dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority’s disposition of the first two points of error concerning hearsay and due process. I agree with the conclusion reached by the majority with respect to point of error three, the absence of the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation in a U.R.E.S.A. proceeding, but I would amplify the reasoning and include citations to specific authority which supports that reasoning. I concur with the disposition of points of error four and five.
By way of background, Texas has adopted the U.R.E.S.A., which is codified in Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 21.01 et seq. (Vernon 1975). The Legislature amended Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 21.36 (Vernon Supp.1982-1983) effective August 31, 1981 when it added subsections (b) and (c). The provisions pertinent to this appeal now state: Section 21.36. Rules of Evidence; Presumptions
(a) In any hearing under this chapter, the court shall be bound by the same rules of evidence that bind the district court.
(b) In any suit brought under this chapter, if the initiating court certifies that the petition sets forth facts from which it may be determined that the defendant owes a duty of support and that a court of the responding state may obtain juris*539diction over the defendant or his property, the certified petition shall be admitted in the responding state as prima facie evidence that the defendant’s duty to support exists.
It was the Legislature’s intent in amending § 21.36 to reduce delay and expense in Texas U.R.E.S.A. proceedings by eliminating certain procedural and evidentiary barriers which, it was believed, had the practical effect of increasing the welfare rolls. House Committee on the Judiciary, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 952, 67th Leg. (1981).
Because this appeal presents a novel challenge to the validity of § 21.36, as amended by H.B. 952,1 believe it would be helpful to discuss general U.R.E.S.A. procedures, and specifically how § 21.36 operates in a U.R. E.S.A. action.
DUTY OF INITIATING COURT AND NATURE OF CERTIFIED PETITION In the case of Neff v. Johnson, 391 S.W.2d 760 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1965, no writ), the court stated:
It is our view that the function of the certificate of the court of the initiating state is to establish that such court upon examination of the plaintiff’s petition has found such probable duty of support as to warrant transmittal of the petition, certificate and a copy of the support Act to the court of the responding state.
Id. at 764.
Other states have come to similar conclusions concerning the duty of the initiating court and the function of the certified documents sent to the responding court. See, e.g., Rosenberg v. Rosenberg, 152 Me. 161, 125 A.2d 863 (1956) (Plaintiff’s petition sufficiently stated a cause of action for relief under the Act); Pennsylvania ex rel. Stobie v. Stobie, 3 Ohio App.2d 18, 209 N.E.2d 457 (1964) (allegations of petition stated a good cause of action under the act as adopted by Ohio); Kirby v. Kirby, 338 Mass. 263, 155 N.E.2d 165 (1959) (the Massachusetts version of U.R.E.S.A. merely prescribes an ex parte determination, in the nature of finding probable cause, by the court of the initiating state that the allegations of the petition warrant further proceedings in the responding state); O'Hara v. Floyd, 47 Ala.App. 619, 259 So.2d 673 (1972) (the initiating state merely examines the verified petition to determine if from allegation contained therein the duty of support is capable of being determined in the responding state); Ball v. Haughton, 60 Ill.App.3d 562, 17 Ill Dec. 888, 377 N.E.2d 78 (1978) (allegations in petition were sufficient to establish petitioner’s standing to bring action under U.R.E.S.A.).
I think it clear, therefore, that the initiating court merely makes a threshold or preliminary determination of a probable duty of support before sending the petition and other documents to the responding court.
DUTY OF RESPONDING COURT IN TEXAS — SCOPE OF HEARING
Once the initiating court certifies the U.R.E.S.A. documents and forwards them to the proper court in Texas (the responding state), the responding court must hold a hearing pursuant to § 21.32 of the Family Code. The purpose of the hearing is to determine whether the defendant owes a duty to support and, if so, in what amount, and it may occur only after proper notice has been given the defendant. Neff v. Johnson, 391 S.W.2d at 764. It is in the context of this hearing that appellant challenges the rules of evidence and presumptions as set forth in the current § 21.36 of the Code.
Other states which have adopted U.R.E. S.A. have interpreted the extent of the duty of the responding court in situations similar to those prescribed by § 21.32 of the Texas Family Code. These jurisdictions agree uniformly that it is the responsibility of the responding state to make a final determination of duty to support according to its own law. In re Proceeding for Support Under Uniform Support of Dependents Law, 94 Misc.2d 588, 405 N.Y.S.2d 225 (1978); Pfueller v. Pfueiler, 37 N.J.Super. 106, 117 A.2d 30 (1955); O’Hara v. Floyd, 259 So.2d at 675. The determination of whether a duty to support exists may be made by the responding court only upon the *540basis of evidence adduced in a hearing before that court. Pfueller v. Pfueller, 117 A.2d at 32-33. At this hearing the defendant may contest his alleged duty to support. It is proper to establish the issue of paternity then, if paternity has not otherwise been determined. Moody v. Christiansen, 306 N.W.2d 775 (Iowa 1981); Stearns v. Kean, 303 N.W.2d 408 (Iowa 1981); Lee v. Lee, 110 Misc.2d 623, 442 N.Y.S.2d 904 (Fam.Ct.1981). When paternity is at issue, clear and convincing proof of non-access or impotency of the man constitutes a defense. Etchison v. Greathouse, 596 S.W.2d 233, 236 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, no writ).
EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF CERTIFIED U.R.E.S.A. DOCUMENTS SENT BY INITIATING STATE AND VALIDITY OF § 21.36(b) OF THE FAMILY CODE
Subsection (b) of § 21.36 requires the admission into evidence of the certified petition and related documents from the initiating state, and these documents are prima facie evidence of a duty of support owed by the defendant. Thus, under this statutory presumption, if a Texas U.R.E.S.A. defendant offers no evidence to the contrary, the plaintiff is entitled to recover child support based on the allegations of a duty to support contained in the certified petition sent by the initiating court of a sister state. See, 1 Ray, Texas Law of Evidence § 55 (Tex. Practice 3d ed. 1980) and authorities cited therein. The effect of the provision is to give the contents of the certified documents artificial weight as evidence. See, Keeton, Statutory Presumptions — Their Constitutionality and Legal Effect, 10 Texas L.Rev. 34, 48 (1931).
Subsection (a) of § 21.36 requires the Texas court in a U.R.E.S.A. proceeding to be bound by the same rules of evidence which generally bind district courts. Since district courts may not consider incompetent evidence, neither may courts in which U.R.E.S.A. actions are heard. It is axiomatic that hearsay evidence — an out of court statement offered for the truth of its assertions — is incompetent and lacks probative force. 1A Ray, supra, at § 781 et seq. The primary objection to hearsay is that the declarant at the time he made the statement was not subject to cross examination under oath, and thus the statement is untrustworthy. 5 Wigmore, Evidence § 1361 (Chadbourn rev. 1974).
On several occasions Texas courts have held that the U.R.E.S.A. petition and other certified documents received from an initiating court are inadmissible hearsay. Lewallen v. Hardin, 563 S.W.2d 356, 357 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1978, no writ); Holmes v. Tibbs, 542 S.W.2d 487 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1976, no writ); Schlang v. Schlang, 415 S.W.2d 28 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1967, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Neff v. Johnson, 391 S.W.2d at 764. I concur with their holdings. In the case at bar, it makes no difference that Appellee’s petition was certified, or that her so-called “testimony” incorporated by reference the contents of the U.R.E.S.A. petition, for none of the documents received from the Pennsylvania court originated in a proceeding in which Appellant was given an opportunity to cross examine the declarant. See, 1A Ray, supra, at § 787. Other jurisdictions are in accord with the well-established Texas position. See, e.g., Lambrou v. Berna, 154 Me. 352, 148 A.2d 697 (1959); O’Hara v. Floyd, 259 So.2d 673; Kirby v. Kirby, 155 N.E.2d 165.
Contrary to the majority’s claim, I am convinced that Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 3731a (Vernon Supp.1982-1983), has absolutely no bearing on this case. By enacting a public records exception to the hearsay rule, the Texas Legislature did not intend “to abrogate the well-settled principle of the common law of the inadmissibility of hearsay evidence based on further hearsay evidence.” Smith v. Riviere, 248 S.W.2d 526, 530 (Tex.Civ.App.—Texarkana 1951, no writ). The reach of the statutory exception has been clearly delineated:
even though the official public records or certified copies thereof are admissible in evidence, that does not mean that ex parte statements, hearsay, conclusions and opinions contained therein are admissible. Furthermore, the admissibility of *541the records does not authorize the consideration of any hearsay based on hearsay, or of any conclusion therein which is not shown to have been made by an official or employee of the Department who had personal knowledge of the facts upon which the conclusion is based.
Texas Dept, of Public Safety v. Nesmith, 559 S.W.2d 443, 447 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1977, no writ) (emphasis added). Accord McCrary v. State, 604 S.W.2d 113, 115 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Porter v. State, 578 S.W.2d 742, 746 (Tex.Cr.App.1979) (En Bane). See also Annot. 69 A.L.R.2d 1148 (1960). Since in this case the judge in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas had no personal knowledge of the contents of Appellee’s U.R.E.S.A. petition, article 3731a simply is not applicable.
The majority makes the assertion that since Appellant “testified to essentially the same facts that were alleged in the plaintiff’s petition,” the trial court could have relied on that testimony, and not on the contents of the petition, in reaching its decision. In the absence of findings of fact and conclusions of law, we have no idea what evidence the trial court relied on. The petition was in evidence, albeit improperly, so it is equally plausible that the court relied on its contents, rather than on the testimony. Furthermore, Appellant did not testify to crucial allegations in the petition relating to Appellee’s financial status. Under Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 4.02 (Vernon Supp.1982-1983), a mother, as well as a father, has the duty to support her minor children. Boriack v. Boriack, 541 S.W.2d 237, 242 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1976, writ dism’d). The duty to support is not dependent solely on each spouse’s current earnings. In determining the amount of child support, the court should consider such factors as the financial resources available to each parent, the obligations borne by each parent, non-financial contributions to the child, and the standard of living of the child. Grandinetti v. Grandinetti, 600 S.W.2d 371, 372 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1980, no writ). Appellant did not testify to any of these factors as they related to Appellee. The 1980 joint tax return provided no data relevant to the financial status of the parties as of December 1981, the date of the hearing. The only evidence of Appellee’s financial condition and of the child’s needs at the time of the hearing was contained in the U.R.E.S.A. petition, which I consider inadmissible for reasons I have previously enumerated.
I would sustain Appellant’s first point of error and hold that § 21.36(b) of the Texas Family Code conflicts with § 21.36(a) and impermissibly requires the admission of hearsay evidence in a Texas U.R.E.S.A. proceeding. In my opinion, the presumption established by § 21.36(b) is void and Appel-lee has not met her burden of proving that Appellant owes a duty of support.
DUE PROCESS AND THE ADMISSION OF HEARSAY
In appellant’s second point of error, he asserts that § 21.36 of the Family Code violates the Fifth Amendment by depriving him of property without due process of law. Any due process attack on a Texas statute would properly stem from the due process clause of the Fourteenth, not the Fifth, Amendment. Despite Appellant’s analytical mistake, I would consider the assignment of error. Tex.R.Civ.P. 418.
I believe Appellant’s objection to the statute based on its contravention of the rule against hearsay to be intertwined with the statute’s invalidity on constitutional grounds. The United States Supreme Court has stated that “the power to create presumptions is not a means of escape from constitutional restrictions.” New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 284, 84 S.Ct. 710, 728, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). Constitutional challenges to statutory presumptions frequently are founded on due process grounds. Note, Constitutionality of Rebut-table Statutory Presumptions, 55 Colum.L. Rev. 527, 531 (1955); Keeton, supra, at 41. As in all questions involving due process, the general tests of the validity of a statutory presumption are its reasonableness and its fairness. 55 Colum.L.Rev. at 548.
*542It is clear to me that the due process guarantee, which includes notice and the opportunity to be heard, is abridged when a U.R.E.S.A. defendant is denied the right to cross examine the petitioner. As another court has observed:
[i]f any deprivation of due process is caused by the participation of two courts in disposing of a single action, it would have to be in the taking of ex parte evidence in one court for use in the deciding court. A defendant in a proceeding under the support law has the right to cross examine the plaintiff.
Smith v. Smith [125 Cal.App.2d 154], 270 P.2d 613, 622 (Cal.Ct.App.1954).
But cf. Ivey v. Ayers, 301 S.W.2d 790, 796 (Mo.1957) (in contrast to the Texas Family Code presumption at issue, Missouri Act did not require the admission into evidence of testimony taken before initiating Virginia court; therefore, lack of opportunity to cross examine plaintiff did not deprive defendant of due process rights). As I have said, the primary objection to hearsay is based on the absence of an opportunity to cross examine the declarant. Although under current practices there is no doubt that U.R.E.S.A. documents sent to Texas by an initiating state are hearsay, the problem could be readily cured. It is not necessary that a U.R.E.S.A. defendant cross examine the petitioner in person. I would suggest that in a case such as this one, in which the parties are separated by a great distance, cross examination could most easily be accomplished by deposition or by written interrogatories. See Carpenter v. Carpenter, 231 La. 638, 92 So.2d 393 (1956); Whittlesey v. Bellah, 130 Cal.App.2d 182, 278 P.2d 511, cert, denied, 350 U.S. 821, 76 S.Ct. 47, 100 L.Ed. 734 (1955). Properly introduced, the discovery documents would be competent evidence in the Texas proceeding, and the defendant’s rights would have been fully protected.
I am sympathetic with the announced legislative goals of efficiency and reduction of the numbers of welfare recipients, both of which were sought through speedier child support enforcement proceedings facilitated by H.B. 952. However, the means of attaining those goals may not run roughshod over constitutional rights. Therefore, I would sustain Appellant’s second point of error and hold that the denial of the right of cross-examination by the admission of hearsay under § 21.36(b) of the Texas Family Code deprives him of due process as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Art. I, § 19 of the Texas Constitution.
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT OF CONFRONTATION
In his third point of error, Appellant asserts that Family Code § 21.36 deprives him of his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him in a proceeding in the nature of a criminal case. The majority summarily overrules his contention without citing any basis for doing so. Although I have found no Texas authority on this subject, other jurisdictions have dealt with the issue. The right of a person to be confronted by witnesses against him, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and § 10 of the Texas Constitution, applies only in criminal prosecutions. Sieber v. Sieber, 258 N.W.2d 754, 756 (Minn.1977). In Robinson v. Robinson, 8 Ohio App.2d 235, 221 N.E.2d 598 (1966), the court held that a defendant in a U.R.E.S.A. action has no right to be confronted by witnesses since such a proceeding is civil in nature. Pennsylvania has characterized a U.R.E. S.A. action as quasi — criminal in nature, and has determined a U.R.E.S.A. defendant is not entitled to be confronted by witnesses at a hearing. Commonwealth ex rel. Shaffer v. Shaffer, 175 Pa.Super. 100, 103 A.2d 430 (1954); Annot., 42 A.L.R.2nd 761 (1955) (annotating Shaffer). Since a U.R.E.S.A. support action is not a criminal prosecution, Appellant’s third point of error is without merit and I agree that it should be overruled.
Based on my agreement with Appellant’s contentions that Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 21.-36(b) (Vernon Supp.1982-1983) is contrary to the rule against hearsay, violates the constitutional guarantee of due process, and is in fatal conflict with § 21.36(a), I would *543reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.