People v. Brown

*182T. M. Kavanagh, C. J.

(dissenting). Defendant Lewis Calvin Brown raises two issues in this attack on his 1971 conviction for assault with intent to commit great bodily harm1 which arose out of a stabbing incident in a Detroit bar. Tried in Recorder’s Court, defendant was found guilty by a jury on March 12, 1971, and later that same day sentenced to a term of from five to ten years in prison. His conviction was affirmed by the Court of Appeals on April 25, 19732. This Court granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal3 on August 21, 1973.

I. Voir Dire

Defendant first argues that he was deprived of his right to trial by a fair and impartial jury because the trial judge interrupted his defense counsel during voir dire of the potential jurors. It is contended that these interruptions denied defendant access to certain information which was essential to permit him to make an informed exercise of his jury challenges.

However, we agree with Justice T. G. Kavanagh’s opinion that the defense counsel was afforded this opportunity. Therefore, on this issue, we concur in Justice T. G. Kavanagh’s conclusion that:

"* * * defense counsel was ultimately permitted to ask such questions as he deemed necessary to determine how best to exercise his challenges, and that he must be considered to have waived any defects in the process of their selection.”

*183 II. Sentencing Procedure

Defendant’s other allegation of error consists of a bifurcated attack on the procedures utilized at his sentencing. The defendant believes he is entitled to be resentenced because: (1) the trial judge considered materially false information in determining the length of the sentence, and (2) it was error to sentence the defendant without first ordering the preparation of a presentence report.

Defendant bases his first allegation on a remark made by the trial court.

"The court, in fixing this sentence, has taken into account the fact that there were eight stab wounds— anyone of which could have been — could have resulted in bodily — great bodily harm — in fact, did so and the fact that the defendant had a prior criminal record for similar charges, "(emphasis supplied.)

Defendant syllogizes that since (a) his police report had three references to a singular prior Idaho conviction, and (b) the trial judge used the plural phrase "similar charges”, therefore (c) the trial judge must have misread the police report and sentenced the defendant in the belief that he had been convicted of several similar charges.

However, we believe that the phrase "similar charges” should not be considered out of the context in which it was made. A review of the entire sentencing colloquy reveals that the former Idaho conviction was briefly discussed by the defendant, his attorney and the trial judge just prior to the actual sentencing. It is apparent from this discussion that the trial judge was aware of the singularity of the prior conviction. In light of the entire record, we find no error on this point.

Finally, defendant argues it was error for the *184trial judge to sentence him in the absence of a presentence report.4

The record discloses that upon conviction the defendant himself requested immediate sentencing in lieu of awaiting the preparation of a presentence report. As both the trial judge and his attorney advised him of his right to such a report we find no basis for believing that defendant’s request was other than intelligently, understandingly or voluntarily made.

It is asserted that defendant’s waiver must be held to be inoperative because (1) the presence of a presentence report is required to assure that the trial judge has sufficient information on which to base the sentence and (2) the rights of society to have criminals properly sentenced cannot be waived by a defendant.

That the defendant has an interest in having the sentence properly determined is clear. Townsend v Burke, 334 US 736, 740; 68 S Ct 1252, 1255; 92 L Ed 1690, 1693 (1948). Likewise it is clear that society also has an interest in the sentencing procedures. The nature of this interest was recently described as being:

"[Rehabilitation of the individual offender, society’s need to deter similar proscribed behavior in others, and the need to prevent the individual offender from causing further injury to society.” People v Lorentzen, 387 Mich 167, 180; 194 NW2d 827, 833 (1972).

The indeterminate sentencing statute, MCLA 769.8; MSA 28.1080, was enacted in order to better *185achieve these objectives. It was hoped that by use of individualized punishment the Corrections Department would be aided in its attempt to rehabilitate criminal offenders.

By adopting an indeterminate sentencing procedure, the Legislature has vested trial judges with broad discretion for their determination of punishment. In the case of In re Southard, 298 Mich 75, 82; 298 NW 457, 459 (1941), this Court said:

"The policy expressed by the people, in providing by constitutional amendment for an indeterminate sentence law, directed the legislature to adopt a flexible law and the courts to fit the punishment in the exercise of their discretion to the needs of the particular case.”

Judges need this discretionary judgment in order to tailor the punishment to fit the needs of the individual case. The exercise of this judicial discretion at sentencing is essential to protect the interests of both the defendant and the public.

Additionally, the Legislature has recognized that a trial judge must have some knowledge of a defendant’s previous history in order to arrive at the proper punishment. The final sentence in the indeterminate sentencing statute indicates this responsibility.

"He shall before or at the time of passing such sentence ascertain by examination of such convict on oath, or otherwise, and by such other evidence as can be obtained tending to indicate briefly the causes of the criminal character or conduct of such convict, which facts and such other facts as shall appear to be pertinent in the case, he shall cause to be entered upon the minutes of the court.” MCLA 769.8; MSA 28.1080.

Another statute, MCLA 771.14; MSA 28.1144, directs that a probation officer must conduct a presentence investigation and report this informa*186tion to the trial judge. Reading these two statutory provisions together we believe the Legislature intended by MCLA 769.8; MSA 28.1080 to require that trial judges be aware of information pertinent to the case and by MCLA 771.14; MSA 28.1144 to provide them with a source of this information, by relegating the responsibility for the gathering of this information to the probation officials.

Because the manner in which the pertinent facts are compiled is not as crucial as is the content or accuracy of this information after it reaches the hands of the trial judge, we believe that when this evidence is already before the court, and a counseled defendant requests immediate sentencing, it is not error for a trial judge to accept a waiver of the presentence report. Just as a defendant is permitted to waive the protections guaranteed by the Constitution, he may likewise waive rights provided by statutes so long as he does so in an intelligent, understanding and voluntary manner. Johnson v Zerbst, 304 US 458, 464; 58 S Ct 1019, 1023; 82 L Ed 1461, 1466 (1938). Under these circumstances, a defendant waives the right to the preparation of the presentence report only; he does not forfeit his right to have the sentence based upon accurate information.

In this case, we believe the trial judge was properly informed of the background of this defendant. The information he obtained during trial and from a police report was sufficient to allow him to make an informed exercise of judicial discretion in determining the sentence.

Recently, in the State of Washington, a study was undertaken to analyze the major determinants in felony sentencing.5 The scientifically de*187signed survey found the two most influential factors weighed by a judge in exercising his discretion to sentence a felon to prison were (1) the number of defendant’s prior felony arrests, and (2) the nature of defendant’s most serious prior felony conviction.

Here, the trial judge had a police report that contained these influential factors. This was defendant’s second conviction for a serious felony assault within two years. Defendant’s prior incarceration for 12 months evidently had no rehabilitative effect for the crime charged in the instant case occurred less than three months after his parole from the Idaho penal system. Defendant, himself, indicated that his prior record would preclude any consideration of probation. All of these are factors which point towards a more severe sentence. When faced with antisocial behavior of this magnitude, logic dictates that judges, in the exercise of their discretion, may waive consideration of minor background information in determining the length of imprisonment.

We agree that a defendant should be powerless to waive any rights that society has in the sentencing process. However, in cases where the trial judge is adequately informed about a defendant’s prior record, a waiver of the presentence report has no appreciable affect on society’s interests. The trial judge is required to consider the interests of society during his discretionary determination of punishment. Also, it is the duty of the prosecutor, as the advocate of the people, to represent these interests at sentencing. Thus, both the trial judge and the prosecuting attorney are in a position to assure that a defendant’s waiver of the presentence report does not deprive the public of its right to have criminals properly punished.

*188We are aware that some defendants may seek to waive the preparation of the presentence report in order to keep detrimental information out of the hands of the sentencing judge. Because of this possibility, trial judges should closely scrutinize all requested waivers and deny those which appear to be an attempt by the defendant to gain some tactical advantage. Likewise, prosecuting attorneys must recognize their duty to oppose any waiver which could be detrimental to the interests of society.

Under the circumstances of this case a remand for resentencing based on the trial judge’s failure to await a presentence report would unduly elevate form over substance. Neither the interests of defendant nor those of the public were abridged by this procedure. The record clearly shows that (1) the defendant expressly waived preparation and consideration of the presentence report, and (2) the sentence was based on sufficient information for the trial judge to intelligently arrive at a proper sentence. Further, the sentence appears to insure the Corrections Department an adequate opportunity to attempt to correct the defendant’s violent disposition. While we are in no position to predict the outcome of rehabilitation in this case, we believe the sentence given to the defendant protects the right of society to have these efforts made.

We believe it was proper for the trial judge to accept defendant’s waiver of the presentence report. In People v Malkowski, 385 Mich 244, 250; 188 NW2d 559, 562 (1971), where the complaint was of an inability to review a presentence report we said:

"An examination of the entire report, together with the fact that defendant was represented by counsel at *189the time of sentencing and was given an opportunity to make a statement on his own behalf, convinces us that no useful result would be achieved if defendant’s sentence were to be vacated and the case remanded for the imposition of a new sentence.”

The same is true in this case. We have examined the information considered by the trial judge and we conclude it was a sufficient and accurate basis for the exercise of judicial discretion. The mere absence of a presentence report, when viewed in light of the facts of this case, is not so prejudicial as to result in a miscarriage of justice.

Affirmed.

J. W. Fitzgerald, J., did not sit in this case.

MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279.

People v Brown, 46 Mich App 592; 208 NW2d 590 (1973).

People v Lewis Brown, 390 Mich 762 (1973).

MCLA 771.14; MSA 28.1144 provides for these reports.

"Before sentencing any person charged with a felony, and, if directed by the court, in any other case where any person is charged with a misdemeanor within the jurisdiction of the court, the probation officer shall inquire into the antecedents, character and circumstances of such person or persons, and shall report thereon in writing to such court or magistrate. * * * ”

Details of this report are found in the Comment, Discretion in Felony Sentencing — A Study of Inñuencing Factors, 48 Wash L Rev 857, 869 (1973).