This suit was instituted, under the provisions of Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, on November 22, 1948, in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, by the plaintiff, State of West Virginia, by J. Horner Davis, 2nd, Deputy Commissioner of Forfeited and Delinquent Lands for that county, against E. E. *198Simmons and forty six-other named defendants and all unknown parties and persons who have or claim an interest in the lands included and proceeded against in the suit, to sell for the benefit of the school fund tracts or parcels of land which have been forfeited or sold to the State for taxes.
Among the lands proceeded against in the suit is a lot, 25 feet by 50 feet in dimensions, located on Elk Two Mile Creek, Elk District, Kanawha County, assessed for taxes in the name of Lloyd Cottrell, one of the named defendants, for the year 1945. This lot was returned delinquent for the nonpayment of taxes for that year, was not redeemed, was regularly sold by the Sheriff of Kanawha County on December 9, 1946, and purchased by the State of West Virginia. By deed dated June 14, 1947, and recorded June 16, 1947, Cottrell conveyed with general warranty the lot to Sherman Drake. The taxes on this land were paid for the years 1946, 1947 and 1948, but it was not redeemed from the sale to the State for the taxes for 1945. It became irredeemable on June 8, 1948, and on September 22, 1948, was certified by the Auditor to the Circuit Court of Kanawha County and to the Deputy Commissioner of Forfeited and Delinquent Lands for that county to be proceeded against for the benefit of the school fund.
The bill of complaint alleges that all lands involved in the suit are subject to sale, lists the various lands, states their certification numbers, the year in which each tract or parcel was forfeited or sold to the State, the respective years of nonentry and forfeiture or delinquency and sale, the names of the former owner- or owners of each, the names of all other persons who, according to the knowledge of the Deputy Commissioner, have or claim an interest in such lands, the quantity, the location, and a general description of such lands, and the total amount of taxes, interest and costs due on each, and, as to numerous lots or tracts, refers to the source of title of the former owner. It contains allegations of the character just indicated with respect to the lot listed in the name of Cott-*199rell and identifies it as Item No. 6 and Certification No. 5415. It also contains, among others, an allegation that all persons who, within the knowledge of the Deputy Commissioner, have or claim an interest in any of the lands involved, have been made defendants, and that the Deputy Commissioner knows of no other persons who have or claim an interest in such lands except the persons named as defendants, but that there may be other persons who have or claim such interest. The bill of complaint prays that all unknown parties and claimants who are or may be interested in any of the lands proceeded against be made defendants, that all right, title and interest of all unknown parties and claimants who fail to appear and defend their rights shall be forever foreclosed and held for naught; that an order of publication be awarded as to all unknown parties and claimants who are or may be interested in any of the lands proceeded against; that a guardian ad litem be appointed for any infant, defendant; that the court find and adjudicate that the lands proceeded against are irredeemable, that title to such lands is vested absolutely in the State, and that each lot or tract of land is subject to sale for the benefit of the school fund; that a decree of reference be entered whenever by the court deemed proper; that dismissal of the suit as to any lot or tract of land be permitted upon proper application and proper grounds; that a decree be entered authorizing and directing that each lot or tract proceeded against be sold for the benefit of the school fund; that the proceeds derived from the sale of such lands be disbursed as provided by law and that the rights of the respective defendants in and to any excess remaining of the purchase money received from the sale of such lands be adjudicated and determined; and that the plaintiff be granted such other, further, and general relief as may be proper.
Process was issued against all the named defendants, returnable to December Rules, 1948, but no process was personally served upon the defendant Cottrell. Drake was not named as a defendant and no process was issued as to him. The bill of complaint was filed at December *200Rules, 1948. Previously, on November 2, 1948, an order of publication, containing the information set forth in the bill of complaint relative to the lands proceeded against, was awarded against all named defendants and all unknown parties who have or claim an interest in such lands. The order of publication set forth the object of the suit and required all named defendants and all unknown parties and claimants to appear within one month from the date of- its first publication and do what is necessary to protect their interests. It was duly executed by publication upon all persons against whom it was awarded, including Cottrell as a named defendant and Drake, who was proceeded against as an unknown party and claimant of an interest in the lands embraced in the suit.
By decree entered April 5, 1949, the court ordered a sale of the lot proceeded against in the name of the defendant Cottrell and twenty two other lots or tracts, by the Deputy Commissioner, at public auction, on April 25, 1949, at which time, after proper notice, the lot was sold to the highest bidder for cash and purchased by Mayford E. Summers for $5.00. By a subsequest decree, entered June 2, 1949, the sale was confirmed and the Deputy Commissioner was directed to execute and deliver a proper deed to the purchaser; and, all matters involved having been determined, this suit was retired from the docket of the court. The deed was made on June 6, 1949, and recorded on June 14, 1949. All the foregoing proceedings were had in the suit before any appearance was made by Cottrell or Drake; and during the pendency of the suit the Legislature enacted Chapter 134, Acts of the Legislature, 1949, Regular Session, effective March 11, 1949, which amended Section 12, Article 4, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, the section in effect when this suit was instituted in November, 1948.
On October 22, 1949, after due notice, Cottrell and Drake appeared and tendered for filing their petition to reopen the case, to vacate the decrees formerly entered, *201to set aside the deed of June 6, 1949, by the Deputy Commissioner to Summers, as a cloud upon the title of the petitioners, and to permit them to redeem the lot conveyed by that deed. The court, by decree entered on that day, permitted the petition to be filed and reopened the case. The petition, after' alleging the same facts stated in the bill of complaint relative to the delinquency of the lot assessed for taxes in the name of Cottrell, avers that the petitioner Drake, after having been advised by an attorney at law that the taxes assessed against the lot were not delinquent and that the title was marketable, had purchased the lot and obtained a deed, with covenants of general warranty, from Cottrell; that between July qnd September, 1947, he constructed a dwelling house on the lot at a cost of approximately $3,500.00, in which he has resided since its completion; that in August, 1949, Mayford E. Summers informed him that Summers had purchased the property at a school land sale and demanded that the petitioner vacate and deliver possession to him; that the petitioner then investigated the situation and for the first time learned of the proceedings in this suit. The petitioners complain of the failure of the plaintiff to serve the defendant Cottrell personally with process and to name Drake as a defendant. The petition also avers that Drake had been the record owner of the property for more than sixteen months before the institution of this suit and his interest could have been ascertained from a cursory examination of the records in the office of the county clerk; that Cottrell has been a life long resident of West Virginia and of Kanawha County since 1925, and since then has been engaged in business as a tree surgeon and is widely known in Charleston and its environs; and that he has resided at a designated address in Charleston during the past six years. The petition further avers that neither petitioner had any personal knowledge of the pendency of, or made any prior appearance in, this suit; that they later learned of the proceedings had; that in a suit to sell- forfeited and delinquent lands for the benefit of the School Fund, under Section 12, Article 4, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, *2021947, Regular Session, service of the summons must be had upon named defendants in the manner provided by' law for service of process in other chancery suits; and that, as the named defendant Cottrell was a resident of Kanawha County and within the jurisdiction of the court, it was necessary to serve him personally with process in this suit. The petitioners state that they are ready, able and willing to pay all delinquent taxes against the lot sold to Summers and all fees and costs properly chargeable against it and now offer to pay such taxes, fees and costs into court.
The prayer of the petition is that it be filed and this suit reopened; that the Deputy Commissioner and Summers, the purchaser, be required to appear and answer the petition; that the decrees .authorizing and confirming the sale of the lot proceeded against be vacated, in so far as they affect such lot; that the deed which conveyed it to the purchaser be set aside as a cloud upon the title of the petitioners; that petitioners be permitted to redeem the lot in this suit; and that they be granted general relief.
To the petition the plaintiff filed its written demurrer in which it assigned four separate grounds. The circuit court overruled the demurrer and on its own motion certified its ruling to this Court.
The questions arising upon the demurrer to the petition and certified by the circuit court are:
1. Whether in a suit instituted by the State under the provisions of Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, for the purpose of selling, for the benefit of the school fund, lands which have been forfeited or sold to the State for taxes, the former owner of any such land, who, at the time of the institution of such suit, is a resident of the county in which such land is situated, may be proceeded against by order of publication naming such former owner and giving a local description of the land sought to be sold by the State.
2. Whether in a suit so instituted for such purpose, *203persons having or claiming any interest in such land, as disclosed by the public records and persons, other than the former owner, in possession of such land, may be proceeded against by an order of publication as unknown defendants.
3. Whether in a suit so instituted for such purpose, failure to effect personal service on the former owner or a person having or claiming any interest in such land, as disclosed by the public records, or a person in possession of such'land, who, at the time of the institution of such suit, is a resident of the county in which such land is situated, is cured by the provisions of Chapter 134, Acts of the Legislature, 1949.
4. Whether Chapter 134, Acts of the Legislature, 1949, violates Article VI, Section 30, of the Constitution of West Virginia, because the object embraced in the act is not expressed in its title.
5. Whether Chapter 134, Acts of the Legislature, 1949, is invalid because of the alleged omission from that act of a suitable enacting clause.
Section 12, Article 4, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, specifies the form of the summons in a suit to sell forfeited and delinquent lands for the benefit of the school fund and contains, among others, these provisions:
“The summons shall be served on the named defendants in the manner provided by law for the service of process ih other chancery suits. * * *.
“The clerk of the circuit court shall at the same time that he issues such summons enter an order of publication, without the filing of any affidavit by the deputy commissioner as required in other cases. Such order of publication shall give the style of the suit, as, State of West Virginia v. A. B., et al.; shall state that the object of the suit is to obtain a decree of the circuit court ordering the sale for the benefit of the school fund of all lands included in the suit; shall list all such lands, setting forth *204as to each item its local description, the former owner in whose name the land was forfeited, or was returned delinquent and sold, or escheated, as the case may be, and the names of such other defendants as may be interested therein; and shall require all the named defendants, and all unknown parties who are or may be interested in any of the lands included in the suit to appear within one month after the date of the first publication thereof and do what is necessary to protect their interests. * * *.
“In view of the fact that the state has absolute title to all forfeited land, to all land sold to the state for nonpayment of taxes and become irredeemable, to all es-cheated land, and to all waste and unappropriated land, and must under the constitution have such an absolute title before the land may be sold for the benefit of the school fund; and in view of the fact that the former owner of any such land, or any person claiming under him, has no further interest therein nor rights in respects thereto except such privilege of redemption as may be extended to him by the Legislature as an act of grace; and in view of the further fact that all parties known and unknown who may claim an interest in any of the lands included in the suit are given notice thereof by the order of publication provided for above; therefore, the Legislature deems it both expedient and necessary to provide that failure to name any such person as a defendant, or failure to serve the summons on any named defendant, shall in no wise affect the validity of any of the proceedings in the suit for the sale of the state’s title to such land.”
Other sections of the statute, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, pertinent to the issues in this case, should be mentioned. Section 8, Article 3, gives the right to redeem within eighteen months from the time the land is purchased by the State and declares that after the expiration of the period for redemption the land shall be irredeemable. Section 18, Article 4, permits redemption of the lands proceeded against before confirmation of sale. Section 19, Article 4, provides that any person substantially interested may appear, at any *205time before sale and move for dismissal upon certain specified grounds. Section 28, Article 4, protects the right of the former owner to the surplus. Section 30, Article 4, deals with the right of a person, under Section 19, who is not aware of the suit before sale of the land, to apply for an order to vacate the sale before it is confirmed. Other sections of Article 4 relate to the right of persons under disability to redeem the land, to reports required to be made, and to the disposition of the proceeds of sale.
The constitutionality of the provisions of the statute, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, was questioned and determined in two recent decisions of this Court, and except the provisions of Section 34, Article 4, relating to the period of redemption for persons under disability, the validity of various sections of the act was upheld and sustained and their provisions were held not to contravene the limitations of the Constitution of the United States or of the Constitution of this State, and not to violate the requirements of due process of law. State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174; State v. Gray, 132 W. Va. 472, 52 S. E. 2d 759.
In the opinion in the Blevins case, a suit under the statute to sell forfeited and delinquent lands, this .Court said: “This is not a suit between private parties, but is a suit in equity so designated by the statute. It is authorized by the provisions of Section 4, Article XIII of the Constitution of this State, and has for its purpose the sale of lands belonging to the State, forfeited for non-entry, or sold to the State as being delinquent for the nonpayment of taxes. Section 4, Article XIII, directs that the five classes of land hereinabove mentioned, owned by the State and irredeemable, shall be sold in a proceeding in the circuit court of the county where the land is situate. The right of entry by warrant being prohibited by Section 2, Article XIII of the Constitution, the State has no way to dispose of land of the classes mentioned in Section 4, Article XIII, other than by a proceeding in the circuit court. It is to be observed that the proceedings are not defined in the Constitution, nor does any provision *206of Article XIII characterize the proceedings as being in law, in equity, in personam, in rem, inter partes, or ex parte.
“The statutes heretofore enacted pursuant to the State Constitution made such proceedings a suit in personam and inter partes. But we think that under the statute here considered the suit is a proceeding inter partes, and substantially one in rem. See 3 Freeman on Judgments, 5th Ed., Sections 1517 and 1524.
“Proceedings to sell land for the collection of taxes rest on grounds different from those on which proceedings between private parties rest. In discussing remedies for the collection of taxes, an eminent author said: ‘Very summary remedies have been allowed, in every age and country, for the collection by the government of its revenue. *. * * The protective principles of the common law are not supposed to be violated by a resort to summary proceedings in these cases. (But) Summary processes are not necessarily unjust. * * * There is a tacit condition annexed to the ownership of property that it shall contribute to the public revenue in such mode and proportion as the legislative will shall direct. * * 3 Cooley, Taxation, 4th Ed.,. Section 1326. In Section 1405 of the same work the author stated: ‘Proceedings of this nature •are not usually proceedings against parties, nor, in the case of lands or interest in lands belonging to persons unknown, can they be. They are proceedings which have regard to the land itself rather than to the owners of the land, and if the owners are named in the proceedings and personal notice is provided for, it is rather from tenderness to their interests, and in order to make sure that the opportunity for a hearing is not lost to them, than from any necessity that the case shall assume that form. * *
After stating that certain certified questions in thé case had not been previously passed upon by this Court, the opinion in the Blevins case uses this language:
“But in other jurisdictions the principles involved in those questions have been elaborately' discussed. ‘Where *207a state seeks directly or by authorization to others to sell land for taxes upon proceedings to enforce a lien for the payment thereof, it may proceed directly against the land within the jurisdiction of the court, and a notice which permits all interested, who are “so minded”, to ascertain that it is to be subjected to sale to answer for taxes, and to appear and be heard, whether to be found within the jurisdiction or not, is due process of law within the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.’ Leigh v. Green, 193 U. S. 79, 24 S. Ct. 390, 48 L. ed. 623. In accordance therewith the Court held that the rights of a lienholder were not violated by a sale on an order of publication.,
“Notice by publication, that proceedings to sell lands, the title to which is vested in the State by virtue of a sale by the sheriff and the expiration of the time for redemption, meets the requirement of due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Longyear v. Toolan, 209 U. S. 414, 28 S. Ct. 506, 52 L. ed. 859.
“The Constitution of this State and the statutes then in force, relative to lands forfeited for nonentry on the land books, are discussed, analyzed, and approved as constituting due process in the case of King v. Mullins, 171 U. S. 404, 18 S. Ct. 925, 43 L. ed. 214. Therein it was said:- ‘The system established by the Constitution and laws of West Virginia (Const. Art. 13; Code c. 105), under which taxable lands are forfeited to the State for neglect by the owner for five consecutive years to enter them upon the proper land books for taxation, and under which such lands, upon petition required to be filed in the proper court by the state’s representative, are sold, after actual or constructive service upon the owner, and with liberty to him to intervene and redeem, is not inconsistent with due process of law guaranteed by the federal constitution.’ ”
The above quotation from King v. Mullins, 171 U. S. 404, 18 S. Ct. 925, 43 L. ed. 214, incorporated in the opinion in the Blevins case, appears in Headnote 2 of the report *208of the King case in 18 S. Ct. 925. In the opinion in that case, substantially the same statement is made in this form: “* * * we hold that the system established by West Virginia, under which lands liable to taxation are forfeited to the state by reason of the owner not having them placed or caused to be placed, during five consecutive years, on the proper land books for taxation, and caused himself to be charged with the taxes thereon,' and under which, on petition required to be filed by the representative of the state in the proper circuit court, such lands are sold for the benefit of the school fund, with liberty to the owner, upon due notice of the proceeding, to intervene by petition, and secure a redemption of his lands from the forfeiture declared, by paying the taxes and charges due upon them, is not inconsistent with the due process of law required .by the constitution of the United States or the constitution of the state.”
In the opinion in the Blevins case this Court also said: “Numerous cases in other jurisdictions hold that proceedings to collect taxes are sui generis with respect to the notice necessary to constitute due process of law, and thus recognize a distinction between ordinary suits and actions and a proceeding to sell lands to enforce collection of taxes. See Winona & St. Peter Land Co. v. Minnesota, 159 U. S. 526, 16 S. Ct. 83, 40 L. ed. 247; Spitcaufsky v. Hatten (Mo.), 182 S. W. 2d 86; Ball v. Ridge Copper Co. (Mich.), 76 N. W. 130; Merchants' Trust Co. v. Wright (Cal.), 118 P. 517; Woodrough v. Douglas County (Neb.), 98 N. W. 1092; Williams v. Pittock (Wash.), 77 P. 385; Orange County v. Jenkins (N. C.), 156 S. E. 774; Napier v. City of Springfield (Mass.), 23 N. E. 2d 157; City of Coral Gables v. Certain Lands, etc. (Fla.), 149 So. 36; City of Buffalo v. Hawks, 236 N. Y. S. 89; City of Utica v. Proite, 36 N. Y. S. 2d 79.”
The opinion in State v. Gray, 132 W. Va. 472, 52 S. E. 2d 759, contains these statements: “We hold, therefore: (1) That when the real estate proceeded against in this cause became irredeemable * * *, the former owner, and *209all persons having an interest in, or liens upon said land, lost all their right, title and interest therein, and the said land became the absolute property of the State; (2) that under the Constitution of this State a judicial proceeding is necessary to sell said lands under the provisions of Section 4, Article XIII of our Constitution, and that in said proceeding the Legislature has the power to provide for such sale without making the former owner or other interested persons therein a party thereto; * * *; and (6) that Chapter 160 of the Acts of 1947, * * * is valid and binding upon the courts of this State.”
To sell delinquent lands for the benefit of the school fund, under a valid legislative enactment, it is esséntial that the suit in the circuit court of the county in which the lands are situated be a judicial proceeding, and that the lands sold by the sheriff and purchased by the State have become irredeemable and the absolute title to them has become vested in the State. State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174; State v. Gray, 132 W. Va. 472, 52 S. E. 2d 759; State v. Farmers Coal Company, 130 W. Va. 1, 43 S. E. 2d 625; Sims v. Fisher, 125 W. Va. 512, 25 S. E. 2d 216.
The first question certified by the circuit court, in the éxact form now presented, was not decided in the Blevins case, as it appears that the two defendants, who attacked the constitutionality of the statute, Blevins and Ray, former owners of the lands sold, were named as defendants, were personally served with process, and were also proceeded against by order of publication. Nor was the question specifically passed upon as a point of decision in the Gray case, for the reason that the two defendants who challenged the validity of the statute, Brown and Hill, entered a general appearance in the suit and filed separate demurrers to the bill of complaint. Consequently the question of the validity of the process under the statute in that case was not actually raised or determined. Both the Blevins case and the Gray case, however, deal with the right or the privilege of redemption *210of the former owner of, and of other persons having an interest in, forfeited or delinquent lands, and the time within which that right or privilege may be exercised, as accorded by the State, purely as matters of grace, not of right, and give recognition to the power of the Legislature to modify and control the exercise of such right or privilege by subsequent legislation. Under the reasoning expressed in the opinion in the Blevins case, which is here adhered to and followed, a former owner of delinquent land, which has become irredeemable and the title to which has become vested in the State, in a suit instituted under Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, to sell such land for the benefit of the school fund, may be proceeded against by order of publication, as provided for by Section 12, Article 4, and need not be personally served with process in such suit.
In view of statements in points 4 and 7 of the syllabus, and in the majority opinion in the Gray case, however, with respect to the operation and the effect of the provisions of Section 12, Article 4, of the statute, that the summons should be' served on a named defendant in the manner provided by law for the service of process in other chancery suits, and that the failure to serve the summons on any named defendant shall in no wise affect the validity of any of the proceedings in a suit to sell the title of the State to lands involved in such suit, it is necessary to reexamine, consider and determine in this suit the scope and the effect of those provisions of that section. The majority of this Court which approved and adopted the opinion prepared by Judge Fox in the Gray case consisted of Judges Fox, Kenna and the writer of this opinion. The other two members of this Court at that time, Judges Lovins and Riley, though concurring in the result, disagreed with statements in points 4 and 7 of the syllabus and in the majority opinion as pointed out in the concurring opinion prepared by Judge Lovins.
The statements, in the syllabus or in the majority opinion in the Gray case, as to which the members of this *211Court disagreed were to the effect that the provision of Section 12, Article 4, of the statute that the summons should be served on a named defendant in a suit to sell lands for the. benefit of the school fund, imposed a mandatory duty upon the State to secure personal service of process on all named parties residing within the jurisdiction of the court in which such suit is instituted, and that the final provision of Section 12, Article 4, that failure to serve the summons on any named defendant should in no wise affect the validity of any of the proceedings’ in such suit, was intended to cover cases of inadvertence, or, in particular, instances in which the names of owners and claimants are not known, and was not intended to nullify the requirement of personal service of process on named parties residing within the jurisdiction of the court in which the suit is' instituted. After further consideration of the foregoing statements and the questions to which they relate, the writer of this opinion concurs in the views with respect to those statements expressed in the concurring opinion of Judge Lovins in the Gray case. The statements in the majority opinion in the Gray case, relative to the provisions of Section 12, Article 4: “As we construe this statute, it is the mandatory duty of the State, in a suit instituted by it under Section 12 of Chapter 160, of the Acts of 1947, to secure the personal service of process on all named parties residing within the jurisdiction of the court in which the suit is instituted.” and “In view of the mandatory requirement of service of process contained in the first portion of Section 12, of the 1947 Act, we are of the opinion that the last paragraph thereof should be construed as intended to cover cases of inadvertence, or, in particular, where the names of owners and claimants are not known, and not as nullifying the requirement of service aforesaid.” are manifestly inconsistent and contradictory. It is well established that mandatory statutes are imperative and must be strictly pursued, Hallanan v. Hager, 102 W. Va. 689, 136 S. E. 263; State v. Wetzel, 75 W. Va. 7, 83 S. E. 68, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 1074; Daniel v. Simms, 49 W. Va. 554, 39 S. E. 690; 50 Am-*212Jur., Statutes, Section 20; and it is obvious that a statement, express or implied, that the requirement of a mandatory statute may be complied with or satisfied through inadvertence is a direct contradiction in terms. In consequence, the statements in points 4 and 7 of the syllabus in the Gray case to the effect that personal service of process on former owners and other named defendants in a suit instituted under Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, will be enforced by the courts and is required where such service can be had, are regarded as relating to questions which were not then presented for decision, the statements of like import in the majority opinion in that case are considered to be obiter dicta, and all such statements, both in points 4 and 7 of the syllabus and in the majority opinion, are disapproved.
Despite any provision of Section 12, Article 4, which precedes the final provision of that section of the statute, it is manifest that the Legislature in enacting the section, intended that the failure to name the former owner of the land involved in a suit instituted under Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, or any person claiming under him, as a defendant, or the failure to serve the summons on any named defendant, should in no wise affect the validity of any of the proceedings in such suit. The provision of Section 12, Article 4, that “The summons shall be served on the named defendants in the manner provided by law for the service of process in other chancery suits.”, and the final provision of the same section that “In view of the fact that the state has absolute title to all forfeited land, to all land sold to the state for nonpayment of taxes and become irredeemable, to all es-cheated land, and to all waste and unappropriated land, and must under the constitution have such an absolute title before the land may be sold for the benefit of the school fund; and in view of the fact that the former owner of any such land, or any person claiming under him, has no further interest therein nor rights in respect thereto except such privilege of redemption as may be extended *213to him by the Legislature as an act of grace; and in view of the further fact that all parties known and unknown who may claim an interest in any of the land included in the suit are given notice thereof by the order of publication provided for above; therefore, the Legislature deems it both expedient and necessary to provide that failure to name any such person as a defendant, or failure to serve the summons on any named defendant, shall in no wise affect the validity of any of the proceedings in the suit for the sale of the state’s title to such land.”, should be 'read and considered together and proper effect given to each provision. When these provisions are so read and considered, and when effect is given to the section in its entirety, it is clear that the provision that the summons shall be served on the named defendants in the manner provided by law for the service of process in other chancery suits is not mandatory, but directory, in character. See discussion of mandatory and directory statutory provisions in Morris v. Board of Canvassers of City of Charleston, 49 W. Va. 251, 38 S. E. 500, and in Mears v. Dexter, 86 Va. 828, 11 S. E. 538, in both of which cases certain positive provisions of statutes were said to be directory rather than mandatory.
In the Mears case a provision of a Virginia Statute, which was not complied with, and which declared that the clerk of a lower court “shall” file a certificate with the transcript of the record to the effect that appellant has given appellee notice of his intention to apply for a transcript with a view to appeal, was held to be merely directory. In the opinion, after discussing statutes, mandatory or directory in character, the court used this pertinent language: “It is sometimes said that whether a statute is directory or mandatory depends upon whether it contains affirmative or negative words; that words of the former class are directory merely, whereas negative words will make a statute imperative. But this is not a safe test in all cases; for, no matter what the words are, the intention of the legislature, when that can be ascertained, must govern, and, if the intention be to make *214compliance with the statute essential to the validity of the proceedings, then the statute is mandatory; otherwise it. is not. Or, as it was expressed in Corbett v. Bradley, 7 Nev. 108: ‘If it be clear that no penalty was intended to be imposed for a non-compliance, then * * * it is but carrying out the will of the legislature to declare the statute in that respect to be simply directory. But, if there be anything to indicate the contrary, a full compliance must be enforced.’ ”
Section 12, Article 4, considered and construed as a whole, means that in a suit to which it applies, the former owner of the land involved,-and any other persons'having or claiming an interest in such land, may or may not be named in the summons; that if any such person shall be named as a defendant, he may or may not be personally served with process in the suit; that an order of publication, setting forth the requisite facts and information, shall be entered; and that the former owner, and all other interested persons, whether named or not named as defendants, may be validly proceeded against by such order of publication, even though such persons may reside within the jurisdiction of the court in which such suit is instituted. The section, as so interpreted and applied, is directory, not mandatory, in character. It satisfies the requirements of due process of law and is not violative of any provision of the Constitution of the United States or of the Constitution of this State. It was not necessary to obtain personal service of process upon the petitioner, Cottrell, the former owner of the lot proceeded against, and the proceedings had upon the order of publication are valid and binding upon him as a named defendant in this suit. In State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174, this Court, citing Longyear v. Toolan, 209 U. S. 414, 28 S. Ct. 506, 52 L. ed. 859, said that it is not a violation of due process of law to award an order of publication, authorized by statute, against a resident defendant.
The second certified question is controlled and disposed of by the decision of this Court in State v. Blevins, 131 W. *215Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174. In that case this Court held, in points 3 and 4 of the syllabus-, that in a suit to sell delinquent and forfeited lands for the benefit of the school fund, as provided by Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, persons holding record liens, persons having or claiming an interest in, and persons in possession of, such lands, may be proceeded against by an order, of publication, as unknown defendants; that such procedure is not violative of the due process provisions of the Constitution of the United States or of the Constitution of this State; and that the court may, in such suit, enter a decree of sale, even though such unknown defendants may be residents of this State. It follows that the proceedings against Drake, who was proceeded against as an unknown defendant, based upon the order of publication in this suit, are valid and binding as to him.
The plaintiff and the defendants, Cottrell and Drake, are in complete disagreement concerning the nature of the right or the privilege of redemption accorded by the statute to the defendants, respectively, as the former owner of, and as a person interested in, the land proceeded against in this suit. The plaintiff insists that the right or the privilege is a mere gratuity which may be granted or withheld, and if granted, may be withdrawn or restricted, in the discretion of the Legislature. Among the cases which it cites to support this view are State v. King, 64 W. Va. 546, 63 S. E. 468; State v. Mathews, 68 W. Va. 89, 69 S. E. 644; Blooming Rose Coal Company v. White, 128 W. Va. 502, 37 S. E. 2d 455; James Alexander, Inc. v. United States, 128 F. 2d 82; State National Bank v. Morthland, 196 Ark. 346, 118 S. W. 2d 266; Messer v. Lang, 129 Fla. 546, 176 So. 548, 113 A. L. R. 1073; Muirhead v. Sands, 111 Mich. 487, 69 N. W. 826; Baker v. State Land Office Board, 294 Mich. 587, 293 N. W. 763; Butler v. Palmer, 1 Hill (N. Y.) 324. In opposition to this position, the defendants contend that the right of redemption is a substantial equity or vested property right which, when granted by the Legislature, will be protected by the courts as long as it exists. To sustain this contention they *216cite and rely upon Neal v. Wilson, 70 W. Va. 482, 92 S. E. 136; White v. Wickham and Son, Inc., 112 W. Va. 576, 165 S. E. 805; Shipley v. Browning, 114 W. Va. 409, 172 S. E. 149; Early v. Berry, 115 W. Va. 105, 175 S. E. 331; Bank of Quinwood v. Becker, 119 W. Va. 534, 194 S. E. 849. In the cases last cited this Court mentions the right of redemption as an equity of redemption, a substantial equity, or a property right. In all the cases decided by this Court, cited in this paragraph of this opinion, however; it dealt with the particular statute in force at the time relative to the sale of delinquent, forfeited, escheated, waste, or unappropriated lands, and in each instance the statute under consideration differed materially from the statute here involved. In consequence, the holdings in those cases are not controlling in this suit. It is significant, however, that in all of its decisions in the above cited cases the right or the privilege of redemption, by whatever terms mentioned or described, was recognized by this Court , as a mere grace accorded by, and not required of, the State. In the opinion in State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174, this Court said: “Strictly speaking, the former owner has no right to redeem his land from sale for tax delinquency and forfeiture for nonentry. As to forfeiture see point 19, syllabus, in the case of State v. King, supra, wherein it is stated: ‘The privilege given by statute to redeem forfeited lands is a mere grace of the State, not its duty, and does not constitute a vested property right in the former owner.’ See Lawson v. Coal Land Co., 73 W. Va. 296, 299, 81 S. E. 583. There is a difference between delinquency and forfeiture. Waggoner v. Wolf, 28 W. Va. 820, 828. Nevertheless, the former owner' is divested of his title where land has been sold for nonpayment of taxes and has become irredeemable. The privilege of redemption as to lands sold for delinquent taxes is the same as the privilege relating to forfeited lands and is one of grace only.”
For the purposes of this suit and under the provisions of Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, however, the exact character of the right or the priv*217ilege of redemption is unimportant and inconsequental. Whether regarded as a mere privilege, grace, or gratuity accorded by the State and which may be restricted or revoked at the will of the Legislature, as dealt with by this Court in State v. King, 64 W. Va. 546, 63 S. E. 468; State v. Mathews, 68 W. Va. 89, 69 S. E. 644; Blooming Rose Coal Company v. White, 128 W. Va. 502, 37 S. E. 2d 455; and State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174, by statutes which operate prospectively, or as a substantial equity or a property right, which, as long as it exists, will be protected by the courts, as indicated by expressions in Neal v. Wilson, 79 W. Va. 482, 92 S. E. 136; White v. Wickham and Son, Inc., 112 W. Va. 576, 165 S. E. 805; Shipley v. Browning, 114 W. Va. 409, 172 S. E. 149; Early v. Berry, 115 W. Va. 105, 175 S. E. 331; and Bank of Quinwood v. Becker, 119 W. Va. 534, 194 S. E. 849, such right or privilege is adequately safeguarded and protected by the statute which satisfies the requirements of due process of law and is not violative of any provision of the Constitution of the United States or of the Constitution of West Virginia. State v. Blevins, 131 W. Va. 350, 48 S. E. 2d 174; State v. Gray, 132 W. Va. 472, 52 S. E. 2d 759. Section 8, Article 3, Chapter 160, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session, permits the former owner, and any person entitled to pay the taxes, to redeem the land at any time within eighteen months from the date of purchase of such land by the State and Section 18, Article 4, of the same Act, provides that the former owner or other person entitled to redeem any forfeited or delinquent land may, at any time before confirmation of the sale, file his petition for permission to redeem such land in a suit instituted under the statute to sell forfeited and delinquent lands. Section 12, Article 4, requires notice of the object of the suit and of the time within which such persons may appear and protect their interests, to be given by an order of publication which, in fact and in law, affords ample opportunity to any former owner or other person interested, who desires, and is entitled, to redeem the land proceeded against, seasonably to do so in such suit. Section 28, Arti*218cle 4, recognizes and protects the constitutional right of the former owner to the excess of the proceeds of the sale of the land, over the taxes charged or chargeable on such land with interest and costs, which excess is personal property. Wiant v. Hays, 38 W. Va. 681, 18 S. E. 807, 23 L. R. A. 82; Sims v. Fisher, 125 W. Va. 512, 25 S. E. 2d 216. In view of the reasonableness of these provisions of the statute, it can not be said that it deprives any person subject to its terms of any right which may not be taken from him without due process of law.
Full consideration has been given to the respective arguments offered in behalf of the plaintiff and the defendants in this suit. The plaintiff emphasizes the confusion and the hardship which would result from a large number of sales of forfeited and delinquent lands to many different purchasers involving much valuable property and large amounts of money in other suits, in which the procedure resorted to in this suit was adhered to and followed, if the sale of the land formerly owned by the defendant Cottrell is nullified in this proceeding. In behalf of the defendants it is pointed out that the defendant Cottrell will incur liability under his covenant of general warranty and that the defendant Drake, who can recover only the purchase price which he paid Cottrell for the lot, will suffer the loss of his lifetime savings expended in improving it with a dwelling house. Either result is, of- course, regrettable; but the consequent hardship to the plaintiff or the defendants, as the case may be, can not influence or control the decision in this or any other case which this Court is required to consider and decide. The conclusive answer to the argument of the plaintiff is that the consequences of errors of law or mistakes in proceedings committed by litigants can not deter this Court from the performance of its solemn and imperative duty to ascertain and apply the law as enacted by the Legislature within the limits imposed by constitutional restraints upon its legislative powers. The plea of hardship now so earnestly advanced by the defendants is disposed of by the mere assertion that Cottrell, as a *219landowner, is charged with the duty to enter it for taxation and with the knowledge that if so entered it is subject to the assessment of taxes which, to protect his title, must be paid to maintain orderly government by which alone his person and his property are made secure, and that Drake, as the possessor of and the claimant to the land, is chargeable with knowledge that it is subject to taxation, that the taxes assessed against it must be paid to prevent its sale for taxes, and that, at the risk of its loss,- he is required to ascertain the state of the title to it, before he becomes its purchaser. The failure of each of them to discharge the duty imposed by law, or to utilize the knowledge with which he is charged by law, whether due to negligence, inadvertence, forgetfulness or other appealing but legally inadequate excuse, is the real cause of the regrettable misfortune which now attends them.
The first and second certified .questions are answered in the affirmative and, as such answered questions are decisive of this case, the third, fourth and fifth certified questions need not be, and are not, considered, answered or discussed.
For the reasons stated the circuit court ' should have sustained the demurrer of the plaintiff to the petition, and its action in overruling the demurrer is reversed.
Ruling reversed.