We consolidated and granted leave to appeal in these two cases to consider the requisite judicial inquiry to be made before a criminal defendant who affirmatively seeks to proceed in propria persona1 may be permitted to waive his correlative right to counsel and represent himself.
In People v Jones, we conclude that the trial court committed error requiring reversal by failing *417to advise defendant of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, and, therefore, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals, which ordered a new trial.
In People v Dennany, a new trial is also required. Because the trial court essentially denied defendant his right to self-representation upon the erroneous ground that his decision to proceed pro se was not made knowingly and voluntarily, we affirm in part the Court of Appeals decision.
I
A. STATEMENT OP PACTS — PEOPLE v JONES
Emmett Jones was charged with unarmed robbery,2 and breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny.3 He was also charged in a supplemental information with being an habitual offender. Defendant requested the assistance of counsel, and an attorney was appointed to represent him. Trial was scheduled for December 1, 1987. On November 8, 1987, defendant filed a motion to discharge his attorney and to proceed pro se. He alleged that appointed counsel had not visited him to discuss the case, had not responded to phone calls, had refused to release legal documents relating to the case, had waived circuit court arraignment without his knowledge or consent, and had denied him the right to participate actively in his own defense. Defendant represented that he was seeking to proceed pro se because he wanted the trial to start on its scheduled date, and substitute counsel would not have sufficient time to prepare.
At a hearing on November 23, 1987, the trial *418court considered a motion by the prosecutor to use the defendant’s prior convictions for impeachment purposes and the defendant’s motion to proceed pro se. With regard to the prosecutor’s motion, defendant indicated: "Okay, [appointed counsel] can handle this today and I will — would like the Court to grant me permission to take over the proceedings from there.”
The trial court allowed appointed counsel to be heard concerning the request to proceed pro se. Counsel indicated that defendant wished to proceed as his own attorney and that he would stay on in an advisory capacity if requested to do so by the court. Defendant then stated:
Yes, sir, if you would allow an attorney to assist me, I would, I mean ask to appear in pro per, but I do recognize my need for having certain motions Xeroxed as I am currently in the county jail, I don’t have current facilities to Xerox and type motions. I will do the research, and I would need them served on the Court and it is hard for me to get in and get a docket number and get dates on cases and if an attorney would assist me, I would have no objection to that.
The assistant prosecutor stated that she took no position regarding the defendant’s desire to represent himself, but pointed out that trial was scheduled for the next week. The trial court extended a motion deadline and told the defendant:
[Appointed counsel] will cooperate in getting you those [court records]. He’s got all the records. And as a part of your representing yourself, I will have [appointed counsel] also be present to assist you if you need him or want his assistance during the course of the trial. And also, [counsel], if you would assist him between now and then in the preparation of trial, including the motions.
*419The December trial date was adjourned at the prosecution’s request so that another scheduled case could be tried. At a January hearing on defendant’s motion for release on personal recognizance bond, defendant complained about the lack of assistance provided by appointed counsel, and stated that he still had not received materials the court had directed counsel to give him. Counsel failed to appear at this hearing until specifically summoned by the trial judge.
On March 22, 1988, a hearing was held on several pretrial motions. Defendant sought to delay the trial date, arguing that because he had been busy preparing to defend another case, he had not been able to devote adequate time to this matter. The presiding judge denied defendant’s motion, noting during the course of argument that defendant should have relied more on his counsel, who was present in the courtroom and available to assist him. Defendant asked the court to order the official in charge of the jail to allow him to use the law facilities at the jail every day during trial because the jail staff had stated that he would only be allowed to use the law library on weekends. The judge advised defendant that he would have to rely on appointed counsel for any legal research or contact with witnesses.
A jury trial commenced on March 23, 1988. Defendant gave an opening statement, cross-examined two prosecution witnesses, and presented three defense witnesses. He also testified in his own behalf. Defendant presented a lengthy closing argument and objected during the prosecution’s closing argument. Before the beginning of jury deliberations, appointed counsel moved on defendant’s behalf, alternatively, for a mistrial, dismissal of the breaking and entering count, or to have the court decide the breaking and entering *420charge on the basis of a statement made during trial. Following lengthy discussion, defendant waived a jury trial with regard to the breaking and entering count and the jury then deliberated only with regard to the unarmed robbery charge. The jury convicted defendant of unarmed robbery, but he was acquitted by the trial judge of breaking and entering. The bench trial on the supplemental information followed. Appointed counsel represented defendant during this proceeding. Defendant was convicted of being a third-felony offender. He was sentenced on May 16, 1988, to serve an enhanced prison term of from fifteen to thirty years.
Defendant filed a claim of appeal through appointed counsel. The Court of Appeals ultimately reversed defendant’s conviction on the grounds that the trial judge did not adequately explain to the defendant the pitfalls of self-representation or fully determine that his waiver of counsel was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. However, the Court stated:
In so concluding, we do not ignore, nor are we unsympathetic to, the arguments by the prosecutor. Those arguments point out that defendant was represented at the time of making his motion to be allowed to proceed in propria persona, that he conducted himself well when he was representing himself, and that his court-appointed attorney continued on as advisory counsel to assist defendant in preparing and presenting his defense. However, neither the court rule nor the case law recognizes this as an exception to the strict requirements imposed upon the trial court before allowing a defendant to proceed in propria persona. While we would urge the prosecutor to seek leave to appeal to the Supreme Court to have the Court reconsider whether such strict requirements are necessary where a defendant is represented at *421the motion to be allowed to proceed in propria persona, or where there is standby counsel available throughout the proceedings, it is for the Supreme Court, and not this Court, to adopt such an exception.[4]
The prosecutor filed an application for leave to appeal with this Court. We granted the application and further ordered that this case be argued and submitted with People v Dennany. 442 Mich 936 (1993).
B. STATEMENT .OF FACTS — PEOPLE v DENNANY
Defendant Nicholas Dennany was convicted by a jury of first-degree criminal sexual conduct,5 on the basis of an alleged sexual assault of his daughter when she was twelve years old. Defendant was sentenced to serve twenty-five to fifty years in prison.
The sole issue with which we are concerned in this appeal is defendant’s request, denied by the trial court, to represent himself at the trial. The facts pertinent to defendant’s efforts to proceed pro se are set forth in the Court of Appeals opinion:
Defendant first asked to represent himself through a June 19, 1986 motion for withdrawal of counsel. At the hearing on the motion, defendant’s attorney told the court that defendant wanted to represent himself, but that he would like the assistance of an attorney for procedural matters. The attorney also told the court that his client’s position was that he has been completely immersed in this matter through dss proceedings and proceedings in juvenile court, and that defendant is representing himself against charges of abuse *422and neglect in juvenile court. Defendant told the court that he believed that there were issues of fact and law that would not be raised if not raised by him. He also told the court that he had successfully represented himself in a criminal prosecution involving the education of his children at home. When the court asked defendant if he was aware that he would have to follow the rules of evidence if he represented himself, defendant replied that he was so aware. The court also asked defendant if he recognized that there was a distinction between his juvenile court proceedings and the criminal case in that, while he might lose custody or parental rights in the former, he could lose his freedom in the latter. Defendant responded that he was aware of that. Defendant also told the court that the fact that he will not have the benefit of objective counsel was weighed in his decision to ask to represent himself.
The court denied defendant’s request. It said that it was taking into account the fact that defendant was charged with a very serious offense, the current status of the case file, i.e., that the case had already been to pretrial, and that defendant’s attorney had been representing defendant for some time and was familiar with the factual background of the case. The court found that, because defendant asked for assistance of counsel with procedural matters, his request was not unequivocal. The court also found that, although the request was voluntarily and intelligently made, it was not knowingly made because defendant thought some things in the voluminous juvenile court file were relevant and, thus, admissible, while, actually, they were not. Thus, concluded the court, defendant did not fully understand the consequences of his decision to represent himself. The court further found that defendant’s acting as his own attorney would unduly inconvenience and burden the court’s business and that it would not be in defendant’s own best interests.
A week before trial began, defendant again asked to be allowed to represent himself. Defen*423dant again told the court that he had successfully represented himself in a case involving home education that involved complicated constitutional issues and that he was aware of the problems in self-representation. He stated that his relationship with his attorney was cordial but that he wished to represent himself because of disagreements over trial strategy. Apparently, defendant’s attorney wanted to keep the case narrowed to the issue of whether defendant committed the particular act for which he was charged, but defendant wanted to bring in evidence about several other allegations of sexual abuse made by his children against him in an effort to show that all of the allegations had been coerced by his ex-wife and her new husband as part of a custody battle.
The court reversed its earlier finding that defendant’s request for assistance with procedural matters made his request to represent himself equivocal, and it found that he was aware of the dangers involved in self-representation. Nonetheless, the court denied his request because it had grave concerns that defendant’s desire to prove that the allegations were coerced by presenting evidence of other allegations would not result in a trustworthy determination of guilt or innocence due to the potent prejudicial effect of such evidence. The court went on to say that it was apparent that defendant would say things not properly before the trier of fact, that defendant’s subjective involvement in the matter was very apparent, and that his subjective state of mind was such that he was not making his request with his eyes completely open.[6]
Following trial,7 defendant appealed, arguing *424that he should have been permitted to represent himself at trial. The Court of Appeals agreed and remanded the case to the trial court to allow defendant an opportunity to reassert his motion to proceed pro se.8 In so doing, the Court of Appeals, applying the standards set forth in People v Anderson, 398 Mich 361; 247 NW2d 857 (1976) (see discussion, infra), held:
First, the trial court was correct when it reversed its initial finding that defendant’s request for help made his request for self-representation equivocal. . . . [T]he rule seems to be that a defendant’s request for self-representation is equivocal where the defendant wants to have an attorney to perform some of the trial duties, but is unequivocal where he merely wants standby counsel to assist with procedural matters. . . .
We believe that the second requirement expressed in Anderson, supra, i.e., that a defendant’s request to represent himself must be made knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily, was also satisfied in the present case. As noted above, the trial court found that the request was voluntarily and intelligently made, but that it was not knowingly made because defendant thought some evidence was admissible but it actually was not. We believe that the trial court incorrectly understood the "knowingly” requirement. ... In Anderson, our Supreme Court stated that, although a defendant’s competence is a pertinent consideration, competence does not refer to legal skills. . . . [T]he fact that defendant thought that some evidence was admissible when it actually was not does not mean that his request was not knowingly made, particularly because defendant specifically stated that he was aware that he would have to follow the rules *425of evidence if he represented himself and because the trial court acknowledged that defendant was aware of the dangers in self-representation. In any event, skilled attorneys regularly attempt to have inadmissible evidence admitted. They, like defendant must, nevertheless, abide by the trial court’s ruling on the evidence.
In the present case, defendant’s expression of why he wanted to represent himself was as sophisticated and comprehensive as that of Overby. Defendant told the court that he believed that there were issues of fact and law that would not be raised if not raised by him. He also told the court that he had successfully represented himself in a criminal prosecution involving the education of his children at home. Furthermore, he was representing himself in the abuse and neglect proceedings connected with the allegations present in this criminal case. Therefore, we believe that the trial court was incorrect when it found that defendant’s request was not knowingly made.
Regarding the third requirement ....
In light of the fact that the trial court did not elucidate upon its finding that defendant’s self-representation would inconvenience and burden the court, and in light of the fact that defendant has experience in representing himself and has agreed to abide by the rules of evidence, we conclude that there is nothing to indicate that the court’s business would be unduly inconvenienced or burdened. [Slip op, pp 3-4.]
The Court of Appeals ordered a new trial,9 and the prosecution then filed an application in this *426Court for leave to appeal, which was granted. 442 Mich 935 (1993).
ii
A. THE RIGHT TO SELF-REPRESENTATION
In Faretta v California, 422 US 806; 95 S Ct 2525; 45 L Ed 2d 562 (1975), the United States Supreme Court held that the right of self-representation is implicitly guaranteed in the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution.10 Under that amendment,
It is the accused, not counsel, who must be "informed of the nature and cause of the accusation,” who must be "confronted with the witnesses against him,” and who must be accorded "compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.” Although not stated in the Amendment in so many words, the right to self-representation — to make one’s own defense personally — is thus necessarily implied by the structure of the Amendment. The right to defend is given directly to the accused; for it is he who suffers the consequences if the defense fails.
The counsel provision supplements this design. It speaks of the "assistance” of counsel, and an assistant, however expert, is still an assistant. The language and spirit of the Sixth Amendment contemplate that counsel, like the other defense tools guaranteed by the Amendment, shall be an aid to a willing defendant — not an organ of the State *427interposed between an unwilling defendant and his right to defend himself personally. To thrust counsel upon the accused, against his considered wish, thus violates the logic of the Amendment. [Id. at 819-820. See also McKaskle v Wiggins, 465 US 168, 174; 104 S Ct 944; 79 L Ed 2d 122 (1984); Rock v Arkansas, 483 US 44; 107 S Ct 2704; 97 L Ed 2d 37 (1987); Riggins v Nevada, 504 US —; 112 S Ct 1810; 118 L Ed 2d 479 (1992). See, generally, anno: Accused’s right to represent himself in state criminal proceeding — modem state cases, 98 ALR3d 13.]
The right of self-representation under Michigan law is secured by both constitution and statute. Const 1963, art 1, § 13, provides: "A suitor in any court of this state has the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person or by an attorney.”
State statute reinforces that right:
On the trial of every indictment or other criminal accusation, the party accused shall be allowed to be heard by counsel and may defend himself, and he shall have a right to produce witnesses and proofs in his favor, and meet the witnesses who are produced against him face to face. [MCL 763.1; MSA 28.854.]
However, none of the above provisions, federal or state, guarantees an absolute right to proceed to trial without counsel. Faretta, supra; People v Anderson, supra, p 366.
B. THE REQUISITE INQUIRY — FEDERAL CASES
The Faretta Court recognized that in exercising the right of self-representation, a defendant necessarily waives his correlative Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Consequently, a knowing and *428intelligent waiver of the right to counsel was deemed by the Court to be an essential prerequisite to the right to proceed pro se:
When an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel. For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must "knowingly and intelligently” forgo those relinquished benefits. Johnson v Zerbst, 304 US [458] 464-465 [58 S Ct 1019; 82 L Ed 1461 (1938)]. Cf. Von Moltke v Gillies, 332 US 708, 723-724 [68 S Ct 316; 92 L Ed 309 (1948)] (plurality opinion of Black, J.). Although a defendant need not himself have the skill and experience of a lawyer in order competently and intelligently to choose self-representation, he should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that "he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.” Adams v United States ex rel McCann, 317 US [269] 279 [63 S Ct 236; 87 L Ed 268 (1942)]. [Faretta, supra, 422 US 835.]
In Johnson v Zerbst, supra, p 464, cited in Faretta, the Court first defined effective waiver, in the context of a defendant’s right to counsel, as "an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.” The Johnson Court held that courts must " 'indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver’ ” and that the effectiveness of waiver "should be clearly determined by the trial court, and it would be fitting and appropriate for that determination to appear upon the record.” Id., pp 464-465.
In Von Moltke v Gillies, supra, pp 723-724, *429which also cited Faretta, Justice Black, speaking for a plurality of the Court,11 stated:
[I]n light of the strong presumption against waiver of the constitutional right to counsel, a judge must investigate as long and as thoroughly as the circumstances of the case before him demand. The fact that an accused may tell him that he is informed of his right to counsel and desires to waive this right does not automatically end the judge’s responsibility. To be valid such waiver must be made with an apprehension of the nature of the charges, the statutory offenses included within them, the range of allowable punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole matter. A judge can make certain that an accused’s professed waiver of counsel is understandingly and wisely made only from a penetrating and comprehensive examination of all the circumstances under which such a plea is tendered.
The United States Supreme Court has not yet defined the necessary parameters of a Faretta inquiry. All the federal courts construe the United States Constitution to require a defendant to effectively waive his right to counsel before being granted the right to self-representation. The circuits are divided, however, on the extent of the judicial inquiry needed to confirm a valid waiver. See, generally, 2 LaFave & Israel, Criminal Procedure, §§ 11.3 and 11.5, pp 29-34 and 42-53.
The majority of federal courts, while acknowl*430edging Von Moltke, have taken a nonformalistic approach in ascertaining the right of self-representation. See Hsu v United States, 392 A2d 972, 983 (DC App, 1978). For instance, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated that "[w]hile no particular form of interrogation is necessary, the court must assure itself that the defendant understands the charges and the manner in which an attorney can be of assistance.” United States v Gillings, 568 F2d 1307, 1308-1309 (CA 9, 1978). See also United States v Balough, 820 F2d 1485 (CA 9, 1987); United States v Aponte, 591 F2d 1247, 1250 (CA 9, 1978). The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has stated that "the trial judge should conduct an inquiry sufficient to establish a defendant’s knowledge and understanding of the factors” relevant to his decision to waive counsel, United States v Padilla, 819 F2d 952, 959 (CA 10, 1987). See also Sanchez v Mondragon, 858 F2d 1462, 1465 (CA 10, 1988); United States v Gipson, 693 F2d 109, 111 (CA 10, 1982), cert den 459 US 1216 (1983); United States v Bennett, 539 F2d 45, 50 (CA 10, 1976), cert den 429 US 925 (1976).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit does not require a detailed listing of advice similar to that mandated for guilty plea proceedings conducted pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, but does require a "searching inquiry” sufficient to satisfy the trial judge that the defendant’s waiver was understanding and voluntary. United States v Welty, 674 F2d 185, 189 (CA 3, 1982). See also United States v Gallop, 838 F2d 105, 109-110 (CA 4, 1988); Wiesner v Abrams, 726 F Supp 912, 917 (ED NY, 1989), aff’d without opinion, 909 F2d 1473 (CA 2, 1990).
Several courts have stated that a waiver hearing *431expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is much preferred but not absolutely necessary. See, e.g., Fitzpatrick v Wainwright, 800 F2d 1057, 1064 (CA 11, 1986); United States v Bailey, 219 US App DC 67, 78, n 17; 675 F2d 1292 (1982), cert den 459 US 853 (1982); Tuitt v Fair, 822 F2d 166 (CA 1, 1987), cert den 484 US 945 (1987).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit now requires trial judges to follow the model inquiry set forth in 1 Bench Book for United States District Judges (3d ed), 1.02-2 to 1.02-5. See United States v McDowell, 814 F2d 245 (CA 6, 1987), cert den 484 US 980 (1987). Other examples of a model inquiry format are set forth in People v Arguello, 772 P2d 87 (Colo, 1989); and People v Lopez, 71 Cal App 3d 568, 571-573; 138 Cal Rptr 36 (1977).
The common thread that can be gleaned from these cases is that "[t]he ultimate test is not the trial court’s express advice, but rather the defendant’s understanding.” Fitzpatrick, supra, p 1065. See also United States v Harris, 683 F2d 322 (CA 9, 1982), appeal after remand 726 F2d 558 (CA 9, 1984). The most reliable assurance of an awareness by the defendant of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation is by means of a colloquy on the record between the judge and the defendant. Bailey, supra, p 74.
C. THE REQUISITE INQUIRY — MICHIGAN LAW
In contemplation of these concerns, Michigan has established stringent requirements before a defendant may be allowed to proceed pro se.
In People v Holcomb, 395 Mich 326, 336-337; 235 NW2d 343 (1975), the Court acknowledged Faretta and required trial judges henceforth to advise a *432defendant who requests to proceed pro se of the " 'dangers and disadvantages of self-representation’ ” and seek affirmatively to establish on the record that the defendant is " 'literate, competent and understanding’ ” of the choice that confronts him and " 'voluntarily exercising his informed free will’ in declining to be represented by counsel and in seeking to represent himself.”
Subsequently, in People v Anderson, supra, in the context of a defendant’s eleventh hour request to dismiss his counsel and proceed pro se, this Court specified three requirements to be met before a defendant’s request to dismiss his counsel and proceed in propria persona could be granted:
First, the request must be unequivocal. . . .
Second, once the defendant has unequivocally declared his desire to proceed pro se the trial court must determine whether defendant is asserting his right knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily. Faretta, supra, 422 US 835; Holcomb, supra at 337. The trial court must make the pro se defendant aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open. Id. Defendant’s competence is a pertinent consideration in making this determination. Westbrook v Arizona, 384 US 150; 86 S Ct 1320; 16 L Ed 2d 429 (1966). But his competence does not refer to legal skills, "[f]or his technical legal knowledge, as such, was not relevant to an assessment of his knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.” Faretta, supra.
The third and final requirement is that the trial judge determine that the defendant’s acting as his own counsel will not disrupt, unduly inconvenience and burden the court and the administration of the court’s business. [Anderson, supra, pp 367-368.][12]
*433In addition, the Michigan Court Rules provide direction concerning the timing and substance of the judicial inquiry to be made when a defendant affirmatively indicates that he wishes to proceed pro se. As is true of the present rule,13 the former court rule, MCR 6.101(C)(3), which was in effect at *434the time of the trials of these defendants, provided that waiver of the right to counsel must be reaffirmed at each subsequent proceeding.
While it is clear that once a defendant has affirmatively declared his desire to proceed pro se, the trial court must, on the record, advise the defendant of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, the application of this requirement has been inconsistent because, as one court has observed, "there are no exact guidelines regarding what warnings should be given to a defendant who wishes to proceed in propria persona.” People v Burden, 141 Mich App 160, 163; 366 NW2d 23 (1985).
For instance, in People v Kimber, 133 Mich App 184; 348 NW2d 60 (1984), the defendant waived his right to counsel at arraignment, but was not asked to reaffirm that waiver at trial. The Kimber panel insisted upon strict compliance with the court rules and Anderson, supra:
Merely informing the pro se defendant that he will be held to the same standards as an attorney who appears in court does not sufficiently focus on *435the dangers and disadvantages of pro se representation. To satisfy the requirement of Holcomb and Anderson, something of the special skills and training necessary to effectively handle a criminal defense must be conveyed to the defendant. Because of the noncompliance with GCR 1963, 785.4(3) and the failure to set forth the disadvantages and dangers of pro se representation as required by Holcomb and Anderson, we are unable to conclude that defendant effectively relinquished his fundamental right to counsel. [Kimber, supra, p 189.]
Similarly, in People v Blunt, 189 Mich App 643; 473 NW2d 792 (1991), the defendant represented himself at trial and then pleaded guilty to a supplemental information. In permitting self-representation, the trial court merely advised the defendant that proceeding pro se was perilous, but did not explain the risks that accompany it. The record further indicated that the defendant’s decision was hastily made in the middle of trial. The appellate court concluded that "because of the trial court’s failure to set forth the disadvantages and dangers of pro se representation as required by court rule and case law, defendant did not effectively relinquish his fundamental right to counsel.” Id., p 650.
In contrast, in People v Morton, 175 Mich App 1; 437 NW2d 284 (1989), the defendant requested and was allowed to appear in propria persona at trial. The Court of Appeals held that the trial court’s statement to the defendant that representing himself was analogous to acting as his own doctor and removing his own appendix was adequate warning where the defendant’s request was knowledgeable and unequivocal:
We do not believe the court rule, MCR 6.101(C)(3), *436is intended to be strictly applied, as suggested by the dissent, where a defendant chooses to discharge his attorney and to represent himself. . . .
If the constitution means anything in this regard, a defendant who knowingly exercises his right to defend himself need not be badgered and pressured at every turn to give up his right to defend himself. Should a trial judge appoint counsel for a defendant whether defendant wants counsel or not? We think not. We believe the trial judge should permit a defendant to exercise his constitutional right to defend himself, as was done here.
We believe that the record in this case unmistakably shows that defendant understood exactly what he was doing and chose to represent himself while fully aware of his alternatives. To permit a defendant in a criminal case to indulge in the charade of insisting on a right to act as his own attorney and then on appeal to use the very permission to defend himself in pro per as a basis for reversal of a conviction and a grant of another trial is to make a mockery of the criminal justice system and the constitutional rights sought to be protected. We would not permit it. [Morton, supra, PP 7-9.]
Likewise, in People v Mack, 190 Mich App 7; 475 NW2d 830 (1991), the defendant was dissatisfied with his appointed attorney’s performance. At a pretrial hearing, he orally moved for a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court gave the defendant the option of representing himself or continuing with appointed counsel. The defendant decided to represent himself, but the court ordered appointed counsel to remain at the defense table throughout the proceedings. Without addressing the issue of compliance with the applicable court rules, the Court of Appeals concluded *437that the trial court did not err in permitting the defendant to represent himself at trial:
Here, before allowing defendant to proceed in pro per, the trial court alerted defendant to the serious nature of the charges and that a conviction would result in a possible life sentence. Second, the trial court was willing to declare a mistrial early in the proceedings in order to allow defendant to retain counsel; however, defendant vehemently opposed that option, choosing instead to proceed on his own. Third, defendant had access to his appointed counsel throughout the proceedings and, in fact, deferred to. appointed counsel on many occasions. Finally, at one point during the trial, the court instructed defendant on proper courtroom decorum and explained to defendant that he could not proceed in. pro per if he engaged in disruptive behavior.
In sum, we conclude that it is "inconceivable that defendant did not know what he was doing.” [Id., p 16.]
The appeals now before us afford an opportunity to provide guidance by summarizing the warnings and inquiry required under Anderson and the court rules. The underpinnings for these requirements are based not only in the protection of a defendant’s fundamental constitutional rights, Faretta and Anderson, supra, but on practical considerations as well:
"Whether the prospective pro per is a naive character who sincerely believes he can represent himself better than can a lawyer, a cagey loser who is going to try to reduce the trial to a shambles in the hope that somehow reversible error will creep in, a free soul with a touch of ham, or simply someone who wants to have some fun with the judicial establishment, the trial judge must recognize that the first ground on appeal is proba*438bly going to be that the defendant was allowed to represent himself without having intelligently and voluntarily made that decision. Such are the facts of life. Therefore, pragmatically, and defensively, in addition to the legal necessity of establishing that a defendant voluntarily and intelligently reached this decision, the trial court should also protect itself — and the record.” [Blunt, supra, p 649, quoting from People v Lopez, supra, pp 571-572. See also Morton, supra, pp 8-9.][14]
Obviously, the most effective way for a trial court to safeguard against the opening of an appellate parachute is to comply with the court rules and Anderson.
The applicable court rules, MCR 6.005(D) and (E), are very specific. First, the court may not permit the defendant to waive the right to be represented by a lawyer without advising the defendant of (a) the charge, (b) the maximum possible prison sentence for the offense, (c) any mandatory minimum sentence required by law, and (d) the risk involved in self-representation.
Second, a defendant who wishes to proceed pro se must be offered the opportunity to consult with a retained lawyer or, if the defendant is indigent, the opportunity to consult with an appointed lawyer.
Third, even though a defendant has waived the assistance of a lawyer, the waiver must be reaffirmed at each subsequent proceeding._
*439In addition, pursuant to Anderson, supra, the court must, upon a defendant’s initial request to proceed pro se, determine three things: (1) that the request is unequivocal; (2) that the right has been asserted knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily through a colloquy advising the defendant of the disadvantages of self-representation; and (3) that self-representation will not disrupt, unduly inconvenience, or burden the court.
Where there is error but it is not one of complete omission of the court rule and Anderson requirements, reversal is not necessarily required. Cf. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 122-124; 235 NW2d 132 (1975). Whether a particular departure justifies reversal "will depend on the nature of the noncompliance.” Id., p 113.
In light of its relationship to the Anderson requirements, and because of its significance in the Dennany case, we turn now to consideration of the claimed "right” to standby counsel.
III
THE "RIGHT” TO STANDBY COUNSEL
In Faretta, supra, the United States Supreme Court suggested:
[A] State may — even over objection by the accused — appoint a "standby counsel” to aid the accused if and when the accused requests help, and to be available to represent the accused in the event that termination of the defendant’s self-representation is necessary. [Id., p 835, n 46.][15]
In its subsequent decision in McKaskle v Wig*440gins, supra,16 the court made explicit what was already implicit in Faretta:
A defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are not violated when a trial judge appoints standby counsel — even over the defendant’s objection — to relieve the judge of the need to explain and enforce basic rules of courtroom protocol or to assist the defendant in overcoming routine obstacles that stand in the way of the defendant’s achievement of his own clearly indicated goals. Participation by counsel to steer a defendant through the basic procedures of trial is permissible even in the unlikely event that it somewhat undermines the pro se defendant’s appearance of control over his own defense. [McKaskle, supra, p 184.]
The McKaskle Court also spoke about the distinct but related issue of "hybrid” representation:17
Faretta does not require a trial judge to permit "hybrid” representation of the type Wiggins was actually allowed. But if a defendant is given the opportunity and elects to have counsel appear before the court or jury, his complaints concerning counsel’s subsequent unsolicited participation lose much of their force. A defendant does not have a constitutional right to choreograph special appearances by counsel. Once a pro se defendant invites or agrees to any substantial participation by counsel, subsequent appearances by counsel must be presumed to be with the defendant’s acquiescence, at least until the defendant expressly and unam*441biguously renews his request that standby counsel be silenced. [Id., p 183.]
While the United States Supreme Court has recognized the efficacy of advisory counsel in assisting a pro se defendant, that Court has not directly addressed the constitutional dimensions of the right to standby or hybrid counsel. However, the federal courts have uniformly held that neither the right to standby counsel nor hybrid representation are absolute under the Sixth Amendment, but rather are within the sound discretion of the trial judge.18
Several state courts have held that while their state constitutions guarantee a right to self-representation, there is no constitutionally mandated right to standby or hybrid counsel.19
Some courts have expressed the view that the appointment of standby counsel, while not mandatory, is the preferred and prudent course to take when a defendant elects to proceed pro se. See *442Sanchez v Mondragon and United States v Padilla, supra.20
Although the Michigan Constitution, art 1, § 13 provides that "[a] suitor in any court in this state has the right to prosecute or defend his suit, either in his own proper person or by an attorney” (emphasis added), we do not find in this language an absolute entitlement to standby counsel.
The primary rule of construction in ascertaining the meaning of words in a constitution is the rule of "common understanding.” A court should give effect to plain meaning of such words as understood by the people who adopted it. Advisory Opinion on Constitutionality of 1978 PA 426, 403 Mich 631, 638; 272 NW2d 495 (1978). Use of the disjunctive "or” in art 1, § 13 contradicts any suggestion that a defendant has a right to appear pro se and simultaneously be accorded the assistance of advisory counsel. The word "or,” under these circumstances, serves to "disjunctively co-ordinate the two propositions [so] that each in turn excludes the other . . . .” American Fidelity Co v R L Ginsburg Sons’ Co, 187 Mich 264, 276; 153 NW 709 (1915). In other words, a defendant has a constitutional entitlement to represent himself or to be represented by counsel — but not both.21
*443Such an interpretation is consistent with the underlying purpose of standby counsel, which has relatively recent origins as a tool of trial management for the courts to use in aiding a defendant who chooses the perilous path of self-representation. We conclude that art 1, § 13 permits the use of standby counsel as a matter of grace, but not as a matter of right.22
Having concluded that the right to standby counsel is a matter of discretion for the trial court, a question remains how a request for, or the presence of, standby counsel affects the validity of waiver of counsel. In one of the cases now before us, People v Dennany, the Court of Appeals formulated the following conclusion:
Based on Faretta, supra, and the cases from this Court . . . the rule seems to be that a defendant’s request for self-representation is equivocal where the defendant wants to have an attorney to perform some of the trial duties, but is unequivocal where he merely wants standby counsel to assist with procedural matters. Therefore, the trial court in the present case correctly determined that defendant’s request unequivocal. [Dennany, supra, slip op, p 3.]
The procedural/substantive distinction drawn by the Court of Appeals finds little support in either case authority or practical considerations. We note *444initially that the requirement that a waiver of counsel be "unequivocal” serves two purposes:
First, it acts as a backstop for the defendant’s right to counsel, by ensuring that the defendant does not inadvertently waive that right through occasional musings on the benefits of self-representation . . . [b]ecause a defendant normally gives up more than he gains when he elects self-representation, we must be reasonably certain that he in fact wishes to represent himself. . . .
The requirement that a request for self-representation be unequivocal also serves an institutional purpose: It prevents a defendant from taking advantage of the mutual exclusivity of the rights to counsel and self-representation. A defendant who vacillates at trial between wishing to be represented by counsel and wishing to represent himself could place the trial court in a difficult position: If the court appoints counsel, the defendant could, on appeal, rely on his intermittent requests for self-representation in arguing that he had been denied the right to represent himself; if the court permits self-representation, the defendant could claim that he had been denied the right to counsel. . . . The requirement of unequivocality resolves this dilemma by forcing the defendant to make an explicit choice. If he equivocates, he is presumed to have requested the assistance of counsel. [Adams v Carroll, 875 F2d 1441, 1444 (CA 9, 1989).]
The right to proceed pro se and the right to counsel have been described as " 'two faces of the same coin,’ ” because the waiver of one right constitutes the assertion of the other; consequently, "for purposes of determining whether there has been a deprivation of constitutional rights a criminal defendant cannot logically waive or assert both rights.” United States v Conder, 423 F2d 904, 908 (CA 6, 1970), cert den 400 US 958 (1970). Many *445courts have therefore concluded that a pro se defendant’s conditional request to proceed with assistance of counsel, either in the form of hybrid representation or standby counsel, is an equivocal and therefore unacceptable waiver. See United States v Oakey, 853 F2d 551, 552-554 (CA 7, 1988), cert den 488 US 1033 (1989); Tuitt v Fair, supra, p 174 ("[w]hen a defendant refuses to waive his right to counsel, while demanding to proceed pro se, the trial court will find it hard to know which constitutional right is being asserted”); United States v Gaines, 416 F Supp 1047 (ND Ind, 1976); State v Gethers, 197 Conn 369; 497 A2d 408 (1985); State v Russell, 270 Ind 55; 383 NE2d 309 (1978); Nagy v State, 270 Ind 384; 386 NE2d 654 (1979).
In Maynard v Meachum, 545 F2d 273 (CA 1, 1976), the court addressed an appeal alleging ineffective waiver of counsel where the defendant had the assistance of standby counsel during his trial. The court concluded that the defendant was entitled to a new trial because, despite the presence of standby counsel, the trial court had not fulfilled its affirmative obligation to ask such questions and receive such satisfactory answers to enable it to conclude that a valid waiver had been effected. The Maynard court stated:
Whatever label is attached to it, the net result was that Maynard had less than the full representation by counsel to which, absent a valid waiver, he was entitled under the Sixth Amendment. . . . We can conceive of no reason why the standard for waiving part of a constitutional right should be different from the standard for waiver of the entire right. Respondent argues, and we agree, that it is within the discretion of the trial court to allow the sort of hybrid arrangement that was adopted in this case . . . [b]ut it does not follow that such an arrangement is the equivalent of full *446representation by counsel for purposes of waiver. ... On respondent’s analysis, the right to counsel is satisfied, regardless of the reality of self-representation, so long as counsel is not formally allowed to withdraw and remains in the courtroom. We do not believe that the protections of this right that have evolved from Johnson v Zerbst, 304 US 458; 58 S Ct 1019; 82 L Ed 1461 (1938), can be so casually swept away.
Thus, although the record reveals that Maynard knew of his right to appointed counsel, and that he affirmatively acquiesced in the procedure at trial . . . the question remains whether this acquiescence was competent, intelligent and voluntary. See Johnson v Zerbst, supra, 304 US 465 .. . Moore v Michigan, 355 US 155, 164; 78 S Ct 191; 2 L Ed 2d 167 (1957). [Id., p 277. Emphasis added.]
We agree with Maynard that the presence of standby counsel does not legitimize a waiver-of-counsel inquiry that does not comport with legal standards. We therefore do not recognize the presence of standby counsel as an exception to the Anderson or court rule requirements.
Moreover, we reject the dichotomy drawn by the Court of Appeals in Dennany between requests for attorney assistance with trial duties and assistance with procedural, matters. Because there is no substantive right to standby counsel, the trial court is under no obligation to grant such a request. Consequently, a request to proceed pro se with standby counsel — be it to help with either procedural or trial issues — can never be deemed to be an unequivocal assertion of the defendant’s rights.
Further, the distinction drawn by the Court of Appeals would create a new subclassification of co-counsel which has never before been accepted by the courts. While current case law recognizes "hy*447brid” and "standby” counsel, no authority has further divided these categories into task-oriented groups for purposes of determining the validity of a waiver.23 It is a distinction without basis in law,24 and, as a practical matter, it unduly binds the trial court’s discretion, creating the appellate parachute that we would close with the imposition of the stringent requirements set forth in this decision.
IV
We now apply these principles to the facts of the two cases at hand.
A
In People v Jones, the trial judge never advised defendant of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation as contemplated by Faretta and Holcomb, nor did he conduct the detailed three-part inquiry expressly required by Anderson. We note also that the trial court did not reaffirm the right to counsel at each subsequent proceeding as *448required by the then-existing court rule, MCR 6.101(C)(3).25
Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court erred in allowing defendant to proceed in propria persona and that reversal is required. We agree with the Court of Appeals that defendant did not effectively relinquish his fundamental right to counsel.26 The decision of the Court of Appeals therefore should be affirmed.
B
In People v Dennany, the trial court did address defendant’s request to proceed pro se within the analytical framework of Anderson. However, we find that the Court of Appeals erred by holding that a defendant’s request ”is unequivocal where *449he merely wants standby counsel to assist with procedural matters.” Slip op, p 3.
We agree with the Court of Appeals that the trial court misunderstood the second Anderson requirement — that a waiver be made "knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily.” The trial court found that defendant’s request was not "knowingly” made because defendant thought some evidence, i.e., allegations concerning alleged improprieties with other family members, would be admissible when, under the rules, it would not be allowed as evidence. Anderson contradicts such an interpretation, noting that although a defendant’s competence is a pertinent consideration, competence does not translate into legal skills:
"[For] his technical legal knowledge, as such, was not relevant to an assessment of his knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.” [Anderson, supra, p 368, quoting Faretta, supra.]
Accordingly, in Dennany, we would reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand for a new trial.
Brickley and Mallett, JJ., concurred with Griffin, J.The terms "in propria persona” and “pro se” are used interchangeably throughout this opinion, both meaning self-representation.
MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798.
MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305.
Unpublished opinion per curiam, decided October 29, 1992 (Docket No. 110202).
MCL 750.520b(1)(a); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(a).
Unpublished per curiam opinion, decided June 11, 1992 (Docket No. 100969), slip op, pp 2-3.
Before the commencement of trial, defendant filed an emergency application for leave to appeal with the Court of Appeals, alleging that the trial court had erred in denying his motion for self-representation. The Court denied his application in an order entered October 31, 1986.
Defendant raised numerous other issues not relevant to this appeal that the Court of Appeals did not address “for the reason tha such issues would be moot if a new trial is granted.” Slip op, p 5.
The case was originally remanded with instructions that the defendant was to receive a new trial only if he again validly waived the right to counsel. If defendant were to insist on counsel, or failed to make a valid waiver, his conviction was to be reinstated. Slip op, p 5. Defendant filed a motion for rehearing, which was granted by the Court of Appeals. In an order entered November 13, 1992, the Court issued an order that stated that a new trial was required regardless of *426whether defendant requests appointment of counsel or seeks again to represent himself in connection with that trial.
The Sixth Amendment provides in pertinent part:
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of Counsel for his defence.
In Von Moltke, the defendant was convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917. Before trial, she signed a paper that purported to waive her right to counsel. The United States Supreme Court reversed her conviction, finding evidence that the defendant had been unduly pressured by the fbi into signing the waiver and that the defendant, who spoke German as her native language, may not have understood the words used in the written waiver.
Defendant Dennany urges this Court to recognize a distinction *433between pretrial requests to proceed pro se and mid-trial requests. Relying on language contained in the post-Anderson case People v Wakeford, 418 Mich 95; 341 NW2d 68 (1983), defendant maintains that pretrial requests to proceed pro se are absolute, whereas mid-trial requests are qualified by the Anderson requirements.
Although in Wakeford, supra, p 121, this Court, citing Faretta, summarily stated that the "defendant had an absolute right to represent himself,” and, citing Anderson, further found that the defendant had voluntarily exercised that right, this sweeping statement must be regarded as dicta, for the following reasons. First, Faretta does not expressly establish self-representation as an absolute right. On the contrary, the imposition of specific waiver of counsel requirements in that case, which incidentally involved a timely pretrial request to proceed pro se, as an essential prerequisite to self-representation, contraindicates the alleged absolute nature’ of the right.
Second, in citing Anderson, the Wakeford Court did not address the express pronouncement in Anderson that neither the United States nor the Michigan Constitution guarantees an absolute right to proceed to trial without counsel. Anderson, supra, p 366. The Anderson Court specifically discussed cases involving both pretrial and mid-trial requests in reaching the conclusion that several requirements should be met before a defendant’s request to proceed in proper person is granted. Id., p 367. Moreover, the Anderson Court contemplated, but rejected, limiting the right to proceed pro se to only pretrial requests. Id., p 368. In so doing, the Court clearly anticipated application of the qualified three-part test to both pretrial and mid-trial requests. Consequently, we reject defendant’s contention that the right to proceed pro se is absolute if it is made before trial.
MCR 6.005, effective since October 1, 1989, now provides in pertinent part:
(D) Appointment or Waiver of a Lawyer. If the court determines that the defendant is financially unable to retain a lawyer, it must promptly appoint a lawyer and promptly notify the lawyer of the appointment. The court may not permit the defendant to waive the right to be represented by a lawyer without first
(1) advising the defendant of the charge, the maximum possible prison sentence for the offense, any mandatory minimum sentence required by law, and the risk involved in self-representation, and
(2) offering the defendant the opportunity to consult with a *434retained lawyer or, if the defendant is indigent, the opportunity to consult with an appointed lawyer.
(E) Advice at Subsequent Proceedings. Even though a defendant has waived the assistance of a lawyer, the record of each subsequent proceeding (e.g., preliminary examination, arraignment, proceedings leading to possible revocation of youthful trainee status, hearings, trial or sentencing) must affirmatively show that the court advised the defendant of the right to a lawyer’s assistance (at public expense if the defendant is indigent) and that the defendant waived that right. Before the court begins such proceedings,
(1) the defendant must reaffirm that a lawyer’s assistance is not wanted; or
(2) if the defendant requests a lawyer and is financially unable to retain one, the court must appoint one; or
(3) if the defendant wants to retain a lawyer and has the financial ability to do so, the court must allow the defendant a reasonable opportunity to retain one.
As the Faretta Court held:
The right of self-representation is not a license to abuse the dignity of the courtroom. Neither is it a license not to comply with relevant rules of procedural and substantive law. Thus, whatever else may or may not be open to him on appeal, a defendant who elects to represent himself cannot thereafter complain that the quality of his own defense amounted to a denial of "effective assistance of counsel.” [Id., p 835, n 46.]
" 'Standby’ counsel” has been defined as a situation in which a pro se defendant is given the assistance of advisory counsel who may take over the defense if for some reason the defendant becomes unable to continue. Locks v Sumner, 703 F2d 403, 407, n 3 (CA 9, 1983).
In McKaskle, the Court addressed what role standby counsel, who has been appointed by the trial court over the defendant’s objections, may play at trial consistent with the protection of the defendant’s Faretta rights.
"Hybrid representation” describes an arrangement whereby both the defendant and his attorney would conduct portions of his trial and share joint presentation of his defense, while the defendant retains ultimate control over defense strategy. State v Gethers, 197 Conn 369, 383; 497 A2d 408 (1985).
See, e.g., United States v Betancourt-Arretuche, 933 F2d 89 (CA 1, 1991), cert den 502 US 959; 112 S a 421; 116 L Ed 2d 441 (1991); United States v Mosely, 810 F2d 93, 97 (CA 6, 1987), cert den 484 US 841 (1987); Julius v Johnson, 755 F2d 1403 (CA 11, 1985) (modified 854 F2d 400 [1988]), cert den 488 US 960 (1988); United States v Weisz, 231 US App DC 1; 718 F2d 413 (1983), cert den 465 US 1027 (1984); United States v Tarantino, 269 US App DC 398, 434; 846 F2d 1384 (1988), cert den 488 US 867 (1988); Locks v Sumner, n 15 supra; United States v Kimmel, 672 F2d 720 (CA 9, 1982); United States v Halbert, 640 F2d 1000 (CA 9, 1981); United States v Gigax, 605 F2d 507, 516-517 (CA 10, 1979); United States v Dunlap, 577 F2d 867 (CA 4, 1978), cert den 439 US 858 (1978); United States v Hill, 526 F2d 1019 (CA 10, 1975), cert den 425 US 940 (1976); United States v Klee, 494 F2d 394, 396-397 (CA 9, 1974), cert den 419 US 835 (1974); United States v Gaines, 416 F Supp 1047, 1050-1051 (ND Ind, 1976); United States v Swinton, 400 F Supp 805 (SD NY, 1975).
See, e.g., Scarbrough v State, 777 SW2d 83, 92 (Tex Crim App, 1989); Parren v State, 309 Md 260; 523 A2d 597 (1987); People v Arguello, supra; State v Gethers, n 17 supra (and cases cited therein); People v Mirenda, 57 NY2d 261; 442 NE2d 49 (1982); Hooks v State, 416 A2d 189 (Del, 1980); State v Russell, 270 Ind 55; 383 NE2d 309 (1978); State v Burgin, 539 SW2d 652 (Mo, 1976).
In United States v Welty, supra, p 193, n 5, the Third Circuit cited with approval Standard 6-3.7 of 1 ABA Standards for Criminal Justice (2d ed), Special Functions of the Trial Judge, pp 6-41 to 6-42, which provides:
When a defendant has been permitted to proceed without the assistance of counsel, the trial judge should consider the appointment of standby counsel to assist the defendant when called upon and to call the judge’s attention to matters favorable to the accused upon which the judge should rule on his or her motion. Standby counsel should always be appointed in cases expected to be long or complicated or in which there are multiple defendants.
Earlier decisions of the Court of Appeals have, without extended *443discussion, reached a similar conclusion. See People v Gravitt, 113 Mich App 482, 484-485; 317 NW2d 330 (1982); People v Seaton, 106 Mich App 234; 307 NW2d 454 (1981); People v William Ramsey, 89 Mich App 260, 264; 280 NW2d 840 (1979).
To extract a greater right from the language of the Michigan statute, which provides that "a party accused shall be allowed to be heard by counsel and may defend himself,” MCL 763.1; MSA 28.854, would likewise be inconsistent with the history and origins of standby counsel. We find no record that the Legislature ever intended that the statute should provide a guarantee of either standby or hybrid representation.
In McKaskle, supra, the Court viewed the help an attorney gives a pro se defendant in these terms — but it was for the narrow purpose of deciding whether standby counsel’s interference with the defendant’s Faretta rights violated the Sixth Amendment.
An underlying fault of the Dennany Court’s approach is its misinterpretation of Michigan precedent. The Court cites People v Heard, 178 Mich App 692; 444 NW2d 542 (1989), and People v Burden, supra, as proof that "the assistance of counsel in an advisory capacity [does] not render the defendant’s request to represent himself equivocal.” Slip op, p 3. However, those cases make no express reference to the defendant requesting advisory counsel; advisory counsel was simply appointed by the court after the defendant moved to proceed pro se. People v Ramsey, People v Seaton, and People v Gravitt, n 21 supra, all stand for the proposition that a defendant "cannot have it both ways” and must clearly state he is willing to go it alone. Thus, the Court of Appeals determination that "while Gravitt, supra, seems to indicate that a request for advisory counsel may make a defendant’s request to represent himself equivocal, it is against the great weight of authority” is simply incorrect. Id.
MCR 3.005(D) and (E), as adopted effective October 1, 1989, had not yet been promulgated at the time of the trial of either defendant in these cases.
Justice Boyle, in her concurring opinion, would hold that defendant Jones made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel, on the basis of his "history of personal involvement with the criminal justice system” and the consequent characterization of him as a sophisticated defendant. Post, p 467. At best, defendant’s record of six prior felonies and four misdemeanors demonstrates his familiarity with the court system; it does not necessarily follow, however, that defendant appreciates the value of counsel or, conversely, the disadvantages of self-representation, in the absence of any evidence of his past experiences with the courts and counsel. It should not be forgotten that defendant Jones’ main reason for proceeding pro se was his unhappiness with his attorney and his desire to proceed as scheduled in his case; he was not undertaking self-representation because he was familiar with the workings of the courts.
Moreover, the fact that defendant Jones was represented by counsel during the motion to proceed pro se, and by standby counsel throughout trial and sentencing, should not, contrary to Justice Boyle’s assertion (post, p 466), weigh in favor of a finding that defendant’s decision was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. As we have noted above, p 447, the presence of standby counsel does not legitimize a waiver-of-counsel inquiry that does not comport with legal standards.
Finally, the important issue whether waiver of the right to counsel is subject to a harmless error analysis, raised sua sponte by the concurrence, is a question that should be addressed, if at all, after the parties have been afforded an opportunity to brief and argue this jurisprudentially significant issue.