Mark Guthrie v. PHH Mortgage Corporation

USCA4 Appeal: 22-1248 Doc: 49 Filed: 08/18/2023 Pg: 1 of 39

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-1248

MARK ANTHONY GUTHRIE,

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v.

PHH MORTGAGE CORPORATION,

Defendant – Appellee,

and

TRANS UNION, LLC; EQUIFAX, INC.; EQUIFAX INFORMATION
SERVICES, LLC; EXPERIAN INFORMATION SOLUTIONS, INC.,

Defendants.

------------------------------

ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER; THE NATIONAL
CONSUMER LAW CENTER,

Amici Supporting Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Wilmington. Terrence W. Boyle, District Judge. (7:20−cv−00043−BO)

Argued: May 4, 2023 Decided: August 18, 2023

Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and WYNN and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
USCA4 Appeal: 22-1248 Doc: 49 Filed: 08/18/2023 Pg: 2 of 39

Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Quattlebaum
wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Diaz joined and Judge Wynn wrote an opinion
concurring in part and dissenting in part.

ARGUED: Matthew William Buckmiller, BUCKMILLER, BOYETTE & FROST, PLLC,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. John Curtis Lynch, TROUTMAN PEPPER
HAMILTON SANDERS LLP, Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Blake
Boyette, BUCKMILLER, BOYETTE & FROST, PLLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Ethan G. Ostroff, Carter R. Nichols, Virginia Beach, Virginia, Elizabeth Holt
Andrews, TROUTMAN PEPPER HAMILTON SANDERS LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina,
for Appellee. Megan Iorio, Christopher Frascella, ELECTRONIC PRIVACY
INFORMATION CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.

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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge:

Mark Anthony Guthrie appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

PHH Mortgage Corporation on numerous federal and state law claims. A complicated set

of facts underlies these claims—complicated enough to make an excellent hypothetical for

a law school exam. For our purposes though, this appeal can be boiled down to two issues.

First, does the Bankruptcy Code preempt state law causes of action for a creditor’s

improper collection efforts related to debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy? Second,

are there genuine disputes of material fact with respect to Guthrie’s federal and state

claims?

I.

Guthrie filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy and was granted a discharge order in 2016.

PHH, for its part, holds an interest in a property for which Guthrie’s personal liability was

discharged in the bankruptcy proceeding. Guthrie sued PHH 1 for improper collection

attempts on the discharged debt, as well as misreporting his credit status. We begin by

summarizing Guthrie’s bankruptcy proceedings and the subsequent district court

proceedings.

1
Guthrie also sued TransUnion, Equifax and Experian, but he resolved his claims
against those parties out of court and voluntarily dismissed them from the case.

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A.

In 2009, Guthrie and his then-wife, Tonia, took out a loan to purchase a home (the

“Property”) in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Guthrie and Tonia subsequently separated

and, eventually, divorced. Following the separation, in April 2011, Guthrie filed for

Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Both Guthrie and Tonia’s names are listed on the deed for the

Property, and Tonia’s name remains on the loan. But Tonia did not and has not ever filed

for bankruptcy.

In August 2011, after the divorce, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the

Eastern District of North Carolina entered an order confirming Guthrie’s Chapter 13

Bankruptcy Plan. Under the plan, Guthrie had to make 60 monthly payments of $1,825 and

would continue living at the Property with his and Tonia’s two children.

But in January 2013, Guthrie—a Marine Corps officer and pilot—and his children

relocated from the Property to base housing. In connection with that relocation, Guthrie

moved the bankruptcy court to allow surrender of the Property and modification of the

Plan. The court granted the motion, which also reduced his overall repayment obligations

to 21 monthly payments of $1,825 followed by 39 monthly payments of $825.

In May 2016, after Guthrie had made all plan repayments, the bankruptcy court

issued an order that discharged Guthrie’s obligations for the debt. Discharging an

obligation is bankruptcy-speak for ruling Guthrie had no further obligation for the debt. 11

U.S.C. § 1328. His bankruptcy case was closed in August 2016.

The discharge order left an unusual situation concerning the Property and the debt

on it. Because PHH did not foreclose on the Property after Guthrie surrendered it in 2013,

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both Guthrie and Tonia’s names remained on the deed. Guthrie—one joint owner—had

received a bankruptcy discharge order on the debt. Tonia—the other joint owner—was still

obligated on the debt, never having filed for bankruptcy.

B.

Following a long chain of assignments, in May 2013, PHH obtained its interest in

the Property. 2 Guthrie sued PHH in 2020, asserting two general categories of improper

actions regarding the debt—(1) improperly contacting him and attempting to collect the

debt and (2) misreporting of his credit status. 3

Guthrie alleges that, beginning around November 2013, PHH “began harassing

[him] by placing collection telephone calls to [him] in connection with the Loan on a

weekly basis,” an average of 1 to 3 times per week, persisting through January 2016. J.A.

729. He says that he repeatedly asked PHH to stop contacting him and informed its

employees that he was no longer liable on the loan. According to Guthrie, he told them to

“contact his ex-wife for payment.” J.A. 701.

Guthrie enlisted the help of his bankruptcy attorney, who sent PHH “at least two

separate warning letters” in 2014, stating that PHH could not collect or attempt to collect

2
The original loan was an adjustable rate note that Guthrie and Tonia took out with
Gateway Funding Diversified Mortgage Services L.P. In November 2011, Gateway
assigned its interest in the Property to GMAC Mortgage, LLC. Then, in May 2013, GMAC
assigned its interest in the Property to Ocwen Loan Servicing. Finally, Ocwen merged with
PHH in January 2019. For simplicity, we refer to Ocwen as PHH throughout, given that
PHH and Ocwen are the same entity for purposes of Guthrie’s lawsuit.
3
Guthrie sued in North Carolina state court. PHH removed the action to the United
States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.

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amounts owed on the loan from Guthrie. J.A. 702. PHH responded, acknowledging that

Guthrie was represented by counsel and stated that “all communications including verbal,

mail, and email” to Guthrie would cease and would instead be forwarded directly to

Guthrie’s attorney. J.A. 757. Despite this, Guthrie alleges that PHH continued to contact

him directly until 2020.

In May 2016, the bankruptcy court sent the discharge order to PHH. When a debt is

discharged, the bankruptcy court enters a discharge injunction that prevents creditors from

seeking to obtain payment on that debt. 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2) (“A discharge in a case under

this title [] operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an

action, the employment of process, or an act, to collect, recover or offset any such debt as

a personal liability of the debtor, whether or not discharge of such debt is waived[.]”). As

the discharge order explained, “[c]reditors cannot contact the debtors by mail, phone, or

otherwise in any attempt to collect the [discharged] debt personally.” J.A. 760. It also

explained that “[c]reditors who violate th[e] order can be required to pay debtors damages

and attorney’s fees.” J.A. 760.

Despite the discharge injunction, Guthrie alleges that PHH continued to contact him

about the loan through telephone calls and mail. Guthrie also alleges that PHH misreported

his credit status by reporting that, despite the discharge, he remained liable on the loan,

was in default under the terms of the loan and was more than 120 days delinquent on the

loan. He alleges that PHH’s actions caused physical, emotional and professional damages,

as well as prevented him from obtaining favorable credit.

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Guthrie brought ten claims against PHH based on these actions for violations of

various state and federal laws. Following discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for

summary judgment on all claims. The district court granted PHH’s motion in full and

denied Guthrie’s.

Guthrie timely appealed but addressed just five of his claims. 4 Three are state law

claims—negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”), intentional infliction of

emotional distress (“IIED”) and violation of the North Carolina Debt Collection Act

(“NCDCA”). Two are federal—violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) and

the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”). 5

Guthrie’s appeal primarily involves three holdings by the district court. First, the

court held that, to the extent they were premised on improper debt collection attempts, the

Bankruptcy Code preempted Guthrie’s NIED, IIED and his NCDCA claims (collectively,

“state law claims”). 6 Second, it held that, to the extent it was not otherwise preempted,

there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to Guthrie’s NCDCA claim. 7 Finally, it

held there was no genuine dispute of material fact as to his FCRA and TCPA claims.

4
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
5
Guthrie also sued under common law negligence, North Carolina’s Unfair and
Deceptive Trade Practices Act and Collection Agency Act and the federal Real Estate
Settlement Procedures Act and Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. He does not appeal
summary judgment on those claims.
6
It also held that, to the extent Guthrie’s state law claims were premised on
misreporting his credit status, the FCRA preempted his claims. Guthrie does not appeal
this holding.
7
The district court did not address the merits of Guthrie’s NIED and IIED claims.

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II.

We begin by addressing preemption 8 before turning to whether Guthrie has

established a genuine dispute of material fact on his NCDCA, FCRA and TCPA claims.

A.

The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution dictates that “the Laws of the United

States” are “the supreme Law of the Land.” U.S. Const. art. VI. Practically speaking, this

means that federal law preempts—or bars—claims under state law that either interfere with

or are contrary to federal law. S. Blasting Servs., Inc. v. Wilkes Cnty., 288 F.3d 584, 589

(4th Cir. 2002).

But we must not presume federal law preempts state law. In fact, any analysis of

preemption begins “with the basic assumption that Congress did not intend to displace state

law.” Id. (quoting Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725, 746 (1981)). This assumption can

be overcome in one of three ways. First, Congress may explicitly state an intention to

preempt certain state laws. Id. at 590. This is called express preemption. Second, “federal

law [may] so thoroughly occup[y] a legislative field as to make reasonable the inference

that Congress left no room for the States to supplement it.” Id. (quoting Cipollone v. Liggett

Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504, 516 (1992)). This is called field preemption. Finally,

“compliance with both federal and state regulations [may be] a physical impossibility,”

which creates “direct conflict” preemption. Id. (quoting Hillsborough Cnty. v. Automated

We review whether state law is preempted by federal law de novo. Decohen v.
8

Cap. One, N.A., 703 F.3d 216, 222 (4th Cir. 2012).

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Med. Lab’ys., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985)). Similarly, “state law [may] stand[] as an

obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of

Congress,” which is known as “obstacle preemption.” Id. Direct conflict preemption and

obstacle preemption fall under the broader category of conflict preemption.

Guthrie’s state law claims that remain on appeal sound in consumer protection and

stem from alleged improper contact and collection attempts. Adopting PHH’s arguments,

the district court held that, because these claims “require[d] proof of violation of the

discharge injunction,” they were preempted. J.A. 1606. It reasoned that, for any improper

debt collection contact that “would not be wrongful absent the existence of [the discharge

injunction] imposed by the Bankruptcy Code,” Guthrie is limited to the Code’s remedies.

J.A. 1607. Those remedies, the district court explained, were not expressly provided for in

the Bankruptcy Code. But a bankruptcy court may exercise its power under 11 U.S.C.

§ 105 “to hold a creditor in civil contempt, and impose contempt sanctions, for violating

the discharge injunction.” J.A. 1606 (quoting In re Williams, 612 B.R. 682, 690 (Bankr.

M.D.N.C. 2020)).

The district court did not specify under which theory of preemption—express, field

or conflict—it based its decision. Express preemption does not apply, as the Bankruptcy

Code provisions pertaining to chapter 13 bankruptcy and discharge injunctions do not

include language preempting related state law. 11 U.S.C. §§ 524, 1301–1330. And, on

appeal, PHH explicitly waived any argument about field preemption. That leaves conflict

preemption as the only potential viable theory. Thus, we are left with the following

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question: does conflict preemption bar Guthrie’s state law claims for improper debt

collection attempts, which hinge on PHH’s violation of the discharge injunction?

Recall that conflict preemption has two subsets—direct conflict preemption and

obstacle preemption. Under direct conflict preemption, we ask whether compliance with

federal and state laws is impossible. S. Blasting Servs., Inc., 288 F.3d at 591. The answer

to that question is easy—it is not. A creditor can comply with both the discharge injunction

and the state law on which Guthrie’s claims are based by not seeking to improperly collect

debts discharged in bankruptcy. So, direct conflict preemption does not apply.

Under obstacle preemption, we ask whether Guthrie’s state law claims “stand[] as

an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of

Congress” in enacting the Bankruptcy Code. Id. at 590. While trickier, the answer to the

obstacle preemption question is also no.

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1.

Neither our court nor our sister circuits has addressed this issue, 9 and district and

bankruptcy courts that have done so are split. 10 So we turn to the basic principles of obstacle

preemption. “Determining whether a state law ‘stands as an obstacle’ to federal law is a

two-step process. First, we determine Congress’s ‘significant objectives’ in passing the

federal law. We then turn to whether the state law stands ‘as an obstacle to the

accomplishment of a significant federal regulatory objective.’” Va. Uranium, Inc. v.

Warren, 848 F.3d 590, 599 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Williamson v. Mazda Motor of Am.,

Inc., 562 U.S. 323, 330 (2011)) (cleaned up), aff’d, 139 S. Ct. 1894 (2019).

9
Some of our sister circuits have addressed preemption in analogous contexts. For
example, in Pertuso v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 233 F.3d 417, 426 (6th Cir. 2000), the Sixth
Circuit held that the automatic stay provisions of the Bankruptcy Code preempted state law
claims that presupposed violations of those same provisions. The Sixth Circuit relied on
both obstacle and field preemption in reaching that conclusion. Id. at 426. However, the
automatic stay is in place during a bankruptcy proceeding, while the discharge injunction
is entered after it has been closed. As such, we do not find Pertuso persuasive. And the
First Circuit has held that state claims for unjust enrichment involving a discharge
injunction are preempted based on field preemption. Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230
F.3d 439, 447 (1st Cir. 2000). But because PHH waived that issue, we do not address it
here.
10
For example, in In re Waggett, No. 09-4152-8-SWH, 2015 WL 1384087 (Bankr.
E.D.N.C. Mar. 23, 2015), the bankruptcy court held that state law consumer protection
claims based on efforts taken after the close of the bankruptcy case to collect debts covered
by the bankruptcy discharge were not preempted. It reasoned that “[t]here is little risk that
allowing the state law claims to go forward will disrupt the uniform application of the
bankruptcy laws or contravene congressional purpose.” Id. at *8. In contrast, in In re
Johnston, 362 B.R. 730, 737 (Bankr. N.D.W. Va. 2007), the bankruptcy court held that
“state law causes of action that would allow a debtor to collect damages for a violation of
the discharge injunction are foreclosed by the remedies provided” in the Bankruptcy Code.

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As to the federal objectives, the Supreme Court has explained that “[t]he principal

purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a ‘fresh start’ to the ‘honest but unfortunate

debtor.’” Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass., 549 U.S. 365, 367 (2007) (citation omitted).

However, the Bankruptcy Code is not “focused on the unadulterated pursuit of the

debtor’s interest.” Bartenwerfer v. Buckley, 143 S. Ct. 665, 675 (2023). Instead, it

“balances multiple, often competing interests.” Id. Namely, it also seeks to protect creditors

by providing equitable distribution of a debtor’s assets, limiting what debts are

dischargeable and providing a “prompt and effectual administration and settlement of the

debtor’s estate.” Moses v. CashCall, Inc., 781 F.3d 63, 72 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Katchen

v. Landy, 382 U.S. 323, 328 (1966)). And related to the goal of prompt and effectual

administration, the Bankruptcy Code “centralize[s] disputes over the debtor’s assets and

obligations in one forum [to] protect[] both debtors and creditors from piecemeal litigation

and conflicting judgments.” Id. In other words, “ease and centrality of administration are

[] foundational characteristics of bankruptcy law.” Id.

Considering those objectives, Guthrie’s state law claims create no obstacle to

providing him with a fresh start. The claims, if successful, provide remedies for violating

the discharge injunction—perhaps the central Bankruptcy Code feature allowing debtors a

fresh start.

But as the Supreme Court has told us, the Bankruptcy Code is not solely to benefit

debtors. The objectives pertaining to creditors must also be considered. Even so, it is not

clear to us how allowing a debtor to pursue state-law remedies for violation of the discharge

injunction stands as an obstacle to those objectives. Permitting Guthrie’s state law claims

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would not result in the inequitable distribution of his assets, would not increase the debts

that are dischargeable and would not slow down or negatively affect the administration or

settlement of his estate.

Perhaps the best argument that Guthrie’s claims conflict with the purpose of the

Bankruptcy Code is that they create “piecemeal litigation” and detract from the “centrality

of administration” of bankruptcy law. However, Guthrie’s claims are almost exclusively

based on events which took place after the bankruptcy case was closed. And they are not

inconsistent with, nor do they have any impact on, any order issued during the case. So, we

cannot see how they detract from the ease or centrality with which the federal bankruptcy

system operates.

Another potential argument in favor of obstacle preemption is that allowing

Guthrie’s state law claims would upset the balance the Bankruptcy Code struck as to the

rights of debtors and creditors by allowing only contempt of court relief for violating the

discharge injunction. And to be sure, comprehensive federal statutory or regulatory

schemes may signal a balance of interests that preempts state law claims providing

additional relief.

For example, in Columbia Venture, LLC v. Dewberry & Davis, LLC, we held that

the National Flood Insurance Act (“NFIA”) obstacle preempts claims against independent

contractors hired by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”). 604 F.3d

824, 832 (4th Cir. 2010). FEMA hired Dewberry & Davis as an independent contractor to

help remap the flood zones where Columbia Venture owned a large parcel of property. Id.

at 827. Dewberry & Davis designated a large portion of Columbia Venture’s property as

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part of a floodway, greatly reducing the value of the property. Id. Columbia Venture sued

Dewberry & Davis for professional malpractice, among other state law claims.

In holding that such state law claims were obstacle preempted by the NFIA, we

explained that Congress passed the NFIA to make federally subsidized flood insurance

available where private insurers were unwilling to offer insurance. Id. at 830. Critically,

the NFIA lays out a comprehensive scheme for challenging FEMA flood-map

determinations—a scheme that expressly limits both the grounds for appeal and the relief

available. Id. at 831. Based on that scheme and the legislative history surrounding it, we

reasoned that the NFIA’s primary purpose was to “strike a balance between protecting

property owners’ right to appeal flood elevation determinations and the government’s

interest in minimizing the costs inherent in updating flood maps in order to provide flood

insurance.” Id. at 831. Thus, we held that allowing Columbia Venture’s state law claims to

go forward presented an obstacle to this balance.

At first blush, it might seem like we have a similar situation here. Guthrie’s state

law claims overlap closely with claims for violations of the Bankruptcy Code’s discharge

injunction. And the Code limits the relief available for such violations to contempt of court

sanctions. But while Columbia Venture involved a comprehensive federal scheme for

challenging flood map determinations, the Code’s treatment of violations of the discharge

injunction is scant at best. As the district court noted, there is no express provision

addressing such violations. And while § 105 allows for contempt of court relief, it simply

permits a bankruptcy court to “issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or

appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title.” 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). Since § 105(a) is

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neither specific to discharge injunction violations nor comprehensive, it is not the type of

Congressionally designed balance that implicates obstacle preemption. 11

This case is closer to College Loan Corp. v. SLM Corp., 396 F.3d 588 (4th Cir.

2005). There, we explained that the Higher Education Act (“HEA”) did not preempt state

law claims for breach of contract and tortious interference, even though those state law

claims “rel[ied] in part on violations of the HEA or its regulations.” Id. at 598–99.

The HEA created the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”), which

authorized consolidation loans. Id. at 590. College Loan Corporation sued Sallie Mae for

breach of contract and tortious interference under state law, alleging violations of the

FFELP regulations surrounding consolidation loans. Id. at 593. Sallie Mae moved to

dismiss the claims, arguing that College Loan Corporation was impermissibly using its

state claims to assert a private right of action not provided by the HEA. Id.

11
Even a more comprehensive remedial scheme may not guarantee obstacle
preemption. In Anderson v. Sara Lee Corp., we explained that “the mere existence of a
federal regulatory or enforcement scheme—even if the scheme is an appreciably detailed
one—does not by itself imply preemption of state remedies.” 508 F.3d 181, 193 (4th Cir.
2007) (cleaned up). While we held that the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) preempted
state contract and tort claims for FLSA violations, we focused on the exclusivity of the
FLSA’s remedial scheme. Id. at 182. We concluded that “Congress manifested a desire to
exclusively define the private remedies available to redress violations of the [FLSA’s]
terms [because] the FLSA mandates that the commencement of an action by the Secretary
of Labor terminates an employee’s own right of action.” Id. at 194. And we explained that
this was a “special feature of the FLSA’s enforcement scheme [which] would be rendered
superfluous if workers were able to circumvent that scheme while pursuing their FLSA
rights.” Id. The Bankruptcy Code contains no such special features manifesting Congress’s
desire for exclusivity.

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Rather than focusing directly on Sallie Mae’s private-cause-of-action argument, the

district court turned to the related issue of preemption, finding “the HEA impliedly

preempts any state law action that utilizes the HEA to satisfy an element of the state law

claim.” Id. It concluded that allowing the state law claims to go forward would pose an

obstacle to Congress’s objectives in enacting the HEA, which provided a “comprehensive

administrative enforcement” scheme but not a private cause of action. Id. at 595–97.

We reversed, noting that the district court failed to explain “how the[] [statutory

purposes of the HEA] would be compromised by a lender, such as College Loan, pursuing

breach of contract or tort claims.” Id. at 597. We concluded that neither the “existence of

comprehensive federal regulations” nor the Secretary of Education’s exclusive

enforcement power over the HEA was sufficient to establish obstacle preemption. Id. at

598. We explained that “courts have generally authorized state tort claims to be pursued in

areas where the federal government has regulated, even when such claims are in some

manner premised on violations of federal regulations.” Id. at 598–99. And we rejected the

argument that the plaintiff’s state law claims were “an impermissible effort to assert private

rights of action” under a federal statute. Id. at 593. We explained that “the Supreme Court

(and this Court as well) has recognized that the availability of a state law claim is even

more important in an area where no federal private right of action exists.” Id. at 599.

True, unlike in College Loan Corp., the Bankruptcy Code provides remedies for

violating the discharge injunction. While there is not a private cause of action for violating

the injunction, a bankruptcy court may, under § 105, impose contempt of court sanctions.

Admittedly, Guthrie’s state law claims provide greater remedies than those available under

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the Bankruptcy Code for the same conduct. Even so, we see no reason why the mere fact

that state law claims provide broader remedies than federal law means the state claims are

preempted. Unlike in Columbia Venture, there are not indications that Congress sought to

limit remedies to facilitate a certain public-policy outcome. Rather, the remedies Guthrie

seeks further one of the primary goals of the Bankruptcy Code and the discharge

injunction—a fresh start for debtors. And, as described above, they do not obstruct any

other significant federal objective of the Bankruptcy Code.

2.

PHH argues that another congressional purpose is revealed in article I, section 8,

clause 4 of the Constitution—which provides that Congress shall have the power to

establish “uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.”

This Bankruptcy Clause, PHH argues, reflects that one Congressional purpose for the

Bankruptcy Code must be uniformity. PHH says allowing each state’s laws to be used to

enforce a bankruptcy discharge stands as an obstacle to this constitutionally supported

congressional purpose.

But this clause is not about ensuring uniformity in state laws whenever they happen

to intersect with bankruptcy. It is about empowering Congress to enact bankruptcy laws

and ensuring that federal bankruptcy laws themselves do not vary impermissibly from state

to state. See Siegel v. Fitzgerald, 142 S. Ct. 1770, 1781 (2022) (describing the uniformity

clause as a limitation on Congress’s ability to enact bankruptcy laws that vary from state

to state).

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The Supreme Court has explained that state laws “on the subject of bankruptcies are

suspended” if they conflict with federal bankruptcy law. Butner v. United States, 440 U.S.

48, 54 n.9 (1979). But the Court has also emphasized that preemption depends on an actual

conflict, and not all state-levels differences frustrate the Constitution’s uniformity

principle. Congress even may structure bankruptcy law to incorporate those differences:

Notwithstanding this requirement as to uniformity, the bankruptcy acts of
Congress may recognize the laws of the state in certain particulars, although
such recognition may lead to different results in different States. For
example, the Bankruptcy Act recognizes and enforces the laws of the states
affecting dower, exemptions, the validity of mortgages, priorities of payment
and the like. Such recognition in the application of state laws does not affect
the constitutionality of the Bankruptcy Act, although in these particulars the
operation of the act is not alike in all the states.

Id. (citation omitted). Following the Supreme Court’s guidance, the existence of the

uniformity clause does not mean that Guthrie’s state law claims contravene the purpose

and intent of either article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution or the Bankruptcy Code.

In sum, Guthrie’s state law claims—which require, in part, proof that PHH violated

a discharge injunction issued under the Bankruptcy Code—do not create an obstacle to the

goals of the Bankruptcy Code. States are separate sovereigns that should have the freedom,

at least generally, to create causes of action as they see fit. While preemption limits this

freedom, we do not presume preemption. And we likewise should not “seek[] out conflicts

between state and federal regulation where none clearly exists.” English v. Gen. Elec. Co.,

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496 U.S. 72, 90 (1990). Here there is no conflict. Thus, Guthrie’s state law claims are not

preempted. 12

B.

Having determined that conflict preemption does not bar Guthrie’s state law claims,

we next must determine whether Guthrie established a genuine dispute of material fact to

survive summary judgment on his NCDCA, FCRA and TCPA claims. 13 We review a

district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Sedar v. Reston Town Ctr. Prop., LLC,

988 F.3d 756, 761 (4th Cir. 2021). A court may only grant summary judgment if there are

no genuine disputes as to any material fact. Id. A fact is material if “proof of its existence

or non-existence” would impact the outcome under the applicable law. Id. And a dispute

is genuine if “the evidence offered is such that a reasonable jury might return a verdict for

the non-movant.” Id. We note that a court cannot base a grant of summary judgment merely

on the belief “that the movant will prevail if the action is tried on the merits.” Id. Rather,

the standard requires the court to conclude that “the evidence could not permit a reasonable

jury to return a favorable verdict” to the nonmovant. Id.

12
Our colleague in dissent would affirm the district court on preemption. While we
appreciate his thoughtful opinion, it would be more persuasive to us were we considering
field preemption. But as already noted, PHH expressly disavowed field preemption and our
decision today does not address the merits of that issue. Further, Guthrie disclaims any
reliance on violations of the automatic stay, so we do not address whether such claims are
preempted by the Bankruptcy Code.
13
Because the district court made no determination as to the merits of Guthrie’s
NIED and IIED claims, we need not determine whether he has established a genuine
dispute of material fact and remand these claims for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

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1.

Beginning with his NCDCA claim, the Act prohibits debt collectors from engaging

in certain practices. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 75-50 to -56. Guthrie alleges that PHH violated this

statute primarily by misrepresenting that he owed a debt when the debt had been

discharged, in violation of § 75-54(4), which prohibits debt collectors from “falsely

representing the creditor’s rights.” He also contends PHH violated the statute by contacting

him directly after his attorney told PHH that he was represented by counsel, in violation of

§ 75-55(3), which prohibits debt collectors from “[c]ommunicating with a consumer (other

than a statement of account used in the normal course of business) whenever the debt

collector has been notified by the consumer’s attorney that he represents said consumer.”

In holding that—to the extent his claims were not otherwise preempted—there was

no dispute of material fact, the district court found critical the fact that Guthrie remained

on the deed to the Property. It noted that “surrender of property in bankruptcy ‘does not

serve to pass ownership of the residence to a lender; nor does it require the lender to

foreclose its mortgage.’” J.A. 1608 (citing In re Rose, 512 B.R. 790, 793 (Bankr. W.D.N.C.

2014)). And because Guthrie and his former wife’s names remained on the deed, the court

noted that they were required “to maintain hazard insurance, pay taxes on the [P]roperty,

and pay for maintenance and preservation of the Property.” J.A.1609. Further, the district

court pointed out that all letters sent to Guthrie “disclaimed any attempt to collect on a debt

discharged in bankruptcy.” J.A. 1609.

Based on those facts, the court held “it was not unconscionable or improper for

[PHH] to contact [Guthrie], especially as all written communication contained a disclaimer

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that, if the debt had been discharged in bankruptcy, the contact was for informational

purposes only.” J.A. 1609. Also, relying on our unpublished decision in Lovegrove v.

Ocwen Home Loans Servicing, L.L.C., 666 F. App’x 308 (4th Cir. 2016), it reasoned that

including such disclaimer language in correspondence means that the correspondence is

not considered an attempt to collect a debt. And the district court reasoned that the NCDCA

did not prevent PHH from contacting Guthrie to try to reach his ex-wife Tonia, who had

not filed for bankruptcy protection. Thus, the court determined, as a matter of law, that

PHH’s contacts with Guthrie did not violate the NCDCA.

We agree that the facts on which the district court relied support PHH’s defenses.

But that does not mean there are no genuine disputes of material fact as to the NCDCA

claim. Take PHH’s phone calls to Guthrie. Guthrie states that each time PHH called, it

sought to collect the full amount of the loan from him, even if the caller also mentioned

Tonia. And while the record contains but a few transcripts of those calls, none contain

disclaimer language. Likewise, those same transcripts reveal that even when the caller

stated he was attempting to reach Mark and Tonia Guthrie, once the caller confirmed he

was speaking to Mark Guthrie, he explained he was calling about a loan balance that

appears to be the full amount of the loan. We must construe the evidence in the light most

favorable to Guthrie. And when we do that, a reasonable jury could conclude that PHH was

attempting to collect a debt in a manner that violates § 75-54 by misrepresenting its right

to collect the debt from Guthrie.

Guthrie also submitted evidence that on March 13, 2014, after receiving

correspondence from his attorney, PHH recognized that he was represented by an attorney.

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In fact, based on its knowledge that Guthrie was represented by counsel, PHH stated that

“all communications including, verbal, mail, and email will be stopped. All

correspondence, including monthly account statements, will be forwarded directly to your

attorney.” J.A. 757. Despite that, Guthrie proffered evidence that PHH called Guthrie

directly after the March 2014 letter about the debt on the Property. Construing the evidence

in the light most favorable to Guthrie, a reasonable jury could conclude that PHH violated

§ 75-55(3). As such, Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact that PHH

violated that provision of the NCDCA. 14

2.

We next turn to Guthrie’s FCRA claims. The FCRA imposes liability on “furnishers

of information” for failing to reasonably investigate consumer disputes. 15 U.S.C.

§ 1681s-2. When a consumer initiates a dispute with a credit reporting agency, the credit

reporting agency must notify the furnisher and the furnisher, in turn, must:

(A) conduct an investigation with respect to the disputed information;

(B) review all relevant information provided by the consumer reporting
agency pursuant to section 1681i(a)(2) of this title;

(C) report the results of the investigation to the consumer reporting agency;

(D) if the investigation finds that the information is incomplete or inaccurate,
report those results to all other consumer reporting agencies to which the
person furnished the information and that compile and maintain files on
consumers on a nationwide basis; and

14
Mortgage statements with the disclaimer sent to Guthrie after March 2014 would
likely be considered “a statement of account used in the normal course of business” and
thus not give rise to a NCDCA violation under § 75-55(3). See J.A. 775–979.

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(E) if an item of information disputed by a consumer is found to be inaccurate
or incomplete or cannot be verified after any reinvestigation under paragraph
(1), for purposes of reporting to a consumer reporting agency only, as
appropriate, based on the results of the reinvestigation promptly--
(i) modify that item of information;
(ii) delete that item of information; or
(iii) permanently block the reporting of that item of information.

15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b)(1).

The “FCRA imposes liability for negligent noncompliance with the Act, and it

allows for enhanced penalties for willful violations.” Dalton v. Cap. Ass’d Indus., Inc., 257

F.3d 409, 417 (4th Cir. 2001). For negligent violations of this requirement, a consumer is

entitled to “any actual damages sustained . . . as a result of the [information furnisher’s]

failure[.]” 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a)(1). For willful violations, a consumer may also seek

punitive damages and, instead of actual damages, may seek statutorily defined damages

between $100 and $1,000 per violation. Id. § 1681n(a).

Guthrie’s complaint alleges both negligent and willful violations of the FCRA. The

district court determined there was no genuine dispute of material fact for either basis of

liability. With respect to his negligent violation claim, the district court ruled that Guthrie

failed to demonstrate actual damages traceable to any failure on the part of PHH. And with

respect to his willful violation claim, the district court ruled that nothing in the record could

“support a reasonable juror in concluding [PHH] knowingly and intentionally acted in

conscious disregard of [Guthrie’s] rights.” J.A. 1615.

a.

In ruling on Guthrie’s negligence claim, the district court divided Guthrie’s alleged

actual damages into three general categories: (i) denials of credit, (ii) emotional and

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medical damages, and (iii) professional damages. All three represent actionable damages

under the FCRA. Sloane v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 510 F.3d 495, 500 (4th Cir. 2007)

(“Actual damages [under the FCRA] may include not only economic damages, but also

damages for humiliation and mental distress.”). But the district court held either that

Guthrie failed to prove the existence of these damages or that he failed to prove the

damages were attributable to PHH’s actions. We address each of these categories.

i.

In his complaint, Guthrie alleged a violation of the FCRA based on PHH’s alleged

failure to reasonably respond to disputes submitted to credit reporting agencies

TransUnion, Experian and Equifax in early 2019. And he alleged two credit denials that

occurred due to those failures—one from SunTrust and one from Navy Federal. Despite

that, the district court found that Guthrie’s credit denials did not result from any failure on

PHH’s part to reasonably investigate a credit dispute.

We agree with the district court’s dismissal of the claims related to the disputes

submitted to Experian and Equifax. 15 But there exists a genuine dispute of material fact as

to Guthrie’s dispute submitted to TransUnion. In granting summary judgment, the district

court relied on PHH’s representative testimony that PHH responded to Guthrie’s dispute

15
The court dismissed the claim regarding Equifax because the record reflected that
PHH never received notice of Guthrie’s dispute filed with Equifax. Because PHH did not
receive notice of this dispute, there was no requirement that it conduct a reasonable
investigation. And as to the Experian dispute, the district court found that Guthrie’s credit
denials occurred before PHH responded to the dispute and, as such, could not have
occurred due to PHH’s actions.

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to TransUnion by reporting his discharged loan was current with $0 past due. And it is true

that this response appears to have fixed the incorrect reporting issue for some of the later

months of 2018. But Guthrie introduced evidence that PHH’s response to his dispute did

not rectify all major errors in his credit report. Following PHH’s response, his credit report

continued to show a delinquent balance from May 2016 to August 2018. And since he had

complied with his obligations under the bankruptcy plan, he had no delinquent status at

that time. Guthrie also introduced evidence that SunTrust Bank denied his application for

credit for the following reasons: “[s]erious delinquency,” “[l]ength of time since account

not paid as agreed,” “[p]roportion of loan balances to loan amounts is too high,” and

“[a]mount past due on accounts.” J.A. 1004.

PHH’s evidence did not clearly establish that its response addressed any errors in

past delinquency. While it may have responded to inaccuracies in Guthrie’s credit report

as to whether he was currently delinquent, the FCRA requires creditors to also determine

whether information they have provided in the past is inaccurate. Saunders v. Branch

Banking & Tr. Co. of VA, 526 F.3d 142, 148 (4th Cir. 2008). And a credit report is

inaccurate if it “provides information in such a manner as to create a materially misleading

impression.” Id. Construing this evidence in the light most favorable to Guthrie, a

reasonable jury could conclude that PHH failed to appropriately respond to errors showing

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a delinquent balance for prior reporting periods. Thus, Guthrie created a genuine dispute

of material fact as to whether this failure led to Guthrie’s credit denial from SunTrust. 16

Guthrie also appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment on his

FCRA claims based on credit disputes initiated in 2015 and 2018. He argues he provided

evidence of those disputes during discovery. The district court held that Guthrie could not

“identify additional disputes” to base his FCRA claim on at the summary judgment stage

without amending his complaint. J.A. 1612.

Guthrie argues that under the standard of notice pleading, he need only provide a

“short and plain statement” of his claim. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. And it is true that it would have

been sufficient for Guthrie to state in his complaint that he had initiated credit disputes,

without providing detailed information on when those disputes occurred. However,

“although notice pleading does not require a plaintiff to plead particulars, ‘if a plaintiff

chooses to do so, and they show that he has no claim, then he is out of luck.’” Bender v.

Suburban Hosp., Inc., 159 F.3d 186, 192 (4th Cir. 1998); E.E.O.C. v. Browning Ferris,

Inc., 225 F.3d 653 (4th Cir. 2000) (unpublished table decision). Guthrie does not argue that

he moved to amend his complaint. And without doing that, we find no error in the district

court’s order granting summary judgment on the 2015 and 2018 credit disputes.

16
As part of its summary-judgment pleadings, PHH submitted what appears to be a
database entry capturing correspondence between TransUnion and PHH regarding
Guthrie’s 2019 dispute. See J.A. 357. While this largely inscrutable document appears to
support the testimony of PHH’s representative, the parties have not explained or
contextualized the document, and it is unclear if the district court relied on it. At this stage,
we are unwilling to say, as a matter of law, that PHH’s response was not the cause of
Guthrie’s SunTrust denial.

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ii.

The district court next rejected Guthrie’s alleged emotional and medical damages,

explaining that he relied “only on his own affidavit to establish the existence of his

emotional damages” and provided no evidence from a medical provider that his physical

or mental symptoms were caused or exacerbated by PHH’s actions. J.A. 1613–14. While

the district court noted that Guthrie’s own testimony could support damages for emotional

distress, it held that his “conclusory and vague statements regarding his emotional state are

insufficient at [the summary judgment] stage of the proceeding.” J.A. 1614.

The district court correctly noted that to support damages for emotional distress, a

plaintiff must “reasonably and sufficiently explain the circumstances of the injury and not

resort to mere conclusory statements.” Sloane, 510 F.3d at 503 (cleaned up). Stated

differently, the testimony must “sufficiently articulate true demonstrable emotional

distress.” Id. (cleaned up).

To illustrate this requirement, we describe two cases. In Sloane, we found the

following evidence to be “substantial, if not overwhelming, objective evidence

support[ing] an emotional distress award” in the FCRA context. Id. at 504. The plaintiff

(1) provided “an objective and inherently reasonable ‘factual context’ for her resulting

claims of emotional distress,” (2) “offered ‘sufficiently articulated’ descriptions of her

protracted anxiety through detailed testimony of specific events and the humiliation and

anger she experienced,” (3) “provided evidence that the distress was apparent to others,”

(4) provided “substantial trial evidence attest[ing] to the direct ‘nexus’” between

defendant’s violations and her distress, (5) her emotional distress “manifested itself in

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terms of physical symptoms, particularly insomnia,” and (6) she provided evidence that the

stress impacted her marriage. Id. at 503.

In contrast, in Doe v. Chao, 306 F.3d 170 (4th Cir. 2002), aff’d, 540 U.S. 614 (2004),

we reached a different result. There, the plaintiff offered testimony that as a result of the

defendant’s conduct, he felt “greatly concerned and worried” and was “torn to pieces.” Id.

at 181. But he conceded he did not seek any medical or psychological treatment or

medication. Id. He likewise offered no testimony about any impact of the defendant’s

conduct on his behavior or physical consequences of defendant’s conduct. Id. We held this

evidence failed to create a genuine dispute of material fact as to emotional distress

damages. Id.

The evidence offered by Guthrie is much more like the evidence presented in Sloane

than that presented in Doe. While it is true that Guthrie has not provided corroborating

evidence from medical professionals for his alleged anxiety resulting from PHH’s actions,

Guthrie has alleged more than “conclusory statements” about his emotional distress. He

testified that he began having chest pains in 2018 and has been to the emergency room

several times. He specified symptoms he attributes to PHH’s conduct—high blood

pressure, a general feeling of being on edge, being overly worrisome, having an elevated

heart rate, experiencing a lack of sleep and waking up in the middle of the night gasping

for air. Id. He also testified that he is seeing a psychologist. Id. He attributes his anxiety

and stress to PHH’s collection attempts and testified that he is not allowed to fly at his job

based on his anxiety diagnosis. Id.

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While perhaps not as “overwhelming” as the evidence in Sloane, we find that

Guthrie has asserted more than “conclusory statements” and has sufficiently articulated

demonstrable emotional distress. And he has presented an “objective and inherently

reasonable ‘factual context’ for [his] resulting claims of emotional distress.” Sloane, 510

F.3d at 504. In sum, there exists a genuine dispute of material fact for the jury on the issue

of emotional distress.

iii.

The district court also ruled that Guthrie failed to establish professional damages

attributable to PHH. Guthrie’s alleged professional damages related to his Top

Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) security clearance required for his

job. J.A. 588. In May 2019, a government contractor conducted a routine scan of Guthrie’s

credit reports and discovered delinquent debt owed to PHH from a TransUnion credit

report. As a result, in November 2019, the Department of Defense requested information

about the delinquency from Guthrie within 30 days. Guthrie alleges that he did not receive

the request for information until early January 2020 because it was sent to his prior duty

station rather than his current duty station.

The Department of Defense paused Guthrie’s security clearance on January 17,

2020, when it issued a “No Determination Made” adjudication as to his delinquent account.

J.A. 599. As a result, Guthrie testified that his “job duties were ground to a virtual halt.”

J.A. 742. On February 5, 2020, shortly after Guthrie filed his complaint, his security

clearance was reinstated.

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The district court held that the record did not support that “the information

[Guthrie’s employer] inquired about” was related to credit disputes. J.A. 1614. But the

record shows that the delinquent debt owed to PHH, which was found on a TransUnion

credit report, caused the investigation into Guthrie’s security clearance.

Further, the district court also reasoned that Guthrie “did not lose his security

clearance, [] received no demotion or discipline, and his pay was not docked” because of

the investigation. J.A. 1614. True. But his security clearance was paused, preventing him

from performing his job duties. 17 And Guthrie alleges professional embarrassment because

of having to explain why he was unable to participate in his job duties while his clearance

was paused, which qualifies as actionable damages under the FCRA. Robinson v. Equifax

Info. Servs., LLC, 560 F.3d 235, 239 (4th Cir. 2009) (“Actual damages [under the FCRA]

may include . . . damages for humiliation and mental distress.”). While a jury might reject

this argument, it is nonetheless a cognizable damage category under the FCRA. Thus, there

is a genuine dispute of material fact as to Guthrie’s professional damages.

b.

Turning to Guthrie’s claim for a willful violation, the district court ruled that to

succeed on such a claim, Guthrie was required to show that PHH “knowingly and

intentionally committed an act in conscious disregard” of his rights. J.A. 1614. (citing

17
PHH argued below that if Guthrie had responded to the request for information
within the requested 30-day period, his clearance may not have been paused. Maybe so.
But there was not conclusive evidence on this point. And since the investigation occurred
due to an outstanding PHH loan balance, there is still a genuine dispute of material fact on
this point.

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Dalton, 257 F.3d at 418). While noting that summary judgment is typically not appropriate

on whether a defendant acted with a particular state of mind, the court nonetheless held

that nothing in the record supported that PHH acted with a knowing and intentional

disregard of Guthrie’s rights.

But in Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47 (2007), the Supreme Court

clarified that a defendant can also willfully violate the FCRA by acting with “reckless

disregard” of its statutory duty. Id. at 71. And we find that the record—considering

Guthrie’s repeated attempts to inform PHH of his bankruptcy rights and years-long effort

to correct his credit reports through formal disputes—establishes a genuine dispute of

material fact as to whether PHH acted with reckless disregard of its duty.

In sum, Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact as to both his

claims for a negligent violation of the FCRA and a willful violation of the FCRA.

3.

Lastly, we affirm the district court’s holding that there exists no genuine dispute of

material fact with respect to Guthrie’s TCPA claim.

The TCPA governs the usage of “automatic telephone dialing system[s].” 47 U.S.C

§ 227. The Supreme Court has clarified that, “[t]o qualify as an ‘automatic telephone

dialing system,’ a device must have the capacity to either store a telephone number using

a random or sequential generator or to produce a telephone number using a random or

sequential number generator.” Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid, 141 S. Ct. 1163, 1167 (2021).

Guthrie’s sole evidence that PHH used an automatic telephone dialing system to

contact him comes from his own testimony, in which he states that two callers from PHH

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told him they used an “auto dialer” to reach him. However, in response, a PHH

representative testified that “PHH never used a random or sequential number generator to

generate and then dial a telephone number when calling Plaintiff or any other individual in

connection with the Loan.” J.A. 1638. And the evidence offered by Guthrie failed to create

a genuine issue of material fact that references to “auto dialer” referred to an “automatic

telephone dialing system.”

Guthrie has provided no evidence that PHH used an “automatic telephone dialing

system” as defined in the TCPA. So, even construing the evidence in his favor, a reasonable

jury could not conclude that PHH violated the TCPA. Thus, we affirm the district court’s

summary judgment on this claim.

III.

As explained above, we hold that the Bankruptcy Code does not preempt Guthrie’s

state law claims arising from alleged improper collection attempts of a discharged debt.

We also hold that Guthrie has established a genuine dispute of material fact with respect to

his NCDCA and FCRA claims. However, he has failed to establish a genuine dispute of

material fact with respec to his TCPA claim. As such, the district court’s order granting

summary judgment to PHH is

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED.

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WYNN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

In my view, Mark Guthrie’s remaining state-law claims, to the extent they are

premised on a violation of the automatic stay or discharge injunction issued by the

bankruptcy court, are preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. While it is true that we do not

lightly infer preemption, Majority Op. at 8, 18, several aspects of the Code establish that it

was Congress’s intent to preempt these types of claims. See Anderson v. Sara Lee Corp.,

508 F.3d 181, 192 (4th Cir. 2007) (noting that congressional purpose is the “ultimate

touchstone” of preemption analysis (citation omitted)). 1

One is the comprehensive and particularly federal nature of bankruptcy law. The

Constitution grants Congress the express power to enact “uniform Laws on the subject of

Bankruptcies.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 4. And it has. “Congress has wielded [its

bankruptcy] power by creating comprehensive regulations on the subject and by vesting

exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters in the federal district courts.” Pertuso v.

Ford Motor Credit Co., 233 F.3d 417, 425 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)).

The Bankruptcy Code is incredibly detailed, “provid[ing] a comprehensive federal system

of penalties and protections to govern the orderly conduct of debtors’ affairs and creditors’

rights.” E. Equip. & Servs. Corp. v. Factory Point Nat’l Bank, 236 F.3d 117, 120 (2d Cir.

2001) (per curiam). In these enactments, Congress has attempted to balance the competing

1
Like the parties and the majority opinion, Majority Op. at 9–10, I analyze this issue
through the lens of conflict preemption.

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aims of giving the debtor a “fresh start” while protecting creditors’ rights to repayment.

Moses v. CashCall, Inc., 781 F.3d 63, 72 (4th Cir. 2015).

Two provisions of the Code are relevant here: those governing the automatic stay

and the discharge injunction. After Guthrie filed his Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition, all

claims against his assets were automatically stayed pending resolution of the bankruptcy

proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). Then, Guthrie having complied with the terms his

Chapter 13 plan, the bankruptcy court entered a discharge order relieving Guthrie of

personal liability on the discharged debts and preventing his creditors from any attempt to

collect on such debts. See id. § 524(a).

Now, Guthrie seeks to use state law to remedy a supposed violation of that discharge

injunction. Although we have not addressed the question, our sister circuits appear to be

unanimous in holding that state-law claims alleging violations of the automatic-stay

provision of the Code are preempted. See E. Equip., 236 F.3d at 121 (2d Cir.) (“Courts that

have examined this issue have held that the federal Bankruptcy Code preempts any state

law claims for a violation of the automatic stay . . . . Any relief for a violation of the stay

must be sought in the Bankruptcy Court.”); Pertuso, 233 F.3d at 425–26 (6th Cir.); MSR

Expl., Ltd. v. Meridian Oil, Inc., 74 F.3d 910, 911 (9th Cir. 1996). 2

2
The majority does not expressly address whether state-law claims alleging
violations of the automatic stay are preempted, although it is possible its analysis may be
different in that case. See Majority Op. at 11 n.9. Although the parties have focused
primarily on the question of preemption and the discharge injunction, Guthrie’s complaint
alleges violations that occurred during the automatic stay as well, and at oral argument
Guthrie’s counsel refused to limit the allegations to just post-discharge conduct by PHH,
saying he complained of “both” pre- and post-discharge conduct. Oral Arg. at 1:15–1:25,

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I see no reason why state-law claims alleging violations of a discharge injunction

should be treated differently. As one leading bankruptcy authority has stated, the discharge

injunction is “broad,” prohibiting “not only legal proceedings, but also any other acts to

collect a discharged debt as a personal liability of the debtor.” 4 Collier on Bankruptcy

¶ 524.02 (Richard Levin & Henry J. Summer eds., 16th ed.) (emphasis added). As with any

injunction, a bankruptcy court enjoys the usual contempt authority to remedy a violation.

See id. (“[T]he discharge injunction is the equivalent of a court order. Therefore, a violation

of the injunction may be sanctioned as contempt of court.”); In re Walters, 868 F.2d 665,

669 (4th Cir. 1989) (explaining that bankruptcy court “has authority to issue any order

necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of the bankruptcy code,” including

contempt); Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230 F.3d 439, 445 (1st Cir. 2000) (observing

that bankruptcy courts “have appropriately used their statutory contempt power to order

monetary relief . . . when creditors have engaged in conduct that violates” the discharge

injunction), amended on denial of reh’g (Dec. 15, 2000). Indeed, a contempt proceeding is

the “normal sanction” for violations of the discharge injunction. Collier, supra, at ¶ 524.02.

This wasn’t always the case. Before 1970, a bankruptcy court’s discharge order

merely provided the debtor with an affirmative defense if he was later sued by the holder

of a discharged debt. The apparent practice was for a creditor to sue in state court to collect

on a discharged debt, and if the debtor, relying on the discharge, failed to respond, a default

available at https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAarchive/mp3/22-1248-20230504.mp3. For
the reasons given, I would find Guthrie’s state-law claims, to the extent they are premised
on a violation of either the automatic stay or discharge injunction, preempted.

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judgment was entered against him. See Cox v. Zale Del., Inc., 239 F.3d 910, 915 (7th Cir.

2001); Collier, supra, at ¶ 524.LH (tracing this history).

But in 1970, Congress amended the Code to enjoin any such collection attempts.

See An Act to Amend the Bankruptcy Act, Pub. L. No. 91-467, § 3, 84 Stat. 990, 991

(1970) (codified as amended at 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)). The change was debtor-protecting, a

goal it advanced by actively prohibiting any attempt to collect on a discharged debt and by

funneling disputes over discharges back into the bankruptcy courts. In other words,

Congress chose to give the discharge order the force of an injunction, replete with the

traditional contempt remedy. This choice, I believe, is highly instructive as to congressional

intent on the available remedies for violations of the discharge order.

The majority argues that because Guthrie’s bankruptcy case has been closed since

2016, his state-law claims will not present any great obstacle to the orderly administration

of the underlying bankruptcy proceeding. See Majority Op. at 13. But although a

bankruptcy case may be closed, that does not mean it is closed for good, and the Code

envisions situations in which there can be a dispute post-discharge. For example, a

bankruptcy proceeding can be reopened, see 11 U.S.C. § 350(b); a debtor can elect to make

voluntary payments even on a discharged debt, see id. § 524(f); In re Boyd, 562 B.R. 324,

329 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2016) (in contempt proceeding sanctioning creditor’s violation of

discharge injunction, holding that debtor may not recover certain mortgage payments

voluntarily made post-discharge); and there can be a dispute over whether a particular debt

was even discharged, see, e.g., In re Johnston, No. 05-6288, 2007 WL 3166941, at *3–7

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(Bankr. N.D. W. Va. Oct. 25, 2007) (in contempt proceeding alleging violation of

discharge injunction, analyzing whether creditor received notice of a discharged debt).

The last scenario is especially illustrative. Imagine a situation in which a creditor

attempted to collect on a debt that the creditor did not realize was discharged in Guthrie’s

bankruptcy, and Guthrie filed the same action alleging a violation of the North Carolina

Debt Collection Act. Adjudication of that claim in a North Carolina state court would

undoubtedly stand as an obstacle to what we have referred to as “a principal purpose” of

the Code: “centraliz[ing] disputes over the debtor’s assets and obligations in one forum.”

Moses, 781 F.3d at 72; see MSR Expl., 74 F.3d at 914 (noting that “disputes over discharge”

brought as state tort claims “might gravely affect the already complicated processes of the

bankruptcy court”).

Here, Guthrie’s remaining state-law claims are expressly premised on PHH’s

alleged failure to acknowledge the effect of his discharge. For example, he complains of

PHH’s “refusal or inability to acknowledge that the Discharge excused [him] from paying

any amount in connection with the Loan” and of PHH’s “continued refusal to recognize

the legal effect of the Discharge.” J.A. 59, 61. 3

Such claims clearly “presuppose” a violation of the Bankruptcy Code. Pertuso, 233

F.3d at 426. That is, as the district court correctly observed, PHH’s actions are only

allegedly unlawful under state law because of the discharge—but for the discharge, PHH

3
Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

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would be entitled to attempt to collect on its debt via the calls and letters that Guthrie says

are unlawful.

This is important, because to resolve such claims, a state court would necessarily

have to wade into the underlying bankruptcy proceeding, including determining which

debts were discharged. That may be straightforward in this case, but it may not be in others.

In any event, I do not believe Congress—concerned as it was under the Code with

centralizing a debtor’s bankruptcy into a single, federal forum—would wish for state courts

to adjudicate such matters. Accordingly, in a case like this where the debtor seeks to

enforce his discharge injunction via state-law claims, I believe the state claims are

preempted and the proper remedy is a contempt proceeding in the bankruptcy court.

Indeed, Guthrie enjoyed the protections and benefits of the bankruptcy system,

including the discharge of his debts and a court-issued injunction barring his creditors from

attempting to collect on those debts. To the extent he now believes that PHH has violated

that injunction by attempting to unlawfully collect on discharged debts, he is not without

recourse. His remedy is a contempt proceeding in the same court that oversaw his

bankruptcy, where he would be eligible for traditional damages and attorneys’ fees. See

J.A. 135 (Guthrie’s discharge order stating “[c]reditors who violate this order can be

required to pay debtor[’]s damages and attorney’s fees”).

A contempt remedy has the practical advantage of “placing responsibility for

enforcing the discharge order in the court that issued it,” Cox, 239 F.3d at 916, and keeps

state courts from wading into potentially thorny issues of bankruptcy law. More

importantly, this approach reflects Congress’s intent that a contempt proceeding be the sole

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remedy for violations of the discharge injunction. Permitting state-law causes of action to

redress purported violations of the injunction would “undermine the uniformity the Code

endeavors to preserve” and “stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of

the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” Pertuso, 233 F.3d at 426 (cleaned up).

Accordingly, because I believe that Guthrie’s state-law claims, to the extent they

are premised on a violation of the automatic stay or discharge injunction, are preempted by

the Bankruptcy Code, I respectfully dissent as to those parts of the majority opinion holding

otherwise. 4

4
I concur in the remainder of the opinion, including the majority’s holding that there
is a genuine dispute of material fact to survive summary judgment as to Guthrie’s North
Carolina Debt Collection Act claim (to the extent it is not preempted) and federal Fair
Credit Reporting Act claim, but that there is no genuine dispute and the district court
properly granted PHH summary judgment on Guthrie’s federal Telephone Consumer
Protection Act claim.

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