dissenting.
I respectfully dissent and incorporate herein the decision of the court of appeals.
The ultimate test of voluntariness is whether the confession is the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker. In determining whether a defendant’s will was overborne in a particular case, the court must assess the totality of all of the circumstances surrounding the confession which include the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2047, 36 L.Ed.2d 854, 862 (1973); State v. Aguirre, 91 N.M. 672, 673, 579 P.2d 798, 799 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 91 N.M. 751, 580 P.2d 972 (1978).
The court of appeals properly considered the following factual circumstances. Defendant was twenty-four years old when questioned and had a prior criminal record. Chief Barela read defendant the Miranda warnings and defendant signed a written waiver form acknowledging his understanding of those warnings. Although the police officer knew defendant’s family had had problems with defendant and that he had been committed to the state hospital, Chief Barela thought defendant comprehended what he was saying. There was no indication that defendant was delusional or otherwise suffering from his mental condition at the time of the interview. As a matter of fact, defendant’s behavior appeared normal and he was not subjected to any prolonged interrogation. Chief Barela admitted that he encouraged defendant to confess to the burglary and implied that, if defendant did not confess, he could be charged in connection with some unrelated incidents of vandalism. On cross-examination, the Chief explained, “what I intended to convey to him was that if I had to work and the D.A.’s had to put a lot of work into it, this would not be good.”
No. 9456. April 14, 1987.Chief Barela’s statements during the interrogation did not constitute an express promise of leniency. See State v. Tindle, 104 N.M. 195, 199, 718 P.2d 705, 709 (Ct.App.1986). His statements that no deals were made, that the district attorney would make the final determination, that a confession to the crime would be taken into favorable consideration and that if defendant did not confess he could be charged in connection with other unrelated crimes could be classified, at most, as implied promises or adjurations to tell the truth. See id. at 199-200, 718 P.2d at 709-10; Aguirre, 91 N.M. at 674, 579 P.2d at 800. These factors do not mandate the suppression of the confession. Instead, each must be considered in determining the totality of the circumstances surrounding the confession.
The judge was required to determine whether under the above circumstances any undue influence caused an innocent person to confess falsely. See Tindle, 104 N.M. at 199-200, 718 P.2d at 709-10. In other words, the trial court had to consider the effect of Chief Barela’s statements on defendant, given defendant’s mental limitations and his possible susceptibility to the pressures of the interrogation or his inability to comprehend the circumstances. Evidence was presented by the defense that although defendant’s intelligence was in the borderline range, he was not mentally retarded and in fact read English at the tenth-grade level. According to the testimony, defendant was determined to be legally sane at the time of the offense and was competent to stand trial. Finally, defendant was not subject to any prolonged questioning. Defendant’s mental condition by itself without coercive police conduct casually related to the confession is no basis for concluding that the confession was not voluntarily given. Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, -, 107 S.Ct. 515, 520, 93 L.Ed.2d 473, 482 (1986). Cf. Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978) (confession involuntary where defendant subjected to four-hour interrogation while incapacitated and sedated in intensive-care unit); Beecher v. Alabama, 389 U.S. 35, 88 S.Ct. 189, 19 L.Ed.2d 35 (1967) (confession involuntary where police officers held gun to the head of wounded defendant to extract confession). Moreover, defendant’s prior history of mental illness does not necessarily negate his ability to render a voluntary confession. Instead, it must be considered as one factor among many in determining the voluntariness of the confession.
Under the totality of the circumstances presented herein, the defendant’s confession was voluntary. The state met its burden of showing a free and voluntary confession by a preponderance of the evidence. The evidence provided an adequate basis for the trial court and jury to determine the confession was not the result of a threat or improper inducement. The judgment of the district court should be affirmed.
Court of Appeals of New Mexico.
OPINION
GARCIA, Judge.This is a consolidated appeal concerning two separate cases involving one defendant. In one case, defendant asserts the trial court erred in refusing to suppress a confession which defendant claims was coerced. In the other, defendant seeks to challenge a sentence imposed following a plea of guilty to charges that defendant was a commercial burglar and a habitual offender. We affirm the judgments and sentences.
FACTS
On the night of November 9, 1985, a police officer in Dexter, New Mexico, saw a broken window in a commercial establishment. After requesting backup, the officer entered the store and found defendant. Defendant was apprehended after attempting to escape and resisting arrest.
The following day, after reading defendant his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)), defendant read and signed an advice of rights waiver. Dexter Police Chief, Carlos Barela, questioned defendant about a prior, unrelated commercial burglary in which defendant was a suspect. Chief Barela assured defendant that a confession to the crime would be taken into “favorable consideration by everyone concerned.” He also told defendant that the district attorney would determine what crimes would be prosecuted. Chief Barela believed defendant understood what he was saying. Chief Barela stated emphatically that no deals were made and that no threats or any certainty of prosecution were conveyed to defendant. Defendant confessed to the burglary.
Defendant has a history of mental illness. He was committed to the State Hospital in Las Vegas on two occasions, one only nine months prior to the criminal offenses at issue in these appeals. He has been diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic with a “borderline” I.Q. of 70. However, there was testimony that defendant behaved normally during the interrogation. Frank Everitt, a forensic evaluator, testified that defendant’s antipsychotic medication gives relief from the acute symptoms of schizophrenia. Moreover, Everitt testified that defendant’s low I.Q. score could have been depressed by the fact that the test was administered in English, while Spanish is defendant’s primary language. Everitt conceded that there was no indication that defendant had suffered hallucinations since his last commitment to the State Hospital, nine months earlier.
Although defendant was found competent to stand trial, he subsequently moved, both before and during trial, to suppress the confession on the ground that it was involuntary. Both motions were denied. Evidence on the question was then presented at trial and the jury was instructed, pursuant to NMSA 1978, UJI Crim. 40.40 (Repl.Pamp.1982), to determine, as a factual matter, whether defendant’s confession had been voluntary. The jury decided against defendant and returned a guilty verdict.
On appeal, defendant claims the trial court erred, as a matter of law, in submitting the issue to the jury. Because defendant was given Mirandai%, warnings and because there is no claim that he involuntarily or unknowingly waived his Miranda rights, the admissibility of the confession turns on a question of whether the confession was voluntary. State v. Tindle, 104 N.M. 195, 718 P.2d 705 (Ct.App.1986); see also Davis v. North Carolina, 384 U.S. 737, 86 S.Ct. 1761, 16 L.Ed.2d 895 (1966).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We are faced initially with the need to restate the appellate standard of review applicable to coerced confession claims. We do so because the state argues that the substantial evidence test applies. Under the substantial evidence test, the appellate court must disregard all evidence contrary to the findings of the trial court and the jury that the confession was voluntary. This argument is incorrect. The substantial evidence test is not the appropriate review standard applicable to questions of voluntariness. The United States Supreme Court has consistently ruled that appellate courts have a duty to examine the entire record and the circumstances under which the confession was made, and to make an independent determination of the ultimate question of voluntariness. See, e.g., Payne v. Arkansas, 356 U.S. 560, 78 S.Ct. 844, 2 L.Ed.2d 975 (1958). The “totality of the circumstances” test has been adopted and applied in New Mexico. State v. Tindle; State v. Aguirre, 91 N.M. 672, 579 P.2d 798 (Ct.App.1978). Indeed, the Supreme Court has said that “the ruling of the trial court and the finding of the jury on the voluntary character of the confession do not foreclose the independent examination which it is our duty to make here.” Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596, 599, 68 S.Ct. 302, 303, 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948).
In arguing otherwise, the state cites our decision in State v. Boeglin, 100 N.M. 127, 666 P.2d 1274 (Ct.App.1983). In Boeglin, we described the voluntariness inquiry as a mixed question of law and fact, and indicated that the substantial evidence test applied to such rulings, assuming the law was correctly applied to the facts. We note the language in Boeglin was dicta since it was not the basis of our ruling. Nevertheless, recognizing that the decision may have caused some confusion, we take this opportunity to clarify the law in this area.
Our discussion if Boeglin cited Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 81 S.Ct. 1860, 6 L.Ed.2d 1037 (1961), a case in which the United States Supreme Court established an analytical framework for the evaluation of voluntariness claims. The first phase involves the circumstances surrounding the procurement of the contested confession. The Court recognized that evidence concerning the factual background is frequently, “if indeed not almost invariably, contradictory.” Id. at 603, 81 S.Ct. at 1879. Accordingly, at this phase of the analysis, the Court said it would defer to the factual determination of the trial court and would “consider only the uncontested portions of the record[.]” Id. at 604, 81 S.Ct. at 1880.
The second and third phases of the analysis are inextricably interwoven and involve the largely inferential determination of how the accused reacted to the external facts and the application of the due process standards to the Court’s perception of how the defendant reacted. In contrast to the Court’s deferment under the first phase of the analysis, the appellate court in the second and third phases of the analysis must draw its own conclusions based on the totality of the circumstances. The Court stated:
No more restricted scope of review would suffice adequately to protect federal constitutional rights. For the mental state of involuntariness upon which the due process question turns can never be affirmatively established other than circumstantially — that is, by inference; and it cannot be competent to the trier of fact to preclude our review simply by declining to draw inferences which the historical facts compel.
Id. at 605, 81 S.Ct. at 1880. See also United States v. Brown, 557 F.2d 541 (6th Cir.1977). Our statement in Boeglin regarding the mixed legal and factual nature of the voluntariness issue must be considered in the context of the foregoing analysis developed by Justice Frankfurter in Culombe.
APPLYING THE STANDARD OF REVIEW TO OUR CASE
In applying the analysis to this case, the undisputed factual circumstances surrounding defendant’s confession are as follows. Defendant was twenty-four years old and had a prior criminal record. Chief Barela read defendant the Miranda warnings and defendant signed a written waiver form. Chief Barela thought defendant understood what he was saying, although he had known defendant for several years and knew defendant’s family had had problems with him and that defendant had been committed to the state hospital. While Chief Barela acknowledged that he encouraged defendant to confess to the burglary, defendant was not subjected to prolonged interrogation and his behavior during the interrogation appeared normal. There was no indication that defendant was delusional or otherwise suffering from his mental condition at the time of the interrogation. Finally, Chief Barela admitted having implied that, if defendant did not confess, he could be charged in connection with unrelated incidents of vandalism in Dexter. On cross-examination, Chief Barela explained, “what I intended to convey to him was that if I had to work and the D.A.s had to put a lot of work into it, this would not be good.”
Chief Barela’s statements during the interrogation cannot be classified as implied threats or promises. See State v. Tindle; see also State v. Watson, 82 N.M. 769, 487 P.2d 197 (Ct.App.1971). Chief Barela stated that no deals were made and made it clear to defendant that the district attorney would make the final determination as to the crimes for which defendant would be prosecuted.
Moreover, even where there may be a causal connection between police misconduct and a defendant’s confession, it does not automatically follow that there has been a violation of due process. See Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). Voluntariness must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Tindle. The trial court was required, under the second and third prongs of the voluntariness analysis, to consider the effect of Chief Barela’s statements on defendant, given defendant’s mental limitations and his possible susceptibility to the pressures of the interrogation or his inability to comprehend the circumstances. See State v. Benavidez, 87 N.M. 223, 531 P.2d 957 (Ct.App.1975). Here, however, the state offered ample evidence to show voluntariness. While defendant has been diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, his illness was episodic and his behavior during the interrogation appeared normal. Although defendant has a low I.Q., he was shown to have a tenth grade reading level. Defendant’s low I.Q. score could have been depressed by the fact that the test was administered in English, while Spanish is defendant’s primary language.
Viewing these factors, combined with defendant’s familiarity with police and court procedures, we find that the state met its burden of showing a free and voluntary confession by a preponderance of the evidence under the totality of the circumstances. The evidence provided an adequate basis for the trial court and jury to determine the confession was not the result of a threat or improper inducement and was, in fact, voluntary. See State v. Griffin, 148 Ariz. 82, 713 P.2d 283 (1986) (en banc); People v. Pierson, 670 P.2d 770 (Colo.1983) (en banc).
SENTENCE
At the sentencing hearing in Cause No. CR-85-223, defendant presented evidence that incarceration in the penitentiary would be highly detrimental to his mental well-being. In light of this evidence, defendant claims the trial court’s imposition of an eighteen-month sentence was cruel and unusual punishment. However, defendant has cited no authority for his claim that the sentence is unconstitutional under the circumstances. See In re Adoption of Doe, 100 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d 1329 (1984). An inmate’s need for extraordinary medical treatment does not by itself, mean that incarceration constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. See State v. Augustus, 97 N.M. 100, 637 P.2d 50 (Ct.App.1981). Moreover, as argued by the state, the question of where defendant serves his sentence is a matter for the corrections department, not the trial court. Defendant’s contention under this point is premature at best.
DEFENDANT’S ISSUES UNDER STATE v. FRANKLIN
Defendant also raises four issues under State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982 (1967). After reviewing and considering these issues, we find them to be without merit and decline to discuss them here.
CONCLUSION
Defendant’s convictions and sentences are affirmed.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DONNELLY, C.J., concurs. BIVINS, J., specially concurs and dissents in part.