03/30/2023
DA 22-0146
Case Number: DA 22-0146
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2023 MT 57N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
TYLER FREDERICK ERICKSON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Lake, Cause No. DC-21-143
Honorable James A. Manley, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Michael Klinkhammer, Klinkhammer Law Offices, Kalispell, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Katie F. Schulz, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
James Lapotka, Lake County Attorney, Ben Anciaux, Deputy County
Attorney, Polson, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: February 8, 2023
Decided: March 30, 2023
Filed:
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__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Tyler Erickson appeals his convictions for felony possession of dangerous drugs in
the Lake County District Court. We affirm.
¶3 In May 2021, a probation officer and law enforcement officers from Lake County
Sheriff’s Office and Polson Police Department conducted a probation search of Erickson’s
residence. The officers acted on a tip from a confidential informant who reported that
Erickson threatened to bring a weapon to his upcoming probation appointment and was
using heroin. During the search, the probation officer located two small plastic bags on
Erickson’s nightstand; subsequent testing at the Montana State Crime Lab confirmed that
the bags contained methamphetamine and heroin. Lake County prosecutors subsequently
charged Erickson with two counts of felony possession, in violation of § 45-9-102, MCA.
The District Court denied Erickson’s motion to compel disclosure of the informant’s
identity and his final motion to continue the trial. The case went to trial in December 2021;
a Lake County jury found Erickson guilty of both charges. The District Court sentenced
Erickson to the Montana State Prison for eight years for each count, to be served
consecutively.
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¶4 We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s discovery rulings and rulings on
motions to continue. State v. Soto, 2020 MT 265, ¶ 8, 401 Mont. 545, 474 P.3d 815; State
v. Duncan, 2008 MT 148, ¶ 37, 343 Mont. 220, 183 P.3d 111.
Motion to Compel Disclosure of Confidential Informant’s Identity
¶5 Before trial, Erickson filed a motion to compel disclosure of the confidential
informant’s identity.1 He cited Montana Rule of Evidence 502(c)(2), which excepts an
informant’s identity from privilege if the informant may be able to testify to a relevant
issue in the case. Erickson argued that he needed the informant’s identity “to have a fair
trial, because without the testimony from the informant, there would not have been
probable cause to conduct a search of [his] residence with the level of force that was used.”
The District Court denied the motion, stating that the informant was not a State witness,
Erickson had not alleged reasons to doubt the informant’s credibility, and Erickson had not
alleged any specific information the informant could provide that would be relevant to his
defense or likely lead to exculpatory information. Erickson argues that this denial was an
abuse of the court’s discretion because Erickson needed the informant’s identity to
determine if probable cause for the search existed and because “the State’s entire case
rested on the credibility of the reasonable cause provided by its confidential informant.”
¶6 M. R. Evid. 502 allows the State to refuse to disclose “the identity of a person who
has furnished information relating to or assisting in an investigation of a possible violation
1
The document Erickson filed is captioned as a subpoena. His appellate counsel acknowledges in
the opening brief that Erickson “essentially filed a motion for the identity of the confidential
informant.”
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of a law.” This privilege is waived if an informant appears as a State witness or if an
informant may be able to testify to a relevant issue in the case. M. R. Evid. 502(c)(1)-(2).
Further, § 46-15-324, MCA, does not require disclosure of a non-testifying informant’s
identity if: (a) disclosure would result in substantial risk to the informant or to the
informant’s operational effectiveness; and (b) the failure to disclose will not infringe the
constitutional rights of the accused. When determining if disclosure is appropriate under
M. R. Evid. 502 and § 46-15-324, MCA, courts look to evidence a defendant has provided
supporting the possible relevancy of the informant’s testimony to the defense. A
defendant’s mere conjecture about relevancy is insufficient to warrant disclosure. Soto,
¶¶ 14-15.
¶7 Here, Erickson did not establish beyond conjecture that the informant’s testimony
would have been relevant to his defense. Erickson alleged that the ability to cross-examine
the informant may have demonstrated a lack of probable cause for the probation search.
He did not, however, file a motion to suppress evidence as the fruit of an unlawful search.
Moreover, Erickson has not provided any evidence that such a motion would have had
merit. At trial, Erickson’s defense was that the State did not prove that he possessed the
drugs—there is no indication that the ability to cross-examine the informant would have
assisted his defense theory. Erickson claimed in a later motion to remove counsel that he
wanted to pursue a defense theory that the informant held a grudge against him and planted
drugs. But he filed this motion more than two months after the District Court denied his
motion to compel disclosure of the informant’s identity. The State did not call the
informant at trial or otherwise rely on the informant’s tip as evidence; rather, it relied on
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the discovery of the bags in Erickson’s residence and the subsequent testing of the
substances. Given the discretionary nature of deciding discovery requests and no
indication that the informant’s identity would have been relevant to Erickson’s defense, we
conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to compel
disclosure.
¶8 Erickson briefly raises a second discovery-related issue on appeal, arguing that the
District Court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to dismiss based on untimely
disclosure of a second police report and additional body-camera and dash-camera footage.
Erickson timely received the probation officer’s report and Officer Kyle Cooper’s
body-camera footage showing the search of the bedroom where the drugs were discovered.
One month before trial, Erickson also received Deputy Clay Shoemaker’s report,
describing his search of Erickson’s kitchen and living room. Shoemaker was listed as a
State witness but did not testify at trial and did not participate in the search of Erickson’s
bedroom. Nevertheless, the State was required to provide Erickson a copy of Shoemaker’s
report because Shoemaker was on the State’s witness list. See § 46-15-322(1)(a), MCA.
Two weeks before trial, Erickson also received Deputy Michael Wharton’s body-camera
footage and Deputy Shoemaker’s dash-camera footage. Erickson has not demonstrated
that any of these later-disclosed discovery materials were either required to be turned over
to him as tangible items presented at trial or as exculpatory material.
See § 46-15-322(1)(d)-(e), MCA. Moreover, Erickson has not demonstrated that the
alleged delay prejudiced him because the later-disclosed materials did not contain evidence
relating to the discovery of drugs in Erickson’s bedroom. Regardless, Erickson had at least
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two weeks to review them. We conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion
when it refused to dismiss Erickson’s charges based on alleged untimely discovery from
the State.
Motion to Continue Trial
¶9 Erickson fired his public defender and represented himself in the proceedings
leading up to trial. The day before trial, Erickson filed a motion to continue, alleging that
his mother was retaining counsel for him. The District Court denied the motion because
no attorney had filed a notice of appearance and Erickson had had six months to retain
counsel. When Erickson’s retained attorney, Michael Klinkhammer, arrived on the day of
trial, the court said that Klinkhammer would be allowed to represent Erickson but the trial
would begin that day as scheduled. Klinkhammer, citing inadequate time to prepare, did
not represent Erickson at trial. Erickson instead represented himself with standby counsel
from the public defender’s office. Erickson argues that the denial of the continuance
deprived him of “the benefit of legal counsel retained on his behalf,” which would have
allowed him to complete retesting of the substances discovered in his bedroom.
¶10 A party seeking a continuance must demonstrate diligence in preparing for trial and
that a continuance is in the interests of justice. Duncan, ¶ 37. Two months before trial, the
District Court granted Erickson’s motion to retest the discovered substances. When
Erickson moved on the brink of trial to continue, he did not assert to the court that he
needed more time to retest the substances. It is unfair to fault a trial court for failing to rule
on an issue it never had the opportunity to consider. State v. Velasquez, 2016 MT 216,
¶ 24, 384 Mont. 447, 377 P.3d 1235. Further, the first time the District Court heard that
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Erickson was trying to retain counsel was the day before trial. The court reasoned that
Erickson had had six months to obtain counsel. Given the lack of diligence demonstrated
by Erickson, we conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying his
last-minute motion to continue.
¶11 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. This appeal presents
no constitutional issues, no issues of first impression, and does not establish new precedent
or modify existing precedent. Erickson’s convictions are affirmed.
/S/ BETH BAKER
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ JIM RICE
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