dissenting.
The end result of what the Court does today is to leave standing a Court of Appeals decree which I think is so clearly wrong that it could well be reversed without argument. The decree set aside an order of the Federal Trade Commission directing Minneapolis-Honeywell to stop violating § 2 (a) of the Robinson-Patman Act by selling oil burner controls to some customers cheaper than to others. The Court of Appeals not only set aside the Commission’s order as permitted under some circumstances. It went much further and ordered the Commis*214sion to dismiss Count III of the complaint against Minneapolis-Honeywell. In doing so the Court of Appeals invaded an area which Congress has made the exclusive concern of the Federal Trade Commission. See Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U. S. 37, 55; Federal Power Commission v. Idaho Power Co., 344 U. S. 17, 20; Federal Communications Commission v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U. S. 134, 145-146.
Moreover, the Court of Appeals held that there was no evidence at all to substantiate the Commission finding that a quantity discount pricing system of Minneapolis-Honeywell resulted in price discriminations that violated § 2 (a) of the Robinson-Patman Act. But there was evidence before the Commission that some customers of Minneapolis-Honeywell were given substantially bigger discounts on purchases than those given their competitors. And the Commission found that these variations were not justified by any differences in costs of manufacture, sale or delivery. We have emphasized that such a showing amply supports a Commission cease and desist order. Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U. S. 37, 47. The Court of Appeals here failed to follow our holding in the Morton Salt case. For this reason also it should be reversed.
I think the following facts show that the petition for certiorari here was filed in time. The Court of Appeals was petitioned by Minneapolis-Honeywell to review and set aside a Trade Commission order in its entirety. Later Minneapolis-Honeywell apparently conceded validity of part of the order and the court’s first decree of July 5, 1951, failed to pass on all the provisions of the Commission’s order.1 The Commission had ninety days to ask *215that we review that partial order if it was a “final” one. Within that ninety days, on August 21, 1951, the Commission asked the Court of Appeals to pass on the remainder of the order. In response a new and expanded decree of the Court of Appeals came down September 18, 1951, marked “Final Decree.” December 14, 1951, within ninety days after rendition of this “Final Decree,” the Commission filed here its petition for certiorari which the Court now dismisses.
1 think that no statute, precedent or reason relied on by the Court requires dismissal of this cause. Of course appealability of a judgment depends on its being “final” in the legalistic sense. But there is no more ambiguous word in all the legal lexicon.2 The Court of Appeals thought its second not its first decree was “final.” Counsel for the Commission evidently believed the second judgment was the “final” one. I am confident many lawyers would have thought the same under this Court’s former cases. So I would have viewed the second judgment before today’s holding. Former cases would have *216pointed strongly to rejection of appeal from the incomplete first decree as an attempted “piecemeal” review.3
The majority advances logical and rational grounds for its conclusion that the first judgment rather than the second one was “final.” That the second judgment was “final,” legalistically speaking, is equally supportable by logic, reason and precedent, if not more so.4 But in arguing over “finality” we should not ignore the fact that Congress has declared that this type of proceeding should be reviewable both in the Court of Appeals and here. We frustrate that declaration when review is denied a *217litigant because of his failure to guess right when confronted in August 1951 with a puzzle, the answer to which no one could know until today.
In prior cases cited in the Court’s opinion this Court has found ways to grant review to litigants bedeviled and confused by the judicially created fog of “finality.” 5 In those prior cases the Court recognized the vagueness of the finality rule and refused to throw out of court litigants who had acted bona fide. It is unfortunate that the Court today fails to utilize this same kind of judicial ingenuity to afford this litigant the review Congress saw fit to provide in the public interest.
The proceedings against Minneapolis-Honeywell began before the Commission nine years ago. Sixteen hundred pages of evidence were put on the record. It all goes to nought apparently because Commission counsel lacked sufficient clairvoyance to anticipate that this Court would hold that the July judgment rather than the one in September was final. Rules of practice and procedure should be used to promote the ends of justice, not to defeat them.6
See, e. g., “Though the merits of the cause may have been substantially decided, while any thing, though merely formal, remains to be done, this Court cannot pass upon the subject. If from any *215intermediate stage in the proceedings an appeal might be taken to the Supreme Court, the appeal might be repeated to the great oppression of the parties.” Mr. Chief Justice Marshall speaking for the Court in Life & Fire Ins. Co. of New York v. Adams, 9 Pet. 573, 602 (1835). “We think that the decree is not a final decree, and that this court has no jurisdiction of the appeal. The decree is not final, because it does not dispose of the entire controversy between the parties.” Keystone Iron Co. v. Martin, 132 U. S. 91, 93 (1889). “It is the settled practice of this court, and the same in the King’s Bench in England, that the writ will not lie until the whole of the matters in controversy in the suit below are disposed of. . . . The cause is not to be sent up in fragments.” Holcombe v. McKusick, 20 How. 552, 554 (1858).
“Probably no question of equity practice has been the subject of more frequent discussion in this court than the finality of decrees. . . . The cases, it must be conceded, are not altogether harmonious.” McGourkey v. Toledo & Ohio R. Co., 146 U. S. 536, 544-545. Cf. Dickinson v. Petroleum Conversion Corp., 338 U. S. 507, 511.
A multitude of cases would have supported such a belief on the part of Commission counsel. See, e. g., Note 1 and the following: “But piecemeal appeals have never been encouraged.” Morgantown v. Royal Ins. Co., 337 U. S. 254, 258. “Congress from the very beginning has, by forbidding piecemeal disposition on appeal of what for practical purposes is a single controversy, set itself against enfeebling judicial administration.” Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U. S. 323, 325. “The foundation of this policy is not in merely technical conceptions of 'finality.’ It is one against piecemeal litigation. ‘The case is not to be sent up in fragments. . . .’ Luxton v. North River Bridge Co., 147 U. S. 337, 341.” Catlin v. United States, 324 U. S. 229, 233-234.
“Upon these facts we cannot doubt that the entry of the 28th of November was intended as an order settling the terms of the decree to be entered thereafter; and that the entry made on the 5th of December was regarded both by the court and the counsel as the final decree in the cause.
“We do not question that the first entry had all the essential elements of a final decree, and if it had been followed by no other action of the court, might very properly have been treated as such. But we must be governed by the obvious intent of the Circuit Court, apparent on the face of the proceedings. We must hold, therefore, the decree of the 5th of December to be the final decree.” Rubber Company v. Goodyear, 6 Wall. 153, 155-156 (1868). See also Federal Power Commission v. Idaho Power Co., 344 U. S. 17, 20-21; Hill v. Hawes, 320 U. S. 520; United States v. Hark, 320 U. S. 531; Zimmern v. United States, 298 U. S. 167; Memphis v. Brown, 94 U. S. 715.
See cases cited in Note 4.
Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U. S. 552, 557. See also Maty v. Grasselli Chemical Co., 303 U. S. 197, 200-201. Cf. Hazel-Atlas Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U. S. 238.