy.

But a small act or step that is much more preliminary and a
lot less significant can also satisfy the overt act requirement.

The Commonwealth may prove a conspiracy by direct
evidence or by circumstantial evidence. People who conspire
often do their conspiring secretly and try to cover up afterwards.
In many conspiracy trials, circumstantial evidence is the best or
only evidence on the question of whether there was an agreement,
that is, a common understanding, and whether the conspirators
shared the intent to promote or facilitate committing the object
crime. Thus, you may, if you think proper, you may infer that
there was a conspiracy from the relationship, the conduct, and
acts of the defendant and his alleged coconspirators and the
circumstances surrounding their activities. However, the evidence
of this must support your conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt.

A defendant cannot be convicted because he was present
with others or even knew that other or others planned or were
doing – there must be proof of an agreement between the
defendant and another person or persons to form or continue a
conspiracy.

To be proved guilty of being a conspirator, the defendant
must have intended to act jointly with the others charged and
must have intended that the crimes alleged to be the goal of the
conspiracy would be committed.

There is a way that one defendant may be criminally
responsible for the conduct committed by another person or
persons. This way may apply even if the defendant in question
was not present at the time and place when the particular act
occurred.

This way is for the defendant to be a member of a
conspiracy. I have just defined for you what a conspiracy is and
how it is proved. For our purposes now, to reiterate, it is enough
to understand that a the [sic] conspiracy exists when two or
[more] people agree to commit a crime or series of crimes and
one commits an act to further the goal of that agreement.

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As applied in this case, if it is proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant was indeed a member of the conspiracy,
he may be held responsible for the act or acts of another person
or persons if each of the following elements is proven beyond a
reasonable doubt:

One, that the other person who committed a specific act was
also a member of the same conspiracy.

Two, that the crime in question was committed while the
conspiracy was in existence.

And three, that the crime in question was committed to
further the goals of the conspiracy.

A specific crime is considered to be in furtherance of the
goals of the conspiracy, even though such crime was not
contemplated or approved by the parties, if it was the natural and
probable consequence of a co[-]conspirator’s conduct.

Id. at 1172-1176 (cleaned up). Additionally, the court advised the jurors not

to “single out any individual rule or instruction and ignore the others. . . .

Consider all my instructions as a whole and each in light of the other

instructions when you are deliberating.” Id. at 1161.

Instantly, Appellant takes issue with the abbreviated definition of

conspiracy given during the second-degree murder instruction. While he

concedes that “[a] more complete charge on criminal conspiracy [wa]s given

later” with respect to the charged crimes of criminal conspiracy, he contends

that because the definitions differed, “the jury could have believed that two

separate definitions applied – one for proving [second-degree] murder and

one for proving criminal conspiracy to commit one or more of the other

offense[s].” Appellant’s brief at 14 (cleaned up). By not including portions of

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the suggested standard jury instruction for conspiracy as part of its instruction

for second-degree murder, Appellant posits that the jury could find an

agreement existed based solely on Appellant’s awareness of his father’s

criminal actions, and that circumstantial evidence did not need to be proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. at 15. In other words, Appellant asserts

that by only partially instructing the jury on conspiracy in connection with

second-degree murder, the court “relieved the Commonwealth of its burden

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant and his father had a shared

intent to commit the robbery or the burglary.” Id. at 12. Finally, Appellant

challenges the court’s statement during the second-degree murder instruction

that “[e]ach knows what the other is thinking, they don’t have to talk about

it.” N.T. Jury Trial Volume VII, 4/9/13, at 1167.

The PCRA court rejected Appellant’s claim, finding that the trial court

accurately instructed the jury on the relevant law. See PCRA Court Opinion,

3/22/22, at 21. To wit, “[t]he trial court gave a brief description of conspiracy

while explaining [second-degree] murder, which was taken from the standard

jury instruction, and then subsequently a fuller, more detailed description of

conspiracy which mirrors the standard jury instruction for conspiracy.” Id.

(footnotes omitted). Moreover, the PCRA court found that “[t]he two

instructions clearly go hand in hand with one another, as the more detailed

instruction is meant to expound on the more succinct instruction.” Id. at 22.

Read as a whole, the court concluded that the instructions were given in a

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way that “made it abundantly clear to the jury what was necessary to prove

conspiracy for the crimes charged.” Id. Finding that the underlying claim

lacked arguable merit, the PCRA court dismissed this ineffectiveness claim.

Upon review, we agree with the analysis of the PCRA court. First, the

trial court’s second-degree murder instruction is nearly identical to the

suggested standard jury instruction for second-degree murder under the

second alternative, killing by a defendant’s co-felon. See Pa. SSJI (Crim),

§ 15.2502B. In fact, it is this suggested standard jury instruction that

recommends the complained-of language regarding a co-conspirator knowing

what the other co-conspirator is thinking without having to first discuss it.

See id. While the suggested standard jury instructions are not binding and

the trial courts retain discretion to mold their own instructions, they

nonetheless act as guides. See Commonwealth v. H.D., 247 A.3d 1062,

1064 (Pa. 2021).

We also disagree with Appellant’s position that the trial court lessened

the Commonwealth’s burden in proving second-degree murder because it did

not include specific portions of the conspiracy instruction at the same time as

the second-degree murder instruction. First, the allegedly omitted portions

were clearly communicated to the jury as part of the conspiracy instruction,

which also largely tracked the suggested standard jury instruction with respect

to the crime of conspiracy. See Pa. SSJI (Crim), § 12.903A. Moreover, the

conspiracy instruction was provided mere minutes after instructing the jury

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on second-degree murder. See N.T. Jury Trial Volume VII, 4/9/13, at 1162-

68 (second-degree murder instruction), 1174-75 (relevant portion of the

conspiracy instruction).

When read as a whole, the court’s instructions, which were in parity with

the suggested standard jury instructions, clearly conveyed what the

Commonwealth was required to prove for Appellant to be found guilty of

second-degree murder and conspiracy, and that all elements must be proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. See 18 Pa.C.S. §2502(b); 18 Pa.C.S. § 903;

Commonwealth v. Prosdocimo, 578 A.2d 1273, 1276-77 (Pa. 1990)

(holding that where “the jury charge closely tracked the language of the

suggested standard jury instructions for the crimes of, inter alia, second-

degree murder, it was “accurate, adequate, and sufficiently clear to inform the

jury of the law applicable to the case”). Since the record supports the PCRA

court’s conclusion that the underlying claim lacked merit, the PCRA court

properly dismissed this claim without a hearing.

Appellant next argues that the PCRA court erred in denying his claim

that Attorney Camson provided ineffective assistance of counsel in connection

with the plea proceedings. See Appellant’s brief at 17. As noted hereinabove,

this argument is threefold: (1) Attorney Camson misadvised Appellant as to

what the Commonwealth needed to prove for a jury to convict him of murder;

(2) Attorney Camson misunderstood the Commonwealth’s continuing-

conspiracy theory of the case; and (3) Attorney Camson failed to inform

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Appellant of inculpatory evidence placing him at Ms. Stepko’s home in

connection with the burglaries. As discussed, this Court previously held that

if the facts as alleged by Appellant were true, Attorney Camson would arguably

have rendered ineffective assistance. See McClelland II, supra (non-

precedential decision at 8-10).

Following an evidentiary hearing on these arguments on remand,

Attorney Camson testified regarding his representation of Appellant in

preparing for trial and negotiating a potential plea. The PCRA court found the

testimony of Attorney Camson credible. Specifically, the court found “[t]here

was no credible evidence that Attorney Camson misadvised [Appellant]

regarding the charges, the evidence against him, or the plea offers. The court

found that [Appellant] understood the defense strategy and made an informed

decision to reject the plea offers and subject himself to trial.” PCRA Court

Opinion, 3/22/22, at 14. Moreover, the court found the testimony from the

hearing made it clear that Appellant would not accept a plea offer that included

a guilty plea to homicide and the Commonwealth was likewise unwilling to

offer any plea that did not include a guilty plea to homicide. Thus, the PCRA

court rejected Appellant’s testimony that he would have accepted one of the

plea offers from the Commonwealth absent counsel’s supposedly-deficient

advice. See id. at 14-15.

Upon review of the certified record, we find that the PCRA court’s

credibility determinations are supported by the record. See Commonwealth

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v. Robinson, 82 A.3d 998, 1013 (Pa. 2013) ("It is well-settled that a PCRA

court’s credibility determinations are binding upon an appellate court so long

as they are supported by the record."). Since the underlying claims lack merit,

we conclude that the PCRA court did not err in denying the ineffectiveness

claims pertaining to the plea proceedings.

In Appellant’s third issue, he argues that the PCRA court erred in

dismissing his claim that Attorney Camson was ineffective for failing to file a

motion for change of venue based on pretrial publicity and in failing to request

appropriate questioning of prospective jurors. See Appellant’s brief at 36.

We begin with the pretrial publicity claim. According to Appellant, “[b]ecause

the crime occurred in a rural community, the three alleged perpetrators were

related, and were neighbors of the elderly victim, and one of the suspects

[(Appellant)] was a police officer, the incident received wide coverage in the

newspapers, on television and on the internet.” Appellant’s brief at 36. Based

on this pretrial publicity, which included his father’s guilty plea to first-degree

murder and his stepmother’s conviction for conspiracy to commit criminal

homicide, Appellant contended that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

failing to file a motion for a change of venue. Id. at 35-36.

At the outset, we note that the mere existence of pretrial publicity is not

per se prejudicial. See Commonwealth v. Tanner, 205 A.3d 388, 393

(Pa.Super. 2019). Rather, the relevant inquiry is “whether any juror formed

a fixed opinion of the defendant’s guilt or innocence as a result of the pre-

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trial publicity.” Id. (cleaned up). As a general rule, a trial court has wide

discretion in assessing a motion for a change of venue and “what prospective

jurors tell [the trial court] about their ability to be impartial will be a reliable

guide to whether the publicity is still so fresh in their minds that it has

removed their ability to be objective.” Id. (cleaned up). In order for pretrial

publicity to be considered presumptively prejudicial, a defendant must prove

two things:

[F]irst, either that a) the publicity is sensational, inflammatory,
and slanted towards conviction rather than factual or objective;
b) the publicity reveals the accused’s prior criminal record, if any,
or if it refers to confessions, admissions, or reenactments of the
crime by the accused; or c) the publicity is derived from police
and prosecuting officer reports; and, secondly, that the publicity
must be so extensive, sustained, and pervasive without sufficient
time between publication and trial for the prejudice to dissipate,
that the community must be deemed to have been saturated.

Commonwealth v. Rucci, 670 A.2d 1129, 1140–41 (Pa. 1996).

Appellant argues that the “news stories were inherently prejudicial

because readers and/or viewers could infer that because two of the alleged

co-conspirators were guilty, then so must the third be guilty.” Appellant’s

brief at 44. The PCRA court rejected this argument, concluding that “[t]his

type of media coverage was not slanted toward [Appellant]’s conviction, but

was merely coverage of the co-defendants’ cases, and did not in any way

imply that [Appellant] should also be found guilty of his charges.” PCRA Court

Opinion, 3/22/22, at 23-24. Indeed, the PCRA court, which also acted as the

trial court, found that based on Appellant’s arguments it would have rejected

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any pretrial motion for change of venue. See id. at 23. Thus, the PCRA court

dismissed this claim of ineffectiveness as the underlying claim lacked merit.

The certified record supports the PCRA court’s conclusions. By way of

background, during jury selection, twenty-three panel members indicated that

they had heard about the case. See N.T. Jury Selection, 4/1/13, at 16-17.

Those individuals were subjected to individual voir dire to determine whether

they could nonetheless be empaneled as jurors. Of those, three were struck

for cause based on a pre-formed opinion, two were challenged for cause but

overruled by the trial court because they stated that they could put aside their

pre-formed opinion and base a decision solely on the evidence presented, and

the remainder were unchallenged based on statements that they either had

no pre-formed opinion or could base their decision solely on the evidence

presented at trial. See id. at 35-36, 44-48, 51, 53, 59-66, 84-88, 93, 96-

111, 120-21, 125-26, 131-32, 135-36, 138, 148-49, 153. Thus, the record

bears out that the pretrial publicity was not so pervasive or prejudicial as to

warrant a change in venue. Since any motion for change of venue would have

been meritless, counsel will not be deemed ineffective for failing to file it.

Accordingly, the PCRA court did not err in dismissing this portion of Appellant’s

ineffectiveness claim.

The second portion of this issue concerns questioning of potential jurors

regarding a specific matter. For context, during the individual voir dire of

prospective jurors who had raised their hands in response to various

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questions, including exposure to pretrial publicity, one juror, when asked at

sidebar whether he could set aside what he had heard on the news and make

a decision solely based on the evidence presented responded, “I think the guy

is guilty as hell to tell you the truth.” Id. at 66. After being admonished by

the trial court, the juror was removed to the hallway and the following

exchange occurred at sidebar:

Mr. Camson: I mean, I’m probably going to make a motion
on that one.

Mr. Lucas: No objection.

The Court: Obviously, we are going to strike him. I’m going
to ask if anyone heard the comments.

Mr. Camson: Based on the audible gasps, I would say they
did.

The Court: Some of them did. We will get everyone to
respond and then we will take that up on the
next round.

Mr. Camson: Sounds good.

The Court: I don’t know that it’s enough to dismiss the
whole panel.

Mr. Camson: I think we will see what they say.

The Court: That’s what I’m thinking. We still have to go
through this process. What do you think?

Mr. Lucas: I think the question needs to be asked of the
entire panel, because I heard audible
responses, too.

....

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J-S42005-22

The Court: Ladies and gentleman, we are going to take a
break so that everyone can have a lunch break.
...

But before we break, I want to ask you, I need
to ask you another question as a group.

Obviously, some of you heard, although we try
to do this at side-bar, some of you heard the
comment of Juror No. 280, expressing his idea
or his opinion of the case, and even though you
probably didn’t hear that he didn’t know
anything but what he heard on the news, I have
to ask you, as [a] group, how many of you heard
the comments of Juror No. 280, expressing his
opinion? Everyone? Almost everyone.
All right. I think we are going to - - let’s put
your hands down. Who did not hear what Juror
280 said?

[Thereafter, six jurors responded that they had not heard the
juror’s statement.]

The Court: . . . [O]bviously, his opinion that he expressed
is not, in any way, based on any evidence or
anything material, so what I’ll be asking you is
whether you can put that aside and make your
own mind up, based on the evidence that you
hear in the courtroom.

Id. at 67-69. During subsequent individual voir dire, the prospective jurors

who had heard the juror’s unsolicited comment all conveyed that the

statement did not impact their ability to be fair and impartial.7 See id. at 74-

____________________________________________

7 To the extent Appellant’s version of these events differs, it is belied by the
record. See Appellant’s brief at 44-45 (setting forth that the juror responded,
“Hell no, I think he’s as guilty as sin,” that only one potential juror indicated
that she did not hear the comment, and that the record is silent as to whether
the other potential jurors were questioned regarding their ability to set aside
what they heard and render a verdict solely on the evidence presented).

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J-S42005-22

75, 79-80, 83, 91-92, 96, 105, 108, 111, 120, 124-25, 131, 135, 137, 142-

43, 153, 162, 164, 168, 171, 176, 179, 181-83, 187, 191.

Presently, Appellant contends that counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by “fail[ing] to question the prospective jury members about

whether they could disregard one prospective juror’s opinion that [Appellant]

was guilty[.]” Appellant’s brief at 45. The PCRA court dismissed this claim

for lack of merit “because each juror who heard the comment at issue was

questioned about their ability to be impartial[.]” PCRA Court Opinion,

3/22/22, at 27. The certified record bears out that the trial court did

independently question the jurors who heard the comment as to their ability

to set aside the overheard comment and instead base their decision, fairly and

impartially, solely on the evidence presented at trial. As our review of the

record directly contradicts Appellant’s version of what happened and the claim

itself lacks merit as the court specifically did what Appellant wanted Attorney

Camson to ask the court to do, we conclude that the PCRA court did not err in

dismissing this claim.

In Appellant’s last issue, he argues that the PCRA court erred in denying

relief on his claim that Attorney Camson was ineffective for failing to preserve

Appellant’s sufficiency claims on appeal regarding conspiracy to commit

burglary, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit second-degree

murder, and the choate crime of second-degree murder. See Appellant’s brief

at 46. Appellant contends that his conviction for second-degree murder

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cannot stand because “the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that [Appellant] and his father (or stepmother) agreed that

[Appellant] was to aid his father in the commission of . . . either robbery or a

burglary[.]” Id. at 49; see also id. at 58 (arguing that Appellant “cannot be

held liable for the acts of his father” because “the evidence was insufficient to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt a conspiracy to commit robbery or

burglary”). Specifically, Appellant claims that the Commonwealth’s

circumstantial evidence failed to establish either an agreement to commit a

series of robberies or burglaries, or a shared criminal intent. See id. at 50-

51. Finally, Appellant challenges his conviction for conspiracy to commit

second-degree murder “[b]ecause the Commonwealth did not present any

evidence that [Appellant] conspired to kill the victim[.]” Id. at 61.

We begin with Appellant’s claim that Attorney Camson was ineffective

for failing to preserve his appellate challenge to the sufficiency of his

conviction for conspiracy to commit burglary. The PCRA court found

significant direct and circumstantial evidence to prove that Appellant

conspired to commit burglary with his father and step-mother. See PCRA

Court Opinion, 3/22/22, at 29-42. As summarized by the PCRA court:

[Appellant] admits that he was aware of the burglaries and the
source of the cash and vehicle he received. [Appellant] was a
police officer throughout the time of the burglaries and could have
reported and stopped the criminal activity, but chose not to.
Instead, [Appellant] accepted the cash proceeds and even asked
for additional cash, informing his father and stepmother that he
was having financial difficulties. In addition, [Appellant] accepted
money for gambling at the casino, accepted a car which he knew

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J-S42005-22

had been purchased with proceeds of the burglaries, and would
occasionally pay other municipal police officers to cover his shifts
when he did not feel like working. By asking for more money,
knowing its source, [Appellant] was essentially asking his father
to commit additional burglaries and certainly promoting the
criminal conspiracy. Additionally, [Appellant] admitted discussing
cover stories with his father, so the three co-conspirators could be
prepared to explain a legitimate source of the cash. [Appellant]
admittedly lied to the police when asked about his involvement in
order to minimize his own culpability. By these actions and
through his position as a police officer, [Appellant] aided and
abetted his co-conspirators, in addition to receiving the stolen
funds.

....

. . . [Appellant] admitted lying to protect his father and admitted
using his position as a police officer to act as a “lookout” for any
reports or information regarding the burglaries.

Id. at 35, 37. Additionally, a neighbor identified an individual leaving Ms.

Stepko’s home following one of the burglaries as matching Appellant’s

description and walking towards Appellant’s house, and an individual matching

Appellant’s description deposited a large sum of cash into Mrs. McClelland’s

bank account in 2009. See N.T. Jury Trial Volume III, 4/3/13, at 320-23;

N.T. Jury Trial Volume IV, 4/5/13, at 751-53. Based on the foregoing, the

PCRA court dismissed this claim as without merit.

Upon review, the certified record supports the PCRA court’s conclusions

that there was ample evidence to support Appellant’s conviction for conspiracy

to commit burglary. As the underlying claim lacked merit, counsel could not

be deemed ineffective for failing to preserve a sufficiency issue on appeal with

regard to conspiracy to commit burglary. See Commonwealth v. Busanet,

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J-S42005-22

54 A.3d 35, 49 (Pa. 2012) (finding appellate counsel was not ineffective for

failing to preserve a meritless issue on appeal). Furthermore, Appellant’s

challenge to his second-degree murder conviction is premised only on the

Commonwealth’s inability to prove conspiracy to commit burglary or robbery.

Thus, the PCRA court concomitantly did not err in dismissing Appellant’s claim

that counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve a challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his second-degree murder conviction as

the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s conspiracy to commit

burglary conviction.

Before turning to Appellant’s remaining sufficiency challenges, we sua

sponte address the legality of his judgment of sentence for multiple conspiracy

counts. See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 871 A.2d 812, 821 n.6 (Pa.Super.

2005) (noting this Court may sua sponte address the propriety of multiple

conspiracy convictions where there is a single conspiracy because a violation

of 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(c) results in an illegal sentence). In doing so, we are

guided by this Court’s seminal decision in Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238

A.3d 482 (Pa.Super. 2020).

In Rivera, a victim was shot and killed during a home invasion robbery

conducted by Rivera and three of his compatriots. The three compatriots

testified at Rivera’s jury trial, detailing their plan to rob the victim and the

unfolding of events during the robbery that led to the victim’s death. The jury

convicted Rivera of second-degree murder, robbery, burglary, and conspiracy

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J-S42005-22

to commit the crimes of second-degree murder, robbery, and burglary. On

appeal to this Court, Rivera challenged the trial court’s preclusion of a

videotaped interview, the sufficiency and weight of the evidence, the

discretionary aspects of his sentence, and the constitutionality of second-

degree murder. Upon review, Rivera waived his sufficiency and weight claims

and failed to preserve his challenge to the discretionary aspects of his

sentence. His remaining issues garnered no relief. However, this Court sua

sponte addressed the legality of Rivera’s sentences for multiple conspiracy

counts and granted relief on that basis. See id. at 503-04. For the reasons

discussed infra, we reach the same conclusion here.

The conspiracy statute provides that “[i]f a person conspires to commit

a number of crimes, he is guilty of only one conspiracy so long as such

multiple crimes are the object of the same agreement or continuous

conspiratorial relationship.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(c). Thus, to be convicted of

multiple counts of conspiracy, “there must be separate agreements, or

separate conspiratorial relationships, to support each conviction.” Rivera,

supra at 503 (cleaned up). In analyzing the totality of the circumstances to

determine whether there exists a single or multiple conspiracies, we consider

several factors:

the number of overt acts in common; the overlap of personnel;
the time period during which the alleged acts took place; the
similarity in methods of operation; the locations in which the
alleged acts took place; the extent to which the
purported conspiracies share a common objective; and, the

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J-S42005-22

degree to which interdependence is needed for the overall
operation to succeed.

Id. (cleaned up).

In Rivera, we discussed the application of these factors in two prior

cases, Commonwealth v. Davis, 704 A.2d 650 (Pa.Super. 1997), and

Barnes, supra. In Davis, the defendant, who was sentenced separately for

conspiracy to commit robbery and conspiracy to commit third-degree murder,

argued that he could not be “punished twice” because “he and his cohorts

entered into only one agreement[.]” Davis, supra at 654. This Court agreed,

applying the above factors as follows:

The agreement among the participants in this case to use a
baseball bat on their victim encompassed both their plan to harm
him while taking his money (robbery) and their plan to harm him
with such disregard to the value of human life as to constitute
malice, which resulted in death (third-degree murder). The same
acts were done to accomplish both results, the same actors took
part, the acts occurred simultaneously at the same location, the
same method was employed and the same objective was pursued.
We find that these facts constitute the very circumstances
envisioned by § 903(c). The “essential feature of the existing
conspiracy was a common plan or scheme to achieve a common,
single, comprehensive goal.” Commonwealth v. Troop, 391
Pa.Super. 613, 571 A.2d 1084, 1090, appeal denied, 526 Pa. 634,
584 A.2d 317 (1990).2
______
2 We observe that the facts of this case are unlike those

in Troop, supra. There, a panel of this court found that the
conspirators planned three separate robberies
independently of one another, each of which constituted a
separate criminal episode.

We conclude therefore that appellant cannot be punished
separately for each conspiracy; multiple sentences under these
circumstances are explicitly precluded by statute. 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 903(c).

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J-S42005-22

Id. at 654–55.

In Barnes, the defendant was convicted of, inter alia, conspiracy to

commit the crimes of third-degree murder, robbery, and delivery of a

controlled substance. On appeal, Barnes “argued he was convicted under a

multiple conspiracy theory but, for various reasons, the evidence was

insufficient to support his convictions for conspiracy to commit robbery and

conspiracy to commit third-degree murder.” Barnes, supra at 821 n.6. This

Court granted relief pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(c) because we sua sponte

found that his “sentence was illegal because he can, by statute, be convicted

of only one count of conspiracy under the facts of this case.” Id. In so

holding,

[w]e note[d] that even if evidence suggested [Barnes] and his co-
defendants agreed to commit several offenses, if a person
conspires to commit a number of crimes, he is guilty of only one
conspiracy so long as such multiple crimes are the object of the
same agreement or continuous conspiratorial relationship.
Accordingly, for [Barnes] to be convicted of three counts of
conspiracy, there must be separate agreements, or separate
conspiratorial relationships, to support each conviction.

Id. at 820 (cleaned up).

In Rivera, this Court found that the defendant’s conduct was the result

of a “continuous conspiratorial relationship.” Rivera, supra at 504 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Specifically,

The agreement among [Rivera] and his co-defendants to rob
Victim at gunpoint encompassed their plan to break into Victim’s
home (burglary) and take his money and drugs at gunpoint

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J-S42005-22

(robbery). The homicide (second-degree murder) that occurred
during the robbery was in furtherance of the single conspiratorial
goal: to rob Victim. As such, under subsection 903(c), [Rivera]
only could be found guilty of conspiracy to commit robbery, “that
crime being the underlying foundation of the agreement upon
which the conspiracy charges were based.” Barnes, 871 A.2d at
821. Accordingly, we vacate [Rivera’s] conspiracy to commit
burglary and conspiracy to commit second-degree murder
convictions.

Id.

With the foregoing in mind, we apply the above factors to the case at

hand. Upon review, we conclude that Appellant, his father, and his

stepmother did not engage in multiple conspiracies. As demonstrated by the

criminal information, Appellant was engaged in a single, continuing

conspiratorial relationship with his father and step-mother. See Information,

10/3/11 (charging Appellant for conduct occurring between August 4, 2009

and July 18, 2011, instead of each individual instance of criminal conduct).

To that end, the evidence presented at trial established an ongoing agreement

among the parties to burglarize Ms. Stepko’s home for as much money as they

could seize. Specifically, the agreement to take money from Ms. Stepko’s

home encompassed their plan to break into her home to steal money

(burglary), distribute that money amongst themselves (theft by unlawful

taking), and use the proceeds for their own benefit (dealing in proceeds of

unlawful activity). The force against Ms. Stepko (robbery) and homicide

(second-degree murder) that occurred during the final burglary were in

furtherance of the single conspiratorial goal: to take money from Ms. Stepko’s

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J-S42005-22

home without being caught. As such, under § 903(c) and the foregoing case

law, Appellant could only be found guilty of conspiracy to commit burglary,

“that crime being the underlying foundation of the agreement upon which the

conspiracy charges were based.” Barnes, supra at 821.

Based on the foregoing, we vacate Appellant’s convictions and

sentences for conspiracy to commit second-degree murder, conspiracy to

commit robbery, conspiracy to commit dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity,

and conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking. We observe that Appellant

was sentenced to a consecutive term of ten to forty years of incarceration for

conspiracy to commit second-degree murder and that all of the other

conspiracy convictions merged into that for sentencing purposes. Since we

are setting aside the sentence for conspiracy to commit second-degree

murder, we remand solely for resentencing on Appellant’s conviction for

conspiracy to commit burglary.8

Since we vacate these conspiracy convictions, we do not address

whether the PCRA court erred in dismissing Appellant’s claim that counsel was

ineffective for failing to preserve a sufficiency challenge to those convictions

____________________________________________

8 Practically speaking, Appellant cannot serve a sentence of incarceration
following the expiration of his LWOP term. Thus, our holding, which vacates
the consecutive conspiracy sentence, does not upset Appellant’s overall
sentencing scheme, which is subsumed by his LWOP sentence. See
Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238 A.3d 482, 504 (Pa.Super. 2020).
Accordingly, we decline to vacate the entirety of Appellant’s judgment of
sentence and instead remand only for resentencing regarding Appellant’s
conviction for conspiracy to commit burglary.

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J-S42005-22

on appeal. In all other regards, we affirm the order of the PCRA court and the

remainder of Appellant’s judgment of sentence remains intact.

Order affirmed. Judgment of sentence for conspiracy charges vacated.

Convictions for conspiracy to commit second-degree murder, conspiracy to

commit robbery, conspiracy to commit dealing in proceeds of unlawful activity,

and conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking vacated. Case remanded

for resentencing on the conspiracy to commit burglary conviction. Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/30/2023

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