Defendant1 St. John Hospital and Medical Center appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order requiring it to produce certain documents from the credentials file of Dr. Arturo Paz-Esquerre, also known as Dr. Paz. We vacate and remand.
Plaintiff Moira Dye first consulted Dr. Paz with complaints of pain in her head and neck, tinnitus in her left ear, and dizziness. Dr. Paz diagnosed Amold-Chiari malformation and performed surgery on plaintiff at defendant hospital. Following the surgery, plaintiff began experiencing spasms in the back of her head, decreased sensation in her left foot, persistent numbness in her left leg, and difficulty walking. Plaintiff continues to suffer from a lack of sensation in her left leg and recurrent hydrocephalus and therefore requires additional medical and surgical treatment.
*664Plaintiff filed the present lawsuit against defendant and Dr. Paz. Plaintiff alleged that she had been injured as a result of Dr. Paz’ negligent acts. Plaintiff further alleged that defendant had been negligent in extending staff privileges to Dr. Paz. Plaintiff served defendant with a request for the production of a “[c]opy of Dr. Paz’s personnel/privileges file including application for staff privileges, reconunendations, medical school record, and credentials, etc.” Defendant objected to plaintiffs request, contending that the information sought was not subject to discovery under various provisions of the Public Health Code, MCL 333.1101 et seq.-, MSA 14.15(1101) et seq.
Plaintiff filed a motion to compel the production of Dr. Paz’ personnel/credentials file. In its response to plaintiff’s motion, defendant attached a copy of its bylaws and affidavits of Dr. Frank Wilson, its senior vice president of medical affairs. According to these uncontested documents, Dr. Wilson is in charge of physician credentialing on behalf of defendant’s credentials committee, which was established pursuant to the hospital’s bylaws “to review the professional practices in the hospital for the purpose[s] of reducing morbidity and mortality, improving the care provided patients in the hospital, and to insure that physicians are granted privileges consistent with their individual training, experience and other qualifications.” The functions of the credentials committee include review of the qualifications, competence, and performance of health care professionals seeking to work at defendant hospital. Dr. Paz’ credentials file consists of letters of recommendations, peer evaluations, and other information collected by or for the *665members of the credentials committee as part of this review.
At a hearing regarding plaintiffs motion, the trial court ordered defendant to submit the credentials file for an in camera review. After that review, the trial court ordered defendant to produce twenty-four documents from the file, reasoning only that they were not “in the category of peer review material.”2 The documents ordered produced included questionnaires and reference letters prepared by persons who evaluated Dr. Paz’ qualifications, competence, and performance in relation to his seeking and maintaining staff privileges with defendant . hospital. Defendant’s motions for reconsideration and for a stay of the production order were denied by the trial court. Defendant filed an emergency application for leave to appeal, which this Court granted along with a stay of the proceedings below.
Whether production of the documents at issue is barred by statute is a question of law that we review de novo. See In re Jagers, 224 Mich App 359, 362; 568 NW2d 837 (1997). Defendant primarily asserts that the materials sought by plaintiff are privileged pursu*666ant to two sections of the Public Health Code.3 Under MCL 333.20175(8); MSA 14.15(20175)(8),4 “[t]he records, data, and knowledge collected for or by individuals or committees assigned a professional review function in a health facility or agency are confidential, shall be used only for the purposes provided in this article, are not public records, and are not subject to court subpoena.” Similarly, MCL 333.21515; MSA 14.15(21515) provides that “[t]he records, data, and knowledge collected for or by individuals or committees assigned a review function described in this article are confidential and shall be used only for the purposes provided in this article, shall not be public records, and shall not be available for court subpoena.”
Defendant contends that the statutory sections quoted above demonstrate that the Legislature has imposed a comprehensive ban on the disclosure of any information collected by, or records of the proceedings of, committees assigned a professional review function within hospitals and health facilities. Therefore, defendant asserts, because the requested materials were collected by or for its credentials committee, which exercises a professional review function,*6675 the materials sought by plaintiff are not subject to discovery. The plain meaning of the statutory language would support that conclusion. McCready v Hoffius, 222 Mich App 210, 215; 564 NW2d 493 (1997).
Plaintiff advances two arguments why these statutory sections should not apply to the credentials file at issue here. Plaintiff first argues that the statutes apply only to documents gathered for “retrospective” analysis of a past incident or issue raising concerns about medical personnel or hospital procedures. Plaintiff argues that the statutes do not apply to the “prospective” issue addressed by the credentials committee here, whether to extend staff privileges to Dr. Paz. Thus, plaintiff contends the statutes do not provide confidentiality to Dr. Paz’ application or the supporting documents within the file at issue.
Plaintiff bases this argument on Gallagher v Detroit-Macomb Hosp Ass’n, 171 Mich App 761, 769; 431 NW2d 90 (1988), where a panel of our Court stated that “[i]n determining whether the information ... is privileged, the court should consider . . . whether the committee’s function is that of retrospective review for purposes of improvement and self-analysis and thereby protected, or part of current patient care.” The Court in Gallagher cited Monty v Warren Hosp Corp, 422 Mich 138, 147; 366 NW2d 198 *668(1985), which similarly stated that “in deciding whether a particular committee was assigned a review function so that information it collected is protected, the court may wish to consider . . . whether the committee’s function is one of current patient care or retrospective review. Compare Davidson v Light, 79 FRD 137 (D Colo, 1978), with Bredice v Doctors Hospital, Inc, 50 FRD 249 (D DC, 1970), aff’d without opinion 156 US App DC 199; 479 F2d 920 (1973).”
Comparing the Davidson and Bredice precedents, as directed by Monty, we reject plaintiff’s conclusion that materials relating to the provision of staff privileges are outside the purview of the statutes. The only import of these precedents is that certain “current patient care” issues are so pressing and immediate that the provision of confidentiality is unnecessary to facilitate open discussion by a reviewing committee. In Davidson, for example, the plaintiff sought production of an “Infection Control Report” prepared following discovery of an outbreak of gangrene at the defendant hospital:
The committee involved here does not evaluate hospital policy generally, but presumably is called upon only when an infection problem exists, as was the case here. At such times, the source of an infection is investigated and activity is undertaken to eradicate the infection. This role is not such as to be susceptible to inhibition due to the discoverability of the committee’s reports. [Davison, supra at 140.]
Monty and Gallagher might be construed as creating an exception to the statutes’ confidentiality provisions for information relating to the investigation and remediation of a specific and immediate health care *669crisis.6 78That exception, however, would not apply to the materials gathered by the credentials committee in this case with respect to Dr. Paz’ qualifications and the extension of staff privileges.
This conclusion finds support in Attorney General v Bruce, 422 Mich 157; 369 NW2d 826 (1985) (hereafter Bruce), a decision handed down by our Supreme Court shortly after Monty.7 The Court in Bruce noted that hospitals are required by statute to establish peer review committees and that “[i]ncluded in their duties is the obligation to review the professional practices of licensees, granting staff privileges consistent with each licensee’s qualifications.” Id. at 169. After discussing the rationale for protecting the confidentiality of peer review committees involved in the extension of staff privileges, the Court specifically noted that “[i]n enacting §§ 20175(5) and 21515, the Legislature provided a strong incentive for hospitals to carry out their statutory duties.” Id. at 169-170. Although arguably dicta, we find this reasoning persuasive; we conclude that the statutes at issue here, the same statutes discussed in Bruce8 protect against disclosure of information relating to Dr. Paz’ application for staff privileges at defendant hospital.
*670Plaintiff also argues that the statutory sections are inapplicable because materials in the credentials file relating to Dr. Paz’ application for employment were not “collected for or by” a review entity. Plaintiff relies upon Marchand v Henry Ford Hosp, 398 Mich 163; 247 NW2d 280 (1976). In Marchand, the plaintiff sought records compiled by a doctor regarding a “hyperalimentation” feeding technique employed by the defendant hospital. The doctor kept records regarding the feeding technique on his own initiative, for his own education and enlightenment, and not at the request of anyone at the hospital. Id. at 167-168. The Supreme Court reasoned that, accordingly, “the information sought by [the plaintiff] was not collected pursuant to a directive from” a review entity under the statute and the fact that the information was subsequently presented at a general hospital staff meeting did not satisfy the “collection” criteria of the statute. Id. at 168.
We find Marchand to be distinguishable. Plaintiff argues that documents supporting Dr. Paz’ original application for staff privileges and the continuing review of those privileges were not “collected for or by” the credentials committee, having been submitted by others. However, Dr. Paz submitted these materials, or had them submitted on his behalf by colleagues, references, and so forth, pursuant to expectations or directives of the credentials committee. As in any situation regarding application for professional employment, Dr. Paz was aware of the requirements of the committee with respect to the credentials, endorsements, and other materials it wanted to review before granting staff privileges. In that sense, materials in the file relating to Dr. Paz’ application for *671privileges were “collected for or by” the committee and the confidentiality provisions of the statutes apply.
Plaintiff further argues that, notwithstanding the protections afforded to the credentials file by subsection 20175(8) and § 21515 of the Public Health Code, 1967 PA 270 explicitly mandates release of the documents at issue here. MCL 331.531 et seq.-, MSA 14.57(21) et seq. Plaintiff cites § 3 of 1967 PA 270, as amended by 1992 PA 216, which states, in pertinent part, that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in section 2, the record of a proceeding and the reports, findings, and conclusions of a review entity and data collected by or for a review entity under this act are confidential, are not public records, and are not discoverable and shall not be used as evidence in a civil action or administrative proceeding.” MCL 331.533; MSA 14.57(23). Plaintiff argues that one of the provisions of § 2 of Act 270, MCL 331.532; MSA 14.57(22), applies to the credentials file here, a contention we address below, and that therefore § 3 of Act 270 mandates disclosure of that file.9
We disagree, first, because Act 270 does not generally mandate disclosure of any information by a review entity. An argument similar to plaintiff’s was rejected by our Supreme Court in Bruce, supra at 171-172. The Court reasoned that Act 270 “protects persons, organizations, and entities that choose to disclose information . . . .” Id. at 171-172 (emphasis in original). They are “immunized from liability” as long *672as disclosure is for one of the purposes enumerated in § 2 of Act 270. MCL 331.532; MSA 14.57(22). Id. at 172. Authorizing and immunizing a disclosure from liability is not, however, the same as mandating disclosure:
The subpoena indeed may have requested information for permissible purposes [under § 2 of the statute] .... Release of such information, however, is clearly discretionary according to MCL 331.531; MSA 14.57(21) which provides that “[a] person, organization or entity may provide information.” The act does not provide authority for the proposition that disclosure to the department is mandatory. [Id. (emphasis in original).]
For the same reason, Act 270 does not provide authority in this case for the proposition that disclosure of the credentials file is mandatory.10
Plaintiffs argument also fails for a second reason. Even if, notwithstanding Bruce, Act 270 might somehow be interpreted as mandating disclosure, disclosure would only be required with respect to informa*673tion released for one of the purposes found within § 2 of the act, as amended. MCL 331.532; MSA 14.57(22). Plaintiff argues that the application for staff privileges and related documents fall within the § 2 provision stating:
The release or publication of a record of the proceedings or of the reports, findings, and conclusions of a review entity shall be for 1 or more of the following purposes:
(e) To review the qualifications, competence, and performance of a health care professional with respect to the selection and appointment of the health care professional to the medical staff of a health facility. [MCL 331.532(e); MSA 14.57(22)(e).]
We disagree. We conclude, on the basis of the plain and ordinary meaning of this language, that the disclosure authorized is only for the purpose of reviewing the qualifications, competence, and performance of a health care professional during the process of determining whether the health care professional should be selected for and appointed to the medical staff of a health facility. In other words, subsection 2(e) refers only to the release of information for the purpose of assisting a health care facility in determining whether a health care professional has the qualifications, competence, and performance needed to be selected and appointed to a medical staff position. We conclude that it has nothing to do with the release of information to a plaintiff in a malpractice or negligent hiring lawsuit.
We vacate the trial court’s order that required the disclosure of documents contained within Dr. Paz’ *674credentials file.11 We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Markman, J., concurred.Both St. John Hospital and Medical Center and Dr. Arturo Paz-Esquerre are defendants in this lawsuit. However, because the doctor is not a party to this appeal, we will use the term defendant to refer exclusively to St. John Hospital and Medical Center.
On the basis of this short explanation, we conclude that the trial court may have erred in its reasoning. Under the statutory provisions we discuss more fully below, the relevant question is whether Dr. Paz’ personnel/credentials file contains information “collected for or by individuals or committees assigned a professional review function . . . .” MCL 333.20175(8); MSA 14.15(20175)(8). If it does, the statute protects it from discovery. The statutory purpose, to facilitate the frank exchange of information in the important task of overseeing medical personnel and assuring patient care, would be undermined if particular information properly collected for or by a review entity was later subject to disclosure upon a determination that, for some unanticipated reason, it was deemed not to be “in the category of peer review material.”
Defendant also relies upon § 3 of 1967 PA 270, as amended, which provides that data collected by or for a review entity under this act are confidential, are not public records, and are not discoverable and shall not be used as evidence in a civil action or administrative proceeding. MCL 331.533; MSA 14.57(23). To the contrary, plaintiff argues that Act 270 requires production of the credentials file. We discuss Act 270 below in relation to plaintiffs argument and agree with defendant that, under the facts of this case, Act 270 is another source of protection against disclosure with respect to the credentials file.
At the time the present case was filed, this section was codified at MCL 333.20175(6); MSA 14.15(20175)(6).
The trial court reasoning does not suggest a factual finding that Dr. Wilson and the credentials committee are not “individuals or committees” assigned a review function under the statutory sections at issue here. On the basis of our review of the affidavit submitted by Dr. Wilson and its explanation of the hospital bylaws relating to the credentials committee, we conclude that Dr. Wilson and the credentials committee are within the purview of the statutes. See Monty v Warren Hosp Corp, 422 Mich 138, 147; 366 NW2d 198 (1985).
Because we conclude that any exception would not apply under the facts of this case, we need not consider whether the language plaintiff relies on from Monty and Gallagher is dicta or the propriety of grafting an exception onto Michigan statutes on the basis of foreign precedents having nothing to do with those statutes.
Our decision is also consistent with precedents from other jurisdictions. See, e.g., Memorial Hosp-The Woodlands v McCown, 927 SW2d 1 (Tex, 1996); McGee v Bruce Hosp System, 312 SC 58; 439 SE2d 257 (1993); Alexander v Superior Court, 5 Cal 4th 1218; 859 P2d 96 (1993); Cruger v Love, 599 So 2d 111 (Fla, 1992).
At the time Bruce was decided, the current subsection 20175(8) of the Public Health Code was codified at subsection 20175(5). Bruce, supra at 168.
In effect, plaintiff thus argues that Act 270 overrides the Public Health Code sections discussed above. Because we reject plaintiff’s argument that Act 270 mandates disclosure, we also conclude that it presents no conflict with the Public Health Code confidentiality provisions.
We read Bruce as meaning that the entire Act 270 imposes no disclosure obligation but, instead, provides protection from liability for the voluntary release of information. While the Supreme Court considered all three sections of Act 270 in Bruce, it came to that conclusion stressing the word “may” in § 1. Application of Bruce to this case is, therefore, somewhat problematic. The “may” language in § 1, as amended by 1992 PA 215, has to do with providing information “to a review entity” whereas the question here concerns the release of information by a review committee. Sections 2 and 3 of Act 270 are applicable to that question and they do not have the permissive “may” language. However, we find nothing within §§ 2 or 3 that places a duty on a review entity to release information. Instead, § 3 provides confidentiality protection. That protection is subject to exceptions listed in § 2. Thus, a disclosure falling within one of specified purposes of § 2 does not run afoul of the confidentiality provisions of § 3. Nothing within these sections, however, mandates the release of information within a category excepted from the confidentiality protection. It is one thing to exempt information from guaranteed confidentiality but quite another to require disclosure of that information.
Plaintiff is free to pursue discovery of information contained in the credentials file if it is available from other sources. Our analysis of the statutes at issue here indicates a legislative intent to prohibit litigants from using the files of a review entity like the credentials committee as a “clearinghouse” of information facilitating easy discovery; however, placement of a document within such a file does not protect against its discovery if available from another source.