RENDERED: AUGUST 24, 2023
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2022-SC-0070-DG
SHAN WOLFE APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. NO. 2020-CA-1480
MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT NO. 18-CI-00106
JOE KIMMEL; APPELLEE
THE KIMMEL LAW FIRM
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE LAMBERT
AFFIRMING
In the underlying action, Shan Wolfe (Wolfe) filed a professional
malpractice claim against Joe Kimmel and The Kimmel Law Firm (collectively,
Kimmel) for negligently providing her poor legal advice regarding her exit from a
business that she co-owned. The sole issue we must address is on what date
Wolfe’s damages became irrevocable and non-speculative sufficient to trigger
the one-year statute of limitations for a professional malpractice claim under
KRS1 413.245.
After careful review of our decisional law, we conclude that Alagia, Day,
Trautwein & Smith v. Broadbent,2 was wrongly decided and has led to
1 Kentucky Revised Statute.
2 882 S.W.2d 121 (Ky. 1994).
inconsistencies in our jurisprudence regarding when damages are considered
irrevocable and non-speculative for a professional malpractice claim.
Accordingly, we hereby overrule Broadbent and its progeny insofar as they hold
that, for a non-litigation legal malpractice claim, a claimant’s damages are not
irrevocable and non-speculative until the claimant knows the exact dollar
amount of damages he or she incurred because of the malpractice. To
establish more uniformity in how KRS 413.245 is applied, we now hold that for
a non-litigation legal malpractice claim, a claimant’s damages are considered
irrevocable and non-speculative when the claimant is reasonably certain that
damages will indeed flow from the defendant’s negligent act.
We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals, though on slightly different
grounds, and hold that Wolfe’s legal malpractice claim against Kimmel was not
timely filed.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts of this case are not disputed. In June 2014, Wolfe began a
company, GenCare, Inc. (GenCare), with Robin Lampley (Lampley). GenCare
provided in-home care for elderly and disabled individuals. Lampley served as
GenCare’s president and Wolfe as its vice president, and each owned 50% of
the business. Two years later, Wolfe wanted to leave GenCare due to her belief
that Lampley was mishandling the business’ finances. In April 2016, Wolfe
sought Kimmel’s legal advice regarding how to leave GenCare and start her own
in-home healthcare company. Kimmel advised Wolfe that she could begin the
process of starting a competing business before she resigned from GenCare.
2
Based on Kimmel’s advice, Wolfe started her own in-home healthcare
business, Legacy In Home Care, Inc. (Legacy), without first resigning from
GenCare. Due to licensing requirements, there was a delay of several weeks
before Legacy could begin operating. During that period, Kimmel further
advised Wolfe that she could take GenCare employees and clients with her to
Legacy. Kimmel sent letters to two of GenCare’s clients, the Veteran’s
Administration and ClearCare Software, which stated that Wolfe “[had] all
rights legally to add any and all clients/patients of GenCare, Inc., who wish to
contract services with her.” Wolfe contacted employees of GenCare to inform
them she was starting Legacy, and several agreed to leave GenCare and work
for Legacy. Kimmel also advised Wolfe that she could take patient charts and
records from GenCare.
By late July 2016, Wolfe had obtained all the necessary licensing
requirements for Legacy to operate. On July 29, Wolfe sent a formal letter of
resignation to Lampley and promptly thereafter began operating Legacy using
former GenCare employees. On August 1, 2016, Lampley’s attorney sent Wolfe
a cease-and-desist letter which stated that “[a]s a director and/or officer of
GenCare, Inc., [Wolfe owed] the company a common law fiduciary duty and a
statutory duty under K.R.S. § 271B.8-300 and K.R.S. § 271B.8-420.” The
letter stated that if Wolfe did not cease Legacy’s operations, return all clients to
GenCare, and give all of Legacy’s profits to GenCare, GenCare would sue Wolfe
and Legacy for tortious interference with contract and prospective contract.
Lampley’s attorney also sent letters to the employees that left GenCare for
3
Legacy, informing them that their contracts with GenCare contained non-
compete clauses.
On August 19, 2016, Lampley and GenCare sued Wolfe, Legacy, and
several Legacy employees who formerly worked for GenCare. Shortly
thereafter, Kimmel determined that he would be unable to represent Wolfe and
Legacy in the suit and referred Wolfe to attorney Todd Farmer (Farmer) who
specialized in that area of the law. Wolfe met with Farmer in August 2016, and
during that meeting Farmer “immediately and repeatedly reprimanded” Wolfe
for her actions. He informed her that she could not legally start a competing
company while still working for GenCare, and that she had no right to take
GenCare employees, patients, or patient records. Farmer further advised Wolfe
that she needed to reach a settlement agreement with GenCare and Lampley as
soon as possible because she would undoubtedly lose if the case proceeded to
trial. Almost a year later, on July 17, 2017, the parties’ settlement agreement
was finalized. Wolfe agreed to pay Lampley $30,000 and relinquish her
GenCare shares to Lampley, which were valued at $150,000.
Based on the foregoing, Wolfe filed the underlying professional
malpractice claim against Kimmel on February 14, 2018. Her complaint
alleged that Kimmel had been negligent in advising her regarding her exit from
GenCare and sought compensatory damages for both her economic losses and
for “humiliation, embarrassment, personal indignity, apprehension about her
future, emotional distress, and mental anguish[.]” After nearly two years of
4
discovery, Kimmel filed a motion for summary judgment on January 28, 2020.
Kimmel’s motion alleged that Wolfe failed to file her claim within the one-year
statute of limitations period of KRS 413.245.3 The trial judge granted Kimmel’s
motion. The order simply stated: “The Court believes plaintiff failed to file her
complaint in a timely manner and it must therefore be dismissed, with
prejudice. In reaching this conclusion, the Court relies on the arguments
expressed in support of the defendant’s motion and the citations contained
therein.”
Kimmel’s motion for summary judgment argued that the statute of
limitations began to run no later than August 2016. Citing Conway v. Huff,4
Kimmel noted that Wolfe was informed by another attorney that she had been
improperly represented by Kimmel in August 2016. Also during that month,
legal harm caused by that negligent representation had occurred: Wolfe’s
complaint stated that GenCare’s cease and desist letter from August 1 caused
her emotional distress and mental anguish; GenCare and Lampley filed a
lawsuit against her on August 19 based on her actions in following Kimmel’s
advice, for which Wolfe had to expend money to defend and suffered emotional
distress; and Wolfe paid a $5,000 retainer to hire an attorney to represent the
GenCare employees also named in the suit. And, more damages were certain
to occur: Farmer encouraged her to reach a settlement agreement with Lampley
3 We note that Kimmel asserted a statute of limitations defense in his answer to
Wolfe’s February 14, 2018, complaint.
4 644 S.W.2d 333 (Ky. 1982).
5
as soon as possible because she “would lose in a trial and end up owing Ms.
Lampley a significant amount of money.”
Kimmel disputed Wolfe’s argument that her legal harm did not become
irrevocable and nonspeculative until she settled with Lampley in July 2017. In
doing so, he relied on Board of Education v. Zurich Insurance Co., a U.S. District
Court case, which held that “‘fixed and non-speculative’ does not mean that
damages, to trigger the initiation of the limitations period, must be translatable
into a specified dollar amount. Kentucky law has never required as much[.]”5
That holding was later relied upon by this Court in Matherly Land Surveying,
Inc. v. Gardiner Park Development, LLC.6
Wolfe appealed, and a split Court of Appeals panel affirmed.7 Relying
primarily on Saalwaechter v. Carroll,8 the Court of Appeals rejected Wolfe’s
claim that her damages had not become irrevocable and non-speculative
sufficient to trigger KRS 413.245 until she settled with Lampley in July 2017.9
Instead, it held “that it was clear by August 2016” that she would incur
damages because of Kimmel’s negligence, and her claim was therefore
5 180 F. Supp. 2d 890, 893 (E.D. Ky. 2002), aff'd sub nom. Estill Cnty. Bd. of
Educ. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 84 Fed. Appx. 516 (6th Cir. 2003).
6 230 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Ky. 2007).
7 Wolfe v. Kimmel, 2020-CA-1480-MR, 2021 WL 5751648 (Ky. App. Dec. 3,
2021).
8 525 S.W.3d 100 (Ky. App. 2017).
9 Wolfe, 2021 WL 5751648, at *2.
6
untimely.10 Wolfe thereafter appealed to this Court, and we granted
discretionary review.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing an appeal from an order granting summary judgment, this
Court determines whether the trial court was correct in finding that there were
no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party was entitled to
summary judgment as a matter of law.11 As summary judgment requires only
an examination of the record to determine whether material facts exist, we
generally review a grant of summary judgment de novo, giving no deference to
the trial court’s assessment of the record or its legal conclusions.12
B. KRS 413.245
It is not disputed that KRS 413.245 is the applicable statute of
limitations for Wolfe’s professional malpractice claim against Kimmel. KRS
413.245, enacted on July 15, 1980, directs in relevant part:
[A] civil action, whether brought in tort or contract, arising out of
any act or omission in rendering, or failing to render, professional
services for others shall be brought within one (1) year from the
date of the occurrence or from the date when the cause of action
was, or reasonably should have been, discovered by the party
injured.
10 Id. at *3.
11 Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03.
12 See, e.g., Hammons v. Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky. 2010).
7
As this Court has previously explained, KRS 413.245 actually contains two
separate statutes of limitations.13 The first is a statute limiting to “one year
from the date of the occurrence,” and the second statute provides a limit from
one year “from the date when the cause of action was, or reasonably should
have been, discovered by the party injured,” if that date is later in time than
the occurrence date.14 Because “occurrence” and “cause of action” are used
synonymously within the statute, the occurrence date is the date that a cause
of action has accrued.15
A cause of action is deemed to accrue in Kentucky where
negligence and damages have both occurred, subject in certain
kinds of actions to the additional requirement of discovery of the
claim by the plaintiff. . . . [T]he use of the word “occurrence” in
KRS 413.245 indicates a legislative policy that there should be
some definable, readily ascertainable event which triggers the
statute. . . . [T]his is the date of “irrevocable non-speculative
injury.”16
In other words, “a ‘wrong’ requires both a negligent act and resulting injury.
Damnum absque injuria, harm without injury, does not give rise to an action for
damages against the person causing it,”17 and “mere knowledge of some
elements of a tort claim, such as negligence without harm, is insufficient to
13 Michels v. Sklavos, 869 S.W.2d 728, 730 (Ky. 1994).
14 Id.
15 Id.
16 Id. (quoting Nw. Nat. Ins. Co. v. Osborne, 610 F. Supp. 126, 128 (E.D. Ky.
1985)).
17 Michels, 869 S.W.2d at 731.
8
begin running the limitations period where the cause of action does not yet
exist.”18
The second statute of limitations within KRS 413.245, the discovery date,
is the codification of a common law principle recognized in cases such as
Tomlinson v. Siehl,19 and Louisville Trust Co. v. Johns–Manville Products.20, 21
The discovery rule “presumes that a cause of action has accrued, i.e., both
negligence and damages has occurred, but that it has accrued in
circumstances where the cause of action is not reasonably discoverable[.]”22
The discovery rule acts to toll the statute of limitations “until the claimant
knows, or reasonably should know, that injury has occurred.”23 Accordingly,
the discovery date is only implicated if a complaint for professional malpractice
was not filed within one year of the occurrence date,24 and it “often functions
as a ‘savings’ clause or ‘second bite at the apple’ for tolling purposes.”25
18 Queensway Fin. Holdings Ltd. v. Cotton & Allen, P.S.C., 237 S.W.3d 141, 148
(Ky. 2007).
19 459 S.W.2d 166 (Ky. 1970) (holding that the statute of limitations for a
medical malpractice claim against a physician who negligently performed a
sterilization surgery on a female patient did not begin to run until she discovered she
was pregnant).
20 580 S.W.2d 497 (Ky. 1979) (holding that the Tomlinson discovery rule
extended to tort actions for injuries resulting from latent disease caused by exposure
to harmful substances).
21 Michels, 869 S.W.2d at 732.
22 Id.
23 Id.
24 Id. at 730 (“If the suit was filed within one year of the ‘date of occurrence,’ we
need not concern ourselves with the meaning and application of the discovery rule.”).
25 Queensway, 237 S.W.3d at 147.
9
C. KRS 413.245 Case Law
Notwithstanding the ostensible simplicity of the foregoing principles, the
history of our case law in this area is “extant, yet murky”26 to say the least, and
demonstrates that difficulties often arise in determining whether and when an
“irrevocable and non-speculative injury” has occurred. It is therefore useful to
begin with a discussion of several precedents.
The first case to address KRS 413.245 following its enactment was
Conway v. Huff. Ruby Huff was represented by attorney James Conway during
her dissolution of marriage action but was thereafter dissatisfied with her
award under the dissolution judgment.27 On January 18, 1980, Huff consulted
another attorney, Richard Porter, who informed her that she had been poorly
or inadequately represented by Conway.28 Six weeks later, Porter told Huff she
could file a claim against Conway for legal malpractice.29 Huff did not file her
legal malpractice claim until January 22, 1981, and the circuit court dismissed
it on Conway’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds that it was
barred by KRS 413.245.30
The sole issue that the Conway Court addressed was “if knowledge that
one has been wronged starts the running of the statute of limitations or if
knowledge that the wrong is actionable starts the running of the statute of
26 Zurich, 180 F. Supp. 2d at 891.
27 Conway, 644 S.W.2d at 334.
28 Id.
29 Id.
30 Id.
10
limitations.”31 It likened the situation to the discovery theory used to
determine when the statute of limitations begins to run on a medical
malpractice claim, and reasoned that “the statute [starts] to run when the
surgery patient discovers the sponge,” not when “an attorney tells the patient
that legal action lies against the surgeon[.]”32 The Conway Court held that “the
statute of limitations on Huff's claim against Conway started to run on January
18, 1980, the day that she discovered that she may have been poorly or
inadequately represented,” and was therefore time barred.33
One year after Conway was rendered by this Court, the Court of Appeals
issued Graham v. Harlin, Parker & Rudloff.34 As discussed below, Graham was
subsequently overruled by Broadbent. But, as we are overruling Broadbent,
and because the Broadbent Court did not discuss Graham, a synopsis is useful
for context. Frances Graham was represented by William Rudloff in her
dissolution of marriage action.35 A provision of her dissolution judgment stated
that Graham would receive $500 per month “toward the support of the
family.”36 Due to this wording, on August 7, 1980, the IRS declared the
payments to be alimony taxable to Graham and assessed a deficiency against
her personal income tax returns for the years 1975 through 1981 exceeding
31 Id.
32 Id.
33 Id.
34 664 S.W.2d 945 (Ky. App. 1983), overruled by Alagia, Day, Trautwein & Smith
v. Broadbent, 882 S.W.2d 121 (Ky. 1994).
35 Graham, 664 S.W.2d at 946.
36 Id.
11
$17,000.37 On October 6, 1980, Graham petitioned the U.S. Tax Court for a
redetermination of the deficiency.38
Meanwhile, a state circuit court held a hearing and determined that all
parties to the dissolution action intended the $500 payments to be child
support, and on June 25, 1981, the court entered a second dissolution
judgment amending the original decree nunc pro tunc.39 During the same
hearing, Graham testified that she received her notice from the IRS in
November 1980, and she knew at that time that the IRS’s decision was based
on the wording of her dissolution judgment.40 Graham was unsuccessful in
her petition before the U.S. Tax Court and on August 30, 1982, it entered a
judgment against her holding that the circuit court’s nunc pro tunc order was
not retroactive for tax purposes and assessed a $5,487 deficiency against her
for the years 1975 through 1977.41
On September 23, 1981, Graham filed a legal malpractice claim against
Rudloff, but summons was not issued and served until March 12, 1982.42 The
suit was dismissed on Rudloff’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds
37 Id.
38 Id.
39 Id.
40 Id.
41 Id.
42 Id.
12
that it was untimely filed, and Graham appealed.43 The Court of Appeals
affirmed; it reasoned that
the date on which she discovered that a wrong had occurred and
that it was caused by [Rudloff] was in November 1980, after she
became aware that the tax deficiency had been assessed against
her, and that as the initial tax court hearing for a redetermination
went on, she also became aware that the reason was because of
the way the decree was worded. It was then she realized the
responsibility was [Rudloff’s].44
The court rejected Graham’s assertion that “she first knew she had a right to
sue on September 1, 1982, when there was a final determination by the U.S.
Tax Court[.]”45 Citing Conway, the court reasoned that “the running of the
statute on appellant’s claim began on the day that she discovered that she may
have been poorly or inadequately represented.”46 And, as that date was
sometime in November 1980, the March 1982 issuance and service of
summons was untimely.47
The next two cases, Hibbard v. Taylor48 and Michels v. Sklavos, although
rendered two years apart, can be considered companion cases.
In Hibbard, Coleman Taylor was represented by James Hibbard during
litigation wherein Taylor sought to rescind a contract based on his allegation
43 Id. at 946-47.
44 Id. at 947.
45 Id.
46 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
47 Id.
48 837 S.W.2d 500 (Ky. 1992).
13
that the other party to the contract had misrepresented material facts.49
Following a trial, directed verdict was entered against Taylor for failing to
present any evidence that the alleged misrepresentations were material.50
Taylor appealed the trial court’s ruling to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed;
the decision became final on August 25, 1989.51 Hibbard represented Taylor
throughout the entirety of the appeal.52
On August 24, 1990, Taylor filed a claim for professional malpractice
against Hibbard which was subsequently dismissed on summary judgment as
time barred.53 The trial court reasoned that if malpractice in fact occurred,
“then the directed verdict itself was the notice to [Taylor] herein that he had
been wronged which started the statute of limitations running.”54 The Court of
Appeals reversed and reasoned that “because damage is necessarily speculative
during the pendency of appeal, a cause of action for legal malpractice does not
accrue until the appellate process is final.”55
Relying on Conway, the Hibbard Court affirmed, and reasoned that
Taylor could not have “discovered the sponge” when the directed verdict
judgment was entered against him because at that point no third party
49 Id. at 500
50 Id.
51 Id.
52 Id.
53 Id.
54 Id. at 500-01.
55 Id. at 501.
14
attorney had told him he had been poorly represented (as Huff was told in
Conway) and, moreover, he could not have stated with certainty that the
directed verdict against him was caused by his attorney’s error and not the
trial court’s error.56 Stated differently, if Taylor had filed a malpractice suit at
that time, he could not have claimed that his attorney’s error was the
proximate cause of his legal injury nor could he claim that he had suffered
damages, because the appellate court could have ultimately ruled in his favor:
It is evident to us that Taylor discovered his cause of action when
he reasonably should have—when the result of the appeal became
final and the trial court's judgment became the unalterable law of
the case. Only then was Taylor put on notice that the principal
damage (the adverse judgment) was real; but more importantly,
only then could he justifiably claim that the entire damage was
proximately caused by counsel's failure, for which he might seek a
remedy, and not by the trial court's error, for which he would have
none.57
The Hibbard Court accordingly affirmed the Court of Appeals and held that
Taylor’s claim was timely filed.58
In Michels, John Sklavos hired Fredrick Michels and Nicholas Carlin to
represent him in a wrongful termination suit against his former employer.59
The claim was initially filed in state circuit court but was later removed to the
56 Id. at 502 (“Generally, in prosecuting an appeal, an attorney tells the client
that the sponge was left by the trial court, not by trial counsel, and that any harm
(e.g., cost of appeal, bond, adverse judgment) is damnum absque injuria [damage
without injury].”).
57 Id.
58 Id.
59 Michels, 869 S.W.2d at 728.
15
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky.60 While the case was
pending in federal court, Sklavos fired Michels and Carlin and retained
Benjamin Lookofsky to continue the litigation.61 Thereafter, on September 14,
1989, the U.S. District Court granted the employer’s motion for summary
judgment based on Sklavos’ failure to first pursue administrative remedies.62
On March 23, 1990, Sklavos filed a professional malpractice claim
against Michels and Carlin.63 The claim was dismissed on summary judgment
for untimeliness based on the trial court’s finding that Sklavos should have
known of any alleged wrong when he retained Lookofsky approximately one
and half years before filing the malpractice suit because Lookofsky “knew or
should have known of any alleged negligence immediately upon taking over the
case[.]”64
This Court disagreed; it reasoned that what Sklavos “knew or should
have known,” i.e., the discovery date, was irrelevant because Sklavos had filed
his claim within one year of the occurrence date.65 Relying on Hibbard, the
Michels Court reasoned that
[w]here, as in the present case, the cause of action is for “litigation”
negligence, meaning the attorney's negligence in the preparation
and presentation of a litigated claim resulting in the failure of an
otherwise valid claim, whether the attorney's negligence has
60 Id.
61 Id. at 728-29.
62 Id. at 729.
63 Id.
64 Id.
65 Id. at 730.
16
caused injury necessarily must await the final outcome of the
underlying case.66
So, even assuming arguendo that Michels and Carlin were in fact negligent and
that Lookofsky informed Sklavos that they were negligent, until the U.S.
District Court issued an adverse ruling against Sklavos, he would have had no
cause of action against them “because damages, if any, were as yet inchoate
and speculative.”67 Specifically, “[d]amages were contingent upon whether
[Sklavos’ employer] would interpose the lack of an administrative claim as an
affirmative defense to the wrongful discharge case, and upon whether the
United States District Court would rule in favor of [the employer] if such a
defense was presented.”68 The Court accordingly held that Sklavos’ claim was
timely under KRS 413.245.69
In sum, Hibbard held that when the cause of action alleged in a legal
malpractice claim is for litigation malpractice a claimant does not have a cause
of action against the attorney until the underlying case becomes final. This is
sound reasoning: because “occurrence date” means “cause of action” under
KRS 413.245, if a claimant cannot allege that they have suffered a legal harm,
that their attorney’s malpractice was the proximate cause of that harm, and
that they have incurred damages, they have no cause of action, and the
occurrence date statute of limitations has not yet been triggered. And Michels
66 Id.
67 Id. at 731.
68 Id.
69 Id. at 733.
17
simply held that the Hibbard rule applies even if a claimant fires the allegedly
negligent attorney prior to the underlying case becoming final.
But how does one determine when irrevocable and non-speculative
damages have occurred when a legal malpractice claim is not for litigation
negligence? That is the issue that this Court addressed in Broadbent just five
months after it issued Michels.
In Broadbent, Smith and Mildred Broadbent hired Bernard Barnett for
estate planning services.70 Based on Barnett’s advice, the Broadbents decided
to convey substantial acreages of farmland to their sons believing that the
manner in which it was conveyed would result in their sons not having to pay
gift taxes.71 The conveyance documents were prepared by Barnett, executed by
the Broadbents, and the next three to four years passed uneventfully.72 But,
after an audit, the IRS determined that the conveyed farmland had been
substantially undervalued.73 As a result, the IRS claimed that the Broadbents
owed $3.5 million in gift taxes, penalties, and interest as of the year 1985.74
Barnett, or some member of his firm, Alagia, Day, Trautwein, & Smith,
represented the Broadbents in the IRS matter from June 1985 until June 30,
1989, when it was undisputed that the representation ended.75
70 Broadbent, 882 S.W.2d at 122.
71 Id.
72 Id.
73 Id.
74 Id.
75 Id. at 123.
18
Between June 1985 and June 1989, there were extensive negotiations
between the IRS and Barnett’s firm and the firm assured the Broadbents that
the issue would be satisfactorily resolved.76 A letter dated January 25, 1989,
from the firm to the Broadbents regarding its negotiations with the IRS
“brought forcefully to the Broadbents’ attention that a substantial sum of
money would be required by the IRS, but the exact amount remained
uncertain.”77 On June 30, 1989, an attorney with the firm informed the
Broadbents that they would be required to pay a sum in excess of $3 million
dollars in five days’ time.78 The Broadbents ended the representation that day
and hired a different firm which ultimately settled the claim with the IRS for
$1.2 million dollars.79
The Broadbents filed a professional malpractice claim against Barnett
and the firm on June 18, 1990.80 This date was “less than one year after the
attorney-client relationship was terminated and less than one year after the
final amount due [to the IRS] was determined,” but was “more than one year
after the date of the original deficiency notice . . . and more than one year after
the [firm’s] letter of January 25, 1989, by which the Broadbents were definitely
informed that some payment of money would be required.”81
76 Id.
77 Id.
78 Id.
79 Id.
80 Id.
81 Id.
19
The trial court ruled that the claim was untimely.82 Applying Graham, it
concluded that the clock began to run on the Broadbents’ claim when they
received the 1985 IRS deficiency notice.83 The trial court further held that the
continuous representation rule as discussed in Gill v. Warren84 was
inapplicable to the facts before it.85 A divided Court of Appeals panel applied
the continuous representation rule, reversed the trial court, and held that the
Broadbents’ claim was timely.86 The Broadbent Court affirmed the Court of
Appeals, but did so on different grounds. Although the Court approved of the
continuous representation rule in dicta,87 it declined to apply it and instead
relied entirely on Hibbard and Michels.88
The Court discussed that the Hibbard Court “concluded with the view
that only at the end of the appellate process was the client put on notice that
negligence may have occurred and only then could he assert that the damage
was caused by his counsel's error,” and that Michels “was resolved on the
82 Id.
83 Id.
84 751 S.W.2d 33 (Ky. App. 1988) (quoting Wall v. Lewis, 393 N.W.2d 758, 762
(N.D. 1986) (“As applied in legal malpractice actions, the [continuous representation]
rule tolls the statute of limitations or defers accrual of the cause of action while the
attorney continues to represent the client and the representation relates to the same
transaction or subject matter as the allegedly negligent acts.”)).
85 Broadbent, 882 S.W.2d at 123.
86 Id. at 124.
87 Id. at 125 (“These are sound theoretical and practical reasons for adoption of
the continuous representation rule. If this was the decisive issue, appellees would
prevail as their claim was brought within one year of the date appellants’
representation came to an end.”).
88 Id. at 124.
20
occurrence rule by which the commencement of the statutory period was
postponed until finality of the underlying litigation, when the injury had
become irrevocable and non-speculative.”89 Based on these precedents, the
Court held:
[T]his case must be decided on the occurrence rule as discussed in
Michels and urged by appellees, the Broadbents. Until the legal
harm became fixed and non-speculative, the statute did not begin
to run. As such, the statute was tolled until the subsequent law
firm and the IRS settled the claim. This suit was brought on June
18, 1990, well within one year of this event.90
The Court then stated “[w]e hereby overrule Graham v. Harlin, Parker & Rudloff,
Ky. App., 664 S.W.2d 945 (1983), to the extent it differs herewith” without any
further discussion.91
The Broadbent Court went on to discuss and dismiss three other dates
that had been presented as possible dates on which the statute of limitations
had been triggered.92 The first was the 1985 IRS notice: the Court held that
date was inapplicable because “the negligence and damages were speculative
and there could have been no discovery because of the continuous
representation by appellants and the presumed reliance of the clients upon the
advice given.”93 The second was the firm’s January 25, 1989, letter to the
Broadbents which the Court held was inapplicable for the same reasons stated
89 Id. at 125.
90 Id. at 125-26.
91 Id. at 126.
92 Id.
93 Id.
21
regarding the 1985 IRS notice.94 Finally, the Court held that the date the
Broadbents fired the firm, June 30, 1989, was inapplicable.95 It reasoned that
although “the events of this date were sufficient to trigger commencement of
the statute if there had been an occurrence, the discovery of the negligence was
ineffective as the final result was not yet known.”96 Specifically, until the
damages were fixed by the final compromise with the IRS there was no cause of
action sufficient to trigger the occurrence date statute of limitations.97 This
explanation seems to be inconsistent, as the Court had previously stated that
the Broadbents would have prevailed if application of the continuous
representation rule had been the decisive issue.
So, Broadbent essentially shoehorned the reasoning of Hibbard and
Michels, which involved claims for litigation negligence, into a case that did not
involve litigation negligence. The consequence of this, whether intended or not,
was that it created a rule that a cause of action cannot accrue, and therefore
the occurrence limitation does not begin to run, in a non-litigation negligence
claim until the claimant can state with certainty the exact dollar amount of
damages they incurred.
For example, in Meade County Bank v. Wheatley, issued one year after
Broadbent, Meade County Bank hired attorney Stephen Wheatley to prepare a
94 Id.
95 Id.
96 Id.
97 Id.
22
title opinion for a piece of real estate for which the bank intended to provide a
mortgage loan to a client.98 Wheatley’s title opinion failed to disclose a prior
recorded mortgage which was not discovered by the bank until the client
defaulted on the loan.99 Afterwards, in May 1991, an appraisal of the property
revealed to the bank that the property’s value was less than the secured claims
on it.100 In June 1992, the bank bought the property pursuant to a foreclosure
sale requiring it to satisfy the prior mortgage in the amount of $80,000.101 The
bank filed a malpractice claim against Wheatley in October 1992.102 This
Court held that the case was “legally indistinguishable” from Broadbent, and
that the bank’s claim was timely filed:
In the present case, the time allowed began to run as of the date of
the foreclosure sale. Prior to that date, [the bank] had only a fear
that [it] would suffer a loss on the property. [Its] fear was not
realized as damages until the sale of the property in June of 1992.
At that time, what was merely probable became fact, and thus
commenced the running of the statute. The May 1991, appraisal
which showed the property's value as being substantially less than
the debts against it, was irrelevant as to certainty of damages. At
that point, appellant was merely made aware that it might have
insufficient collateral on its loan. There was no certainty of
damages, as is required by Broadbent.103
Notably, Special Justice Levin dissented in Wheatley and argued that the
appraisal indicating that the value of the property was substantially less than
98 910 S.W.2d 233, 234 (Ky. 1995).
99 Id.
100 Id.
101 Id.
102 Id.
103 Id. at 235.
23
its outstanding debt combined with the bank’s knowledge that its debt was
secondary to a prior debt “certainly gave the bank sufficient knowledge of its
non-speculative damage and revealed more than the ‘mere probability of
damages.’”104
The glaring problem with Broadbent’s analysis of how to determine when
damages are irrevocable and non-speculative sufficient for an accrual of a
cause of action for non-litigation legal malpractice is that it is plainly
inconsistent with Kentucky law and caused KRS 413.245 to be interpreted in a
different manner depending on whether the claim was for non-litigation legal
malpractice or some other form of professional malpractice. These problems
were put on display several years later in Zurich.
In Zurich, the Estill County Board of Education hired J.E. Black, PLLC
and James Black to provide geo-technical engineering services for the
construction of a middle school that was completed in August 1998.105 By
April 5, 1999, the Board discovered damage to the school caused by “the rising
of the earth beneath the building.”106 The Board filed a claim with its
insurance company, Zurich, and Zurich filed a professional malpractice against
Black as the Board’s subrogee on May 21, 2001.107 In the opinion, the U.S.
District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky addressed Black’s motion to
104 Id.
105 180 F. Supp. 2d at 891.
106 Id.
107 Id.
24
dismiss Zurich’s claim as untimely under KRS 413.245 and applicable
Kentucky decisional law.108
Black argued that the clock began ticking on the Board’s malpractice
claim on the date that the damage to the school’s floor was discovered, while
the Board argued, citing Broadbent, Michels, and Wheatley,109 that the clock
did not begin until its damages were “fixed and non-speculative.”110 The court
addressed the issue as follows:
The issue, then, is whether the damage to the middle school
noticed by plaintiff on or about April 5, 1999 may be said to be
“fixed and non-speculative.” Though the meaning of this language
is anything but clear, this much is certain: the court of appeals
could not have intended these words to be interpreted as plaintiff
has suggested. This is so because, if plaintiff's interpretation is
accepted, the limitations period for professional negligence
actions would be effectively tolled until damages could be
specified as an ascertainable sum certain. This, of course, is not
the law.
With respect, plaintiff overstates the degree to which—under
Kentucky law—damages must be defined in professional negligence
claims. Whatever it means, “fixed and non-speculative” does
not mean that damages, to trigger the initiation of the
limitations period, must be translatable into a specified dollar
amount. Kentucky law has never required as much[.]
[. . .]
Judging from its brief, plaintiff has interpreted “fixed and non-
speculative” to be a quantitative requirement—in other words,
108 Id. at 893.
109 The Board cited an unpublished Court of Appeals case, In re Ky. Cent. Life
Ins. Co., 2001 WL 726781 (Ky. App., June 29, 2001), but the Zurich Court noted that
the case “provides a succinct summary and synthesis of Kentucky’s professional
negligence case law[,]” including Broadbent, Michels, and Wheatley. See Zurich, 180 F.
Supp. 2d at 893 fn. 3.
110 Id. at 893.
25
plaintiff cites this language in support of the proposition that a
professional negligence cause of action does not accrue until a
would-be plaintiff understands or should reasonably understand
the full extent of his damages. Read in context, however, the
phrase is more properly interpreted as tolling the limitations
period for professional negligence claims until plaintiff is
certain that damages will indeed flow from defendant's
negligent act.111
The court held that “the Board did know of damage on April 5, 1999. It was
not a ‘mere probability’ that the Board would suffer damage; rather, the
damage had already been done.”112 The court accordingly granted Black’s
motion for summary judgment.113
Nevertheless, following Zurich, this Court once again applied the
Broadbent analysis in Pedigo v. Breen.114 In that case, Cynthia Pedigo
consulted with Michael Breen concerning a possible defective product claim
against a breast implant manufacturer, but Breen declined to represent her.115
Pedigo alleged that she brought her medical records with her to the
consultation, and that Breen subsequently lost the records which precluded
her from participating in a multi-district litigation (MDL) class action against
111 Id. (emphasis added).
112 Id.
113 Id. The ruling in Zurich was affirmed by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Estill Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 84 Fed. Appx. 516, 519 (6th Cir. 2003) (“We
think that the Kentucky statute requires that in order for the limitations period to
commence, the plaintiff must be aware that he has in fact been damaged by the
defendant's negligence. The statute does not require that the plaintiff be aware of the
precise dollar amount or even the exact extent of the damage.”).
114 169 S.W.3d 831 (Ky. 2004).
115 Id. at 831-32.
26
the manufacturers.116 Pedigo “participated in several medical examinations
accumulating thousands of dollars in fees” to replace her original medical
records, but was informed that she still would not receive a settlement offer in
the class action because she did not have her original records.117 She
ultimately settled her claim with the manufacturer of her implants for an
amount that was five times less than what she would have received had she
participated in the MDL class action suit.118 The Pedigo Court held that the
claim for legal malpractice did not accrue until Pedigo settled her claim with
the manufacturer:
Although the alleged loss of the records may have prevented
Appellant from qualifying for the MDL class action, damages at
that time were merely speculative and measurable only by the cost
of attempting to reconstruct her medical records so that the breast
implant case could proceed. While the reconstruction of the
medical records was necessary for [Pedigo] to proceed and costs
were incurred, there was no accounting for the value of the
underlying case because it was ongoing. In other words, the cost
of the records did not include the compensation Appellant claims
to have lost because she failed to qualify for the MDL class action
by timely production of her original medical records. Not until
Appellant reached a non-MDL settlement with [the manufacturer]
on June 30, 1998, was she able to ascertain the damage
sustained. As in [Broadbent] and other precedent, [Pedigo’s]
damages did not become fixed until the date of her settlement in
the underlying case for which she had sought representation.119
116 Id. at 832.
117 Id.
118 Id.
119 Id. at 834.
27
Following Pedigo, in Matherly, supra, this Court applied the Zurich
analysis to a professional, non-legal malpractice claim. In that case, Matherly
Land Surveying, Inc., an engineering/land surveying firm, contracted with
Gardiner Park Development, LLC to provide services related to the construction
of a subdivision.120 After Matherly had performed work on the project for a
year, Gardiner became dissatisfied and ultimately fired Matherly and had to
hire an engineering firm and a land surveying firm to complete the work.121
After a failed attempt at mediation in December 1999, Gardiner filed suit
against Matherly, which the trial court dismissed as untimely.122
On appeal, this Court rejected the argument that the suit was timely
because Gardiner’s damages were not yet irrevocable and non-speculative.123
Citing Zurich, the Matherly Court stated that “[s]uch a standard would toll the
statute of limitations until it was known with absolute certainty the amount of
damages flowing from an incident,”124 and that “Kentucky law has never
required a specified dollar amount be known before the statute of limitations
can run.”125 It then concluded:
Potential damages were apparent when [Matherly] walked off the
job and certainly apparent when the Gardiner Entities attempted
mediation with [Matherly] in December 1999. At this time the
Gardiner Entities produced a document which stated all of
120 Matherly, 230 S.W.3d at 587.
121 Id. at 588.
122 Id.
123 Id. at 590.
124 Id. at 591.
125 Id.
28
“Gardiner Design's Known Damages” and drafted a letter which
stated that “Only within the last month have all of the problems
and deficiencies with MLS's design been uncovered and fixed.” It is
obvious from the record that the Gardiner Entities were well aware
that [Matherly’s] actions caused them damages and had a good
idea what those damages were in 1999.126
The final case in this saga is Saalwaechter, supra. In July 2007, Bill
Saalwaechter hired attorney Thomas Carroll to represent him in a transaction
to buy a pawn shop and surrounding real estate.127 Saalwaechter believed
under the terms of the documents surrounding the deal that he would own
both the pawn shop and the surrounding land.128 After some time
Saalwaechter discovered that Carroll himself had purchased the shop; set up a
new company, Evansville Pawn LLC; and had obtained a pawn license.129
However, Carroll had procured the license on behalf of another individual who
was paying Carroll a monthly fee for the business.130 Such “straw licensing”
schemes are illegal in Indiana, where the pawn shop was located, and the
Indiana Department of Financial Institutions (DFI) refused to renew Carroll’s
pawn license and ordered him to wind up the business.131
At that point, Saalwaechter created his own entity, Fares Pawn LLC, and
he and Carroll agreed that Fares Pawn would take possession of Evansville
126 Id.
127 525 S.W.3d at 102.
128 Id.
129 Id.
130 Id.
131 Id.
29
Pawn’s inventory and liquidate its outstanding pawns.132 DFI initially denied
Saalwaechter’s application for a pawn license, which he appealed.133 After
some negotiations with DFI regarding who would manage the store, DFI
approved his application in early 2010.134
In April 2010, Saalwaechter filed a claim for professional malpractice
against Carroll, which was dismissed in April 2014 for failure to prosecute.135
In February 2015, Saalwaechter moved to set aside the dismissal, which was
denied.136 In May 2015, Saalwaechter filed a second action against Carroll
asserting the same claims and factual predicate as the April 2010 action, the
only difference was Saalwaechter’s reference to his equal protection federal
litigation against DFI based on its initial failure to grant his application for a
license, which was initiated in October 2011.137 The trial court granted
Carroll’s motion for summary judgment to dismiss the claim as untimely.138 In
doing so, it rejected Saalwaechter’s argument that his damages did not become
fixed and non-speculative until July 14, 2014, when the federal circuit court
denied his appeal in his equal protection suit against DFI.139
132 Id. at 102-03.
133 Id. at 103.
134 Id.
135 Id.
136 Id.
137 Id. at 103-04.
138 Id. at 104.
139 Id.
30
Before the Court of Appeals, Saalwaechter argued that the trial court
failed to properly apply Broadbent and Wheatley, and again asserted that,
although he suffered losses in 2007 and 2008, his damages did not become
fixed and nonspeculative until the federal court denied his appeal in his suit
against DFI.140 The Court of Appeals disagreed, noting the language from
Zurich that was later adopted by Matherly, that “fixed and non-speculative does
not mean that damages, to trigger the initiation of the limitations period, must
be translatable into a specified dollar amount.”141 Moreover, the court pointed
out that “unlike some of the cases cited by Saalwaechter, there is no litigation
negligence, underlying continuing negotiation, or lawsuit in which Carroll was
involved[,]” and that “Saalwaechter's subsequent lawsuit against DFI in 2011
for denying him a pawn license was collateral to, and wholly independent of,
his action against Carroll.”142 It concluded that
[b]y the very language of Saalwaechter's first complaint in 2010, he
was aware that he had been injured by Carroll's alleged negligent
conduct. At that point, even if he may not have known of the full
extent of his damages in terms of the precise dollar amount, the
fact of his injury was certainly “irrevocable” and “non-
speculative.”143
The court therefore held that Saalwaechter’s 2015 complaint was untimely.144
140 Id. at 105.
141 Id. at 106.
142 Id. at 106-07.
143 Id. at 107.
144 Id.
31
D. Broadbent and its progeny are hereby overruled. Wolfe’s professional
malpractice claim against Kimmel was not timely filed.
Based on the foregoing, the state of our KRS 413.245 jurisprudence as it
currently stands is clearly inconsistent. Under Broadbent, Wheatley, and
Pedigo, if a professional malpractice claim is for non-litigation negligence, the
point at which the occurrence date begins to run is the date on which the
claimant knows with certainty the exact monetary amount of damages they
have incurred. Whereas under Matherly, and by extension Zurich, if a claim for
professional malpractice is not for legal malpractice, damages are considered
irrevocable and non-speculative when the claimant is certain that damages will
indeed flow from the defendant’s negligent act even if the exact dollar amount
is unknown. And Saalwaechter, though a bit of an oddity due to its facts, is
nevertheless significant because it applied Matherly and Zurich to a non-
litigation legal malpractice claim to determine when damages became
irrevocable and non-speculative.
Not surprisingly, this inconsistency has led to the parties in the case now
before us to argue different positions that are both currently supported by the
cases they cite. Wolfe argues under Broadbent and Pedigo that because
Kimmel committed non-litigation malpractice that caused her to be sued by
Lampley, her damages could not be irrevocable and non-speculative until
Lampley’s suit against her became final on July 17, 2017, when she and
Lampley entered into a settlement agreement.145
145 Wolfe also argues that Saalwaechter does not apply because in that case,
Carroll’s alleged malpractice had nothing to do with Saalwaechter’s subsequent suit
32
In contrast, Kimmel contends that even the Pedigo Court stated that “[a]
professional negligence claim does not accrue until there has been a negligent
act and until reasonably ascertainable damages are incurred.”146 He further
asserts under Matherly and Zurich that the occurrence date statute of
limitations began to run no later than August 2016 because at that point Wolfe
knew she had been injured by Kimmel’s malpractice, had already incurred
damages, and was certain that more damages would indeed result.
Specifically, Wolfe’s own complaint against Kimmel stated that she sustained
emotional injuries on August 1, 2016, when she received the cease-and-desist
letter from GenCare’s attorney, and that she was sued by Lampley and
GenCare on August 19, 2016, for which she incurred economic injury by
paying attorney’s fees for both her own attorney and a different attorney to
represent GenCare’s former employees. In addition, Kimmel’s advice was so
blatantly incorrect that Farmer advised Wolfe during an August 2016 meeting
to settle the case as soon as possible because she would surely lose if the case
went to trial and would end up owing Lampley and GenCare a substantial
amount of money.
While it is true that Matherly and Zurich did not involve a legal
malpractice claim, and therefore could theoretically be distinguished, this
against DFI for denying his pawn license. We agree that the facts of Saalwaechter
make it inapplicable here.
146 169 S.W.3d at 833 (emphasis added) (citing Faris v. Stone, 103 S.W.3d 1 (Ky.
2003) (holding that a CR 60.02 motion will not toll the statute of limitations in KRS
413.245)).
33
Court concludes that the problems with the Broadbent line of cases are too
blatant to ignore. As previously mentioned, Kentucky law has never required
that damages be ascertainable in a specific dollar amount to state a cause of
action for professional negligence. Accordingly, to require that a claimant
know an exact dollar amount of damages before a cause of action for non-
litigation legal malpractice can accrue—i.e., for the occurrence date to be
triggered under KRS 413.245—is plainly wrong.
Additionally, KRS 413.245 by its plain language does not in any way
distinguish between legal malpractice claims and other professional
malpractice claims. It says that civil actions arising out of “any act or omission
in rendering, or failing to render, professional services” shall be brought
within one year of the occurrence date or one year from the date of
discovery.147 Yet because of Broadbent and its progeny, a judicial overwrite
was created where non-litigation legal professional malpractice claims are
treated very differently than non-legal professional malpractice claims. For
claims that do not arise out of legal malpractice, damages are considered
irrevocable and non-speculative when the claimant is certain that damages will
indeed flow from the defendant’s negligence. Whereas, for non-litigation legal
malpractice claims, damages are considered irrevocable and non-speculative
when the claimant can state with certainty the exact dollar amount of damages
147 KRS 413.245 (emphasis added).
34
they incurred due to the defendant’s negligence. In practice, this disparate
treatment provides non-litigation legal malpractice claimants much more time
before the occurrence date of KRS 413.245 begins to run on their claims.
Based on the foregoing, we hereby overrule Broadbent and its progeny,
including Wheatley and Pedigo, insofar as they hold that damages are
irrevocable and non-speculative when a claimant knows the exact dollar
amount in damages they incurred due to a defendant’s negligence. Instead,
and to establish more uniformity in our professional malpractice cases, we
reiterate that for a non-litigation, legal malpractice claim, the occurrence date
limitation begins to run when negligence and damages have both occurred.148
But we now hold that for such a claim damages are considered irrevocable and
non-speculative when the claimant is reasonably certain that damages will
indeed flow from the defendant’s negligence.
In this case, the one-year statute of limitations began running on Wolfe’s
claim against Kimmel no later than August 2016 when she was advised by
another attorney of Kimmel’s malpractice. By that time, negligence and
damages had both occurred sufficient to trigger the occurrence date limitation.
It was undisputed that Kimmel and Wolfe had an attorney client relationship;
Kimmel neglected his duty to exercise ordinary care when he provided her
148 See Michels, 869 S.W.2d at 730 (“A cause of action is deemed to accrue in
Kentucky where negligence and damages have both occurred[.]”).
35
incorrect advice surrounding her exit from GenCare; and his negligence was
the proximate cause of Wolfe’s legal injuries. Wolfe’s damages were also
irrevocable and non-speculative in August 2016: according to her complaint
against Kimmel, she suffered emotional distress for which she sought
compensation when she received the August 1 cease-and-desist letter; and she
was sued by Lampley and GenCare on August 19, which she incurred expenses
and emotional distress in defending. Even assuming arguendo that the
foregoing damages were insufficient for a cause of action to accrue, Farmer
informed her in no uncertain terms in August 2016 that she needed to settle
the case as soon as possible because she would lose at trial and owe Lampley
and GenCare a substantial amount of money. She was therefore reasonably
certain at that time that damages would indeed flow from Kimmel’s negligence.
The discovery date limitation is not applicable in this case because there are no
circumstances suggesting that the cause of action was not reasonably
discoverable.
Therefore, because the occurrence date limitation began to run in August
2016, and Wolfe did not file her malpractice claim until February 2018, her
malpractice claim against Kimmel is time barred.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the Court of Appeals on slightly
different grounds. Wolfe’s professional malpractice claim against Kimmel was
not timely filed under KRS 413.245.
36
VanMeter, C.J.; Bisig, Conley, Keller, Lambert, and Thompson, JJ,
sitting. All concur. Nickell, J., not sitting.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
John Saoirse Friend
Friend Law, PSC
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES, JOE KIMMEL:
William Alexander Hoback
Mark Squires Fenzel
McBrayer PLLC
37