concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Being bound by the decision of this Court in In re Nowell, 293 N.C. 235, 237 S.E. 2d 246 (1977), from which I dissented (see *99also my dissent in In re Crutchfield, 289 N.C. 597, 223 S.E. 2d 822 (1975), I accept as presently authoritative the majority’s position that Article 30 of Chapter 7A of the General Statutes is constitutional and binding upon this Court. I also concur in the majority’s conclusion that the findings of fact made by the Judicial Standards Commission concerning the actions of Judge Hardy are supported by clear and convincing evidence, that these actions constitute wilful misconduct in office and conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute. Consequently, I concur in the conclusion of the majority that he should be censured in accordance with the recommendation of the Judicial Standards Commission.
I respectfully dissent from the conclusion and holding of the majority opinion that this Court has authority to order the removal from office of a judge when the Judicial Standards Commission has not so recommended but, on the contrary, has recommended that the judge be censured only.
The following statements in the majority opinion, as here interpreted and applied by the majority, are, in my view, incorrect and are not supported by authority:
“A recommendation of the Commission that a justice or judge be disciplined in some fashion brings the controversy before the Supreme Court for such action as the Court deems proper. The Commission *** functions as an arm of the Court to conduct hearings for the purpose of aiding the Supreme Court in determining whether a judge is unfit or unsuitable. *** We, therefore, hold that all options listed in G.S. 7A-376 and -377 are permissive options available to the Supreme Court in disposing of any disciplinary proceeding. G.S. 7A-376 and -377 authorize and empower the Court, unfettered in its adjudication by the recommendation of the Commission, to make the final judgment whether to censure, remove, remand for further proceedings or dismiss the proceeding.” (Emphasis added.)
Upon these statements the majority rests its holding that this Court has authority to remove a judge from office although the Judicial Standards Commission has made no such recommendation. This decision of the majority is, in my opinion, a usurpation of power in which I am unable to concur.
*100Never before in the history of this State has this Court asserted that any such power resides in it. So strange is this assertion of power to our law that the majority, in the present instance, feels “fairness requires” that the power not be exercised in this case. In the future, however, the majority says that if the Judicial Standards Commission, acting pursuant to its statutory authority, makes a finding of fact, supported by evidence, that a justice or judge at any level in the General Court of Justice has engaged in any “conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute,” four members of this Court can decree his removal from office even though the Judicial Standards Commission thought the conduct merited no more than a censure and the other three members of this Court agree with the Commission.
The majority opinion states that its conclusion is supported by decisions of courts in California, Alaska, Florida and Maryland. In interpreting statutes, decisions of courts of other jurisdictions are not as helpful as are decisions of those courts upon questions of the common law. As the majority opinion states, the determinative question in construing a statute is, What did the Legislature intend? In making this determination, the history, constitutional, legislative and political, of the state in question is significant and this varies widely from state to state. This is particularly important where, as here, we are called upon to determine whether the Legislature of North Carolina, by the enactment of Article 30 of Chapter 7A of the General Statutes, intended to give to the majority of this Court the power to remove from office a judge elected to that office by the people.
With the exception of the special judges of the Superior Court, who are appointed, and may be reappointed, by the Governor, all District Court judges, judges of the Superior Court, judges of the Court of Appeals, and justices of this Court are elected to office by the people of the State (or, in the case of the district judges, by the people of the district) for a limited term, at the conclusion of which they must be reelected or cease to serve. The removal of a judge from office on the ground of misconduct in office or “conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute” is a matter of the most serious consequences to him. He is, thereby, not only deprived of the honor, power and emoluments of the office for the remainder *101of his term, but is also permanently disqualified from holding further judicial office in this State and G.S. 7A-376 expressly provides that he “receives no retirement compensation,” regardless of how many years he has served with fidelity and distinction or how much he had paid into the State Retirement Fund pursuant to the provisions of the Retirement Act. But these are not the only consequences of his removal from office. The more serious consequence is that the people, who elected him to be their judge, are deprived of his services for the remainder of his term. It is not a light thing for this Court to assume the power to say to the people of North Carolina, “You have lawfully elected this judge, but we have determined that he cannot serve you.”
Types of conduct which any right-minded person would deem to disqualify a man or woman to hold judicial office readily come to mind, but, fortunately, the history of the North Carolina judiciary, at all levels in the judicial hierarchy, shows that these have been and are exceedingly rare in the actual life of this State. Should they occur, this Court is not the only hope of the people for the removal of such a judge from office. Unlike judges of the Federal courts, a judge of any court in North Carolina (except the special judges of the Superior Court mentioned above) can be removed from office by the people themselves at the next election. But this is not all. Such a judge may be removed during his term of office by either of two methods. (1) He may be removed by impeachment. (2) He may be removed by action of this Court when the Judicial Standards Commission has properly so recommended. Thus, it is perfectly clear that the present holding of the majority opinion cannot be justified on the ground that it is necessary in order to protect the people of North Carolina from gross misconduct, in or out of office, by judges.
It is my opinion that it is equally clear that G.S. 7A-376 and 7A-377, relied upon by the majority opinion, do not support its conclusion.
Prior to 7 November 1972, Article IV, § 17, of the Constitution of North Carolina, provided that any justice of the Supreme Court, judge of the Court of Appeals or judge of the Superior Court could be removed from office for mental or physical incapacity by joint resolution of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General Assembly, and expressly provided, “Removal from office for any other cause shall be by im*102peachment.” Then, as now, Article IV, § 4, of the Constitution of North Carolina, provided, “The Court for the Trial of Impeachments shall be the Senate.” Article IV, § 17(2), provided, “The General Assembly shall provide by general law for the removal of District Judges and Magistrates for misconduct or mental or physical incapacity.” Obviously, prior to the 1972 Amendment to this provision of our Constitution, this Court did not have the authority which it now asserts.
In the general election of 7 November 1972, the voters of this State approved and placed into our Constitution an amendment of Article IV, § 17. Paragraph (1) of that section, as so amended, provides for removal of a justice or judge of the General Court of Justice by the General Assembly. Paragraph (2) now reads as follows:
“(2) Additional method of removal of Judges. — The General Assembly shall prescribe a procedure, in addition to impeachment and address set forth in this section, for the removal of a Justice or Judge of the General Court of Justice for mental or physical incapacity interfering with the performance of his duties which is, or is likely to become permanent, and for the censure and removal of a Justice or Judge of the General Court of Justice for wilful misconduct in office, wilful and persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute.”
Obviously, the 1972 Amendment to Article IV, § 17, conferred upon this Court no power to remove a judge from office. Such power, if it exists, must be derived from G.S. Chapter 7A, Article 30, enacted by the General Assembly, contingent upon the approval by the people at the general election of 1972 of the above mentioned amendment to Article IV, § 17, of the Constitution of North Caorlina. The pertinent provisions of that article are G.S. 7A-376 and G.S. 7A-377. The pertinent provisions of those portions read as follows:
“G.S. 7A-376. Grounds for censure or removal. — Upon recommendation of the Commission the Supreme Court may censure or remove any justice or judge for wilful misconduct in office, wilful and persistent failure to perform his duties, *103habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disrepute ***”
“G.S. 7A-377. Procedures; ***. — (a) Any citizen of the State may file a written complaint with the Commission concerning the qualifications or conduct of any justice or judge of the General Court of Justice, and thereupon the Commission shall make such investigation as it deems necessary. The Commission may also make an investigation on its own motion. *** At least five members of the Commission must concur in any recommendation to censure or remove any justice or judge. *** The Supreme Court may approve the recommendation, remand for further proceedings, or reject the recommendation. ***” (Emphasis added.)
By the express language of this statute this Court has no authority to take any action whatsoever except “upon recommendation of the Commission.” It is a distortion of the plain language of this statute to say that once the Commission makes a recommendation for censure the Supreme Court can take whatever action it thinks proper. The clear import of the statutory language, “Upon recommendation of the Commission,” is that the Supreme Court may censure the respondent judge if the Commission so recommends or it may remove him from office if the Commission so recommends.
However, we are not left to the construction of this phrase in G.S. 7A-376. The Legislature has expressly stated what this Court may do in response to a recommendation by the Judicial Standards Commission. It has said, “The Supreme Court may approve the recommendation, remand for further proceedings, or reject the recommendation.” This Court has no other authority.
To remove from office a judge, as to whom the Commission has recommended censure, is certainly not an approval of that recommendation. It is not a remand for further proceedings. It is a rejection of the Commission’s recommendation, but it is more than that. It is a rejection of the Commission’s recommendation and the substitution for that recommendation of this Court’s conclusion as to what the recommendation should have been. This, the statute simply does not permit this Court to do.
*104The Judicial Standards Commission is not, as the majority opinion says it is, “An arm of this Court.” It is not like a special master or referee, appointed by this Court to conduct an inquiry, which this Court, itself, could conduct, and make a report to this Court. The Commission is an independent body created by the Legislature. It is the heart of the machinery created by the Legislature as an alternative to impeachment. Impeachment is, throughout, a legislative procedure, with which this Court has no concern whatever. Constitution of North Carolina, Article IV, §§ 1 and 4. The only function of this Court in the new alternative procedure is to act as a check and restraint upon the Judicial Standards Commission. As the majority opinion states, the Judicial Standards Commission has not been given by the Legislature the final authority either to censure or to remove a judge. Clearly, the Legislature did not intend for the Commission to have the Legislature’s unbridled authority of impeachment, but it is just as clear that the Legislature did not intend to give this Court the unbridled authority. The Legislature, itself, retains that power, the House of Representatives having the power to impeach and the Senate being the Court for the Trial of Impeachments. North Carolina Constitution, Article IV, § 4.
This Court’s only function in the new alternative to impeachment is to act “upon the recommendation of the Commission,” i.e., to “approve the recommendation, remand for further proceedings, or reject the recommendation.” The decision of the majority in the present case lays claim to a fourth power — the power to impose upon the offending judge a sanction not recommended by the Commission.
This Court has no authority to remove Judge Hardy from office in this proceeding. Therefore, its decision not to remove him is not a matter of judicial grace. The Court is simply without that power.
Justices BRANCH and MOORE join in this opinion.