RENDERED: MAY 26, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-0885-MR
KENNETH BROWN APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM OLDHAM CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE JERRY CROSBY, II, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 17-CR-00014
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CETRULO, JONES, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
CETRULO, JUDGE: Kenneth Brown (“Brown”), pro se, appeals the Oldham
Circuit Court order denying his motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to
Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (“RCr”) 11.42 without an evidentiary
hearing. After review, we AFFIRM.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In October 2016, at a pre-trial hearing (for a separate action) with
Brown, the prosecutor (“Prosecutor Gray”) stated she was considering bringing
additional charges against him. In response, Brown stated, “[a]nd you . . . I’m
gonna have you killed. Since you gonna put cases on me, Imma have you killed
for real.” Brown made this statement in open court.
In January 2017, Brown was indicted on one count of intimidating a
participant in the legal process and as a second-degree persistent felony offender
(“PFO II”). In December 2017, after a short trial, a jury found Brown guilty of
intimidating a participant in the legal process. After the jury verdict, Brown and
the Commonwealth negotiated a deal regarding sentencing. By its terms, Brown
pled guilty, in exchange for five years of imprisonment for intimidating a
participant in the legal process, enhanced an additional two years by the PFO II
charge, and he waived his right to appeal.
However, before sentencing, Brown moved to withdraw his plea
pursuant to RCr 8.10.1 Brown v. Commonwealth, No. 2018-CA-001180-MR, 2019
WL 3367195, at *1 (Ky. App. Jul. 26, 2019). Brown asserted that his counsel
incorrectly explained how the plea agreement would affect his parole hearing
eligibility date. Id. According to Brown, his parole eligibility date would not
remain at 20 years2 as counsel originally informed him, but rather, he would
1
Brown wrote a letter to the court requesting to withdraw his guilty plea prior to sentencing; the
court treated the letter as a motion to set aside the guilty plea pursuant to RCr 8.10.
2
In 2012, Brown was convicted of murder, wanton endangerment, and tampering with physical
evidence; he was serving a 24-year sentence at the time he made the remarks to Prosecutor Gray.
Jefferson Circuit Court, Case No. 10-CR-002631.
-2-
become parole eligible at 21 years and five months. Id. at *3. After a hearing, the
trial court found that Brown received incorrect legal advice from his defense
counsel, but concluded any error was not gross, nor were the consequences so dire
to amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at *2. In July 2018, the trial
court denied Brown’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea and rendered final
judgment in accordance with the terms of the plea agreement. Id. at *1. Brown
appealed the denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
In July 2019, a panel of this Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of
Brown’s RCr 8.10 motion:
While having to wait an additional one year and five
months to receive a parole hearing may seem unfair to
Brown, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion when denying Brown’s motion to
withdraw his plea agreement because it was made
voluntarily. A parole hearing date, as discussed earlier, is
collateral in nature and parole is not guaranteed. Facing
the prospect of potentially receiving one year by
proceeding to trial, as opposed to the additional two years
agreed to in the voluntary guilty plea, does not rise to the
standard of not “being ‘rational under the circumstances”
for the trial court to reject the plea bargain.
Brown, 2019 WL 3367195, at *4.
In May 2021 – and as the basis of this appeal – Brown sought post-
conviction relief by requesting an evidentiary hearing and filing a motion to vacate
his sentence pursuant to RCr 11.42. He alleged numerous errors made by his trial
counsel, but the trial court found that he was not prejudiced by any of the alleged
-3-
errors and denied his RCr 11.42 motion without an evidentiary hearing. Brown
appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
First, we address whether the trial court erred when it denied the
motion without an evidentiary hearing. Then, we discuss whether the trial court
properly found Brown’s counsel was not ineffective.
A. Evidentiary Hearing
The Kentucky Supreme Court has explained that when deciding an
RCr 11.42 motion for ineffective assistance of counsel, an evidentiary hearing is
required only when
there is “a material issue of fact that cannot be determined
on the face of the record.” [Wilson v. Commonwealth, 975
S.W.2d 901, 904 (Ky. 1998).] And [the Kentucky
Supreme] Court has consistently held that a hearing is not
necessary when a trial court can resolve issues on the basis
of the record or when “it determine[s] that the allegations,
even if true, would not be sufficient to invalidate [the]
convictions.” [Id.]
Commonwealth v. Searight, 423 S.W.3d 226, 228 (Ky. 2014).
We review the trial court’s factual findings for clear error. CR 52.01.
This Court grants deference to “the trial court’s factual findings and determinations
of witness credibility.” Commonwealth v. McGorman, 489 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Ky.
2016) (citation omitted). Here, the trial court determined that Brown was not
entitled to a hearing on his motion because he raised no issues of material fact that
-4-
could not be determined from the face of the record. On appeal, Brown challenges
that factual determination. He proposes three queries for an evidentiary hearing.
First, Brown questions why his counsel did not “take further steps to
ensure that a compromised court did not preside” over his trial. More specifically,
the judge who witnessed the threat was the same judge who later presided over his
trial. Brown argues that if the judge had recused herself from the trial, as
requested, he would have called her as a witness in his defense; and yet, Brown
does not give even the tiniest hint as to why the judge would be helpful to his
defense. Brown does not argue that the judge had any special knowledge beyond
witnessing the threat, a threat that was recorded in open court. Here, it does not
matter why his counsel did not push harder to have the judge recuse herself
because there is no evidence such a recusal was necessary, germane, probative, or
material. Evidence “is material if that matter of fact pertains to an issue in
dispute[.]” Brafman v. Commonwealth, 612 S.W.3d 850, 868 (Ky. 2020)
(emphasis added). Further, evidence is material if it goes to a fact of consequence
in the case. Dooley v. Commonwealth, 626 S.W.3d 487, 493 (Ky. 2021). Brown’s
argument here does not present an issue of material fact, nor does he present any
facts that, if true, would be sufficient to invalidate his conviction.
Second, Brown questions why the trial court allowed the
Commonwealth to remove an African American woman from the jury without his
-5-
counsel issuing a Batson challenge.3 It is unclear from the record whether the
Commonwealth exercised a peremptory challenge or if the juror was excluded for
a particular reason. During voir dire, that juror expressed hesitation about being
able to sit judgment on someone, or send them to prison, for words that were said.
Brown states vaguely that discrimination must have been the cause of the excusal,
but he does not establish, even minimally, that the Commonwealth used a
peremptory strike because of her race. Brown states in his brief, “Taking into
account that ‘a state’s purposeful or deliberate denial to [African Americans] on
account of race participation as jurors in the administration or justice violates the
Equal Protection Clause’, it was the courts sworn duty to answer these questions
not answered by the record in order to ensure that Brown’s rights had not been
violated (See Swain v. Alabama 380 U.S. 202, 203-204).” Yet again, under these
circumstances, further discussion about that excusal is not material because it is
not outcome determinative. Brafman, 612 S.W.3d at 868; see also Dooley, 626
S.W.3d at 493. Here, an evidentiary hearing was not necessary to determine the
3
“Challenging prospective jurors on the basis of race violates the Equal Protection Clause. In
Batson [v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986)], the United States
Supreme Court outlined a three-step process for evaluating such claims.” Washington v.
Commonwealth, 34 S.W.3d 376, 378-79 (Ky. 2000). The first step in the process requires the
defendant to “make a prima facie showing of racial bias for the peremptory challenge.” Id. at
379. Brown failed to meet that requirement. If the first step is satisfied, the burden shifts to the
Commonwealth to articulate a “clear and reasonably specific” race-neutral reason for the
challenge. Id. Here, even if the first step had been met, the Commonwealth has such an
articulable reason.
-6-
Commonwealth’s reason for dismissing Juror #404 because the record reflects that
the Commonwealth had a valid reason to excuse the juror. Even with an
evidentiary hearing, Brown could not establish discrimination or misconduct on
behalf of the Commonwealth or the trial court sufficient to invalidate his
conviction.
Third, Brown argues that he lacked the requisite intent for the charge
and wished his counsel would have done more to prove his lack of intent to
intimidate. However, the lack of “intent” was argued at trial. In fact, Brown’s
counsel argued repeatedly that Brown did not intend to intimidate Prosecutor Gray,
and that Brown only spoke from frustration and anger. Despite this, the jury found
intent and found him guilty of one count of intimidating a participant in the legal
process. “Questions of credibility and the weight to be given to evidence and
testimony are issues reserved for determination by the jury.” Brewer v.
Commonwealth, 206 S.W.3d 313, 318 (Ky. 2006). The jury did not find the “lack
of intent” argument to be credible. Brown’s disagreement with the jury’s finding
does not create an issue of material fact. Thus, the trial court did not err in denying
an evidentiary hearing.
B. Effective Assistance of Counsel
This Court reviews a “trial court’s denial of an RCr 11.42 motion for
an abuse of discretion.” Teague v. Commonwealth, 428 S.W.3d 630, 633 (Ky.
-7-
App. 2014). “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision
was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.”
Foley v. Commonwealth, 425 S.W.3d 880, 886 (Ky. 2014) (citing Commonwealth
v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999)).
To determine if the trial court’s denial of Brown’s RCr 11.42 motion
was an abuse of discretion, we must apply the framework set forth in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).4 Under the
Strickland framework, we must ask: (1) did counsel’s performance fall below an
objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) if it did, was the unreasonableness so
prejudicial that it deprived the defendant of a reasonable result? McGorman, 489
S.W.3d at 736 (citation omitted). We address question two only if the answer to
question one is “yes.” Id.
“When faced with an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in an
RCr 11.42 appeal, a reviewing court first presumes that counsel’s performance was
reasonable.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Bussell, 226 S.W.3d 96, 103 (Ky.
2007)). The burden is then on the defendant “to establish convincingly that he was
deprived of some substantial right which would justify the extraordinary relief
4
The Kentucky Supreme Court adopted Strickland in Gall v. Commonwealth, 702 S.W.2d 37
(Ky. 1985).
-8-
afforded by the post-conviction proceedings provided in RCr 11.42.” Dorton v.
Commonwealth, 433 S.W.2d 117, 118 (Ky. 1968).
Here, Brown alleges his trial counsel was deficient seven ways to
Sunday, but we are not sufficiently persuaded. Brown fails to establish that his
counsel’s performance was not reasonable and that he was deprived of some
substantial right which would justify extraordinary relief.
Brown argues his counsel (1) failed to challenge the sufficiency of the
indictment nor request a bill of particulars, and (2) failed to obtain a copy of the
threat. He argues that these “mistakes” left him unprepared to mount a defense.
However, Brown does not establish how these “failures” represented an error by
counsel, nor how they negatively affected his defense. It is unclear from Brown’s
argument how a more specific indictment and/or a bill of particulars would have
been useful in this situation; nor does Brown give insight into how failing to
request these documents was unreasonable or an error. Additionally, Brown made
the threat himself in open court, and he was indicted for making the threat. Even if
his memory failed him and he forgot what he said specifically, the statements were
made in open court and a copy of the court proceeding was readily available. In
fact, throughout the trial, Brown’s counsel expressed an understanding and
knowledge of the threatening words. There is nothing in the record to suggest
counsel was uninformed as to the threat or unprepared as a result of the indictment.
-9-
Brown did not establish any deficiency by counsel on this point, nor how such
“failures” fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
Next, Brown alleges his counsel was ineffective for (3) failing to raise
a Batson challenge when the Commonwealth excused an African American
woman from the jury panel. Again, Brown does not show how his attorney’s
failure to make a Batson challenge was unreasonable or affected his defense.
“Conclusory allegations that counsel was ineffective [–] without a statement of the
facts upon which those allegations are based [–] do not meet the rule’s specificity
standard and so warrant a summary dismissal of the motion.” Roach v.
Commonwealth, 384 S.W.3d 131, 140 (Ky. 2012) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). Brown offered nothing to support his assertion that counsel’s
performance fell below the objective standard of reasonableness, nor that the
outcome of the trial would have been different but for the absent Batson challenge.
Next, Brown argues counsel was (4) “ineffective in the way he
handled the court’s refusal to recuse itself” because “the court’s refusal robbed
[Brown] of the opportunity to present another witness in his defense.” However,
as discussed above, Brown does not explain why or how the judge would be
helpful to his defense; Brown does not argue that the judge had any special
knowledge beyond witnessing the threat. Also, Brown seems to argue that the
judge could not be impartial because she witnessed the threat. However, he
-10-
presents no evidence to support that contention. As the trial court stated, other
than his conclusory argument, Brown “failed to demonstrate what possible
testimony the [j]udge may have offered that would have changed the outcome of
his trial.” Again, “[c]onclusory allegations do not suffice to prove a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel.” Commonwealth v. Crumes, 630 S.W.3d 630,
639 (Ky. 2021) (citation omitted).
Next, Brown argues his counsel erred by (5) not informing the jury
“of the long courtroom history” between himself and Prosecutor Gray. On this
claim, we refer to and adopt the Commonwealth’s argument:
This claim is absurd. [Prosecutor Gray] had successfully
prosecuted Brown for murder and he had been indicted on
three charges of solicitation of murder. Brown v.
Commonwealth, No. 2018-CA-01180-MR, 2019 WL
3367195, at *1 (Ky. App. July 26, 2019). It would have
been highly detrimental to Brown’s case had the jury heard
about his prior courtroom experience with [Prosecutor
Gray], so trial counsel was not deficient in failing to
introduce such evidence.
Next, Brown argues his trial counsel was ineffective (6) in advising
him to enter a guilty plea in which he waived his right to appeal. Brown appears to
argue that he had appealable issues that he was prevented from pursuing, but he
does not state what those may have been. Again, without any argument to support
his contention, there is no tangible ineffectiveness by counsel. Brown does not
-11-
state how his counsel’s effectiveness was inadequate by advising him to enter into
a valid5 guilty plea.
Finally, Brown argues that (7) the cumulative effect of his counsel’s
“errors” warrant extraordinary relief and that his counsel’s performance fell below
a reasonableness standard. For the reasons stated herein, we disagree. Brown
failed to demonstrate, under Strickland, how counsel’s “failures” were deficient, or
how they deprived him of a fair trial. As such, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Brown’s motion pursuant to RCr 11.42.
III. CONCLUSION
Therefore, we AFFIRM the order of the Oldham Circuit Court
denying Brown’s RCr 11.42 motion without an evidentiary hearing.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Kenneth Brown, pro se Daniel Cameron
Burgin, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Courtney J. Hightower
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
5
In Kentucky, the state Constitution guarantees the right to appeal. Ky. Const. Sec. 115.
However, that right may be waived. Simms v. Commonwealth, 354 S.W.3d 141, 143 (Ky. App.
2011) (citing Johnson v. Commonwealth, 120 S.W.3d 704, 706 (Ky. 2003)).
-12-