dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from Parts III and IV of the Court’s opinion. The record is clear, in my view, that the petitioners knowingly and voluntarily chose to exercise their constitutional rights of self-representation and effectively waived, as a matter of constitutional law, their rights to counsel. Part III of the Court’s opinion should flatly state that conclusion. In Part IV the Court holds that reversal is required because of the violation of one aspect of the Rule 4-215 mandated procedure for taking a waiver of the right to counsel, namely, that the trial court should on the record advise the defendant of the allowable penalties, including the maximum penalty. By that reflex to the rule violation the majority itself violates Md. Rule l-201(a) in which we declared, as of July 1, 1984, the policy governing the consequences which flow from noncompliance with a Maryland Rule. Rule l-201(a) reads:
These rules shall be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration, and elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay. When a rule, by the word “shall” or otherwise, mandates or prohibits conduct, the consequences of noncompliance are those prescribed by these rules or by statute. If no consequences are prescribed, the court may compel compliance with the rule or may determine the consequences of the noncompliance in light of the totality of the circumstances and the purpose of the rule.
*284Because the purpose of Rule 4-215 is to implement the constitutional rights to counsel and to self-representation, and because the totality of the circumstances in this case shows that those rights were preserved, there is no need to remedy the technical violation of the rule. (The full text of Rule 4-215 is set forth in an appendix to this dissent.)
I
The standard governing the constitutional validity of the waivers in the case before us is found in the following passage from Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 2541, 45 L.Ed.2d 562, 581-82 (1975).
When an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel. For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must “knowingly and intelligently” forgo those relinquished benefits. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. [458,] 464-465, 58 S.Ct. [1019,] 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 [(1938)]. Cf. Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 723-724, 68 S.Ct. 316, 323, 92 L.Ed. 309 [(1948)] (plurality opinion of Black, J.). Although a defendant need not himself have the skill and experience of a lawyer in order competently and intelligently to choose self-representation, he should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that “he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.” Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. [269,] 279, 63 S.Ct. [236,] 242, 87 L.Ed. [268,] 275 [(1942)]. The Court then summed up the relevant facts in Faretta’s
case, saying:
Here, weeks before trial, Faretta clearly and unequivocally declared to the trial judge that he wanted to represent himself and did not want counsel. The record affirmatively shows that Faretta was literate, competent, and understanding, and that he was voluntarily exercising his informed free will. The trial judge had warned Faretta that he thought it was a mistake not to accept the *285assistance of counsel, and that Faretta would be required to follow all the “ground rules” of trial procedure. [422 U.S. at 835-36, 95 S.Ct. at 2541 (footnote omitted).]
The Court concluded that “[i]n forcing Faretta under these circumstances, to accept against his will a state-appointed public defender, the California courts deprived him of his constitutional right to conduct his own defense.” Id.
Of significance here is that the Faretta opinion is silent on whether Faretta was affirmatively advised on the record of the maximum potential punishment for the grand theft with which he had been charged under California law. Further, Faretta enunciates its waiver standard by directly quoting from Adams v. United States, 317 U.S. 269, 63 S.Ct. 236, 87 L.Ed. 268 (1942): “ ‘[H]e knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.’ ” Adams, rejecting a per se rule that the advice of counsel would be required to waive a jury in a criminal case, established a totality of the circumstances test. Justice Frankfurter for the Court aptly observed in Adams that “[t]he task of judging the competence of a particular accused cannot be escaped by announcing delusively simple rules of trial procedure which judges must mechanically follow.” Id. at277,63 S.Ct. at 241.
The majority in the case sub judice emphasizes Justice Black’s opinion announcing the judgment in Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 68 S.Ct. 316, 92 L.Ed. 309 (1948). Von Moltke is the only opinion cited in Faretta’s discussion of the standard for waiver which refers specifically to “the range of allowable punishments[.]” Id. at 724, 68 S.Ct. at 323. The reference to Von Moltke in Faretta is a “Cf.,” indicating that Von Moltke is not entirely on point, although the Court does not explain what distinction it has in mind.
We reviewed these Supreme Court decisions in Leonard v. State, 302 Md. 111, 128, 486 A.2d 163, 171 (1985), a self-representation case in which “the record [was] devoid of any reasonable effort by the trial court to engage in a [former] Rule 723 c waiver inquiry.” There we quoted from People v. Lopez, 71 Cal.App.3d 568, 138 Cal.Rptr. 36 *286(1977) concerning the “fact of life” that the first ground of appeal by the pro se defendant is that he was allowed to represent himself. “ ‘Therefore, pragmatically, and defensively, in addition to the legal necessity of establishing that a defendant voluntarily and intelligently reaches this [waiver] decision, the trial court should also protect itself— and the record.’ ” Leonard v. State, 302 Md. at 128, 486 A.2d at 171 (quoting 71 Cal.App.3d at 572, 138 Cal.Rptr. at 38 (emphasis added)).
The Lopez court discussed three general areas to be explored when an accused elects self-representation. That discussion places “the range of allowable punishments” in perspective relative to the requirement that the waiver be voluntarily and intelligently made.
First, it is necessary, as Faretta says, that the defendant “be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation.” Under this category, we suggest that the defendant be advised:
(a) That self-representation is almost always unwise ____
(b) That he is entitled to and will receive no special indulgence by the court____
(c) That the prosecution will be represented by an experienced professional counsel----
(d) That he is going to receive no more library privileges than those available to any other [pro se defendant] ____
Second, we feel it would certainly be advisable to make some inquiry into his intellectual capacity----
(a) His education and familiarity with legal procedures ____
(b) If there is any question in the court’s mind as to a defendant’s mental capacity it would appear obvious that a rather careful inquiry into that subject should be made____
(c) [H]e must be made aware of the alternative, i.e., the right to counsel____
*287(d) Perhaps some exploration into the nature of the proceedings, the possible outcome, possible defenses and possible punishments might be in order. While this may seem to be sliding back into pre-Faretta practices, it will serve to point up to defendant just what he is getting himself into and establish beyond question that “ ‘he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.’ ” (Faretta, supra, [422 U.S.] at p. 835, 95 S.Ct. at p. 2541.)
(e) It should be made clear that if there is misbehavior or trial disruption, the defendant’s right of self-representation will be vacated.
Third, he should definitely be made aware that in spite of his best (or worst) efforts, he cannot afterwards claim inadequacy of representation. [71 Cal.App.3d at 572-74, 138 Cal.Rptr. at 39.]
In State v. Quinn, 565 S.W.2d 665 (Mo.App.1978), the court set forth in an appendix to its opinion guidelines for trial judges in taking waivers of counsel in pro se cases. The appendix is a condensation of the circumstances reviewed in People v. Lopez but omits saying that “[pjerhaps some exploration into ... possible punishments might be in order.” Lopez, supra, 71 Cal.App.3d at 573, 138 Cal.Rptr. at 39.
Because a reviewing court determines from all of the circumstances on the whole record whether a pro se defendant’s waiver is voluntary and knowing, there are opinions upholding waivers without any recital in the operative facts that the trial court had explained to the accused on the record the range of possible punishments. In these cases the waiver is upheld either by affirming the conviction of the pro se defendant or by reversing the conviction of the defendant who was refused self-representation. See, e.g., King v. State, 55 Ala.App. 306, 309, 314 So.2d 908, 911, cert. denied, 294 Ala. 762, 314 So.2d 912 (1975) (accused who had one prior conviction resulting in seventeen months confinement “was certainly not a newcomer to the judicial processes.”); Burton v. State, 260 Ark. 688, 543 S.W.2d 760 *288(1976) (prior conviction for same offense a factor); Barnes v. State, 258 Ark. 565, 528 S.W.2d 370 (1975); People v. Jackson, 88 Cal.App.3d 490, 151 Cal.Rptr. 688 (1978); Reliford v. People, 195 Colo. 549, 579 P.2d 1145 (1978), cert. denied, Reliford v. Colorado, 439 U.S. 1076, 99 S.Ct. 851, 59 L.Ed.2d 43 (1979); Commonwealth v. Jackson, 376 Mass. 790, 383 N.E.2d 835 (1978); Commonwealth v. Flowers, 5 Mass.App.Ct. 557, 365 N.E.2d 839 (1977), cert. denied, Flowers v. Massachusetts, 434 U.S. 1077, 98 S.Ct. 1269, 55 L.Ed.2d 783 (1978); People v. Anderson, 398 Mich. 361, 247 N.W.2d 857 (1976) (no admonition on dangers of self-representation, but the accused’s reasons explaining dissatisfaction with appointed counsel reflected accused knew what he was doing); Johnson v. State, 556 P.2d 1285 (Okla.Crim.1976) (two prior convictions a factor); State v. Miller, 248 N.W.2d 61 (S.D.1976); Fultz v. State, 632 S.W.2d 787 (Tex.Ct.App.1982) (no inquiry at all by trial court but the defendant had filed fourteen pretrial motions pro se); Irvin v. State, 584 P.2d 1068 (Wyo.1978).
Indeed, some courts have said that it can be presumed from the fact that the accused was represented by counsel prior to the waiver that the accused had been advised of the range of possible punishments. In Thomas v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County, 54 Cal.App.3d 1054, 126 Cal.Rptr. 830 (1976), the accused, who was charged with capital murder, robbery, and criminal conspiracy, obtained a mandamus directing the trial court to allow a pro se defense. The appellate court concluded that the defendant “was aware of the seriousness of the crime and the possible consequences” because he “had been arraigned twice, presumably receiving advice from the court on his constitutional rights [and] he had been represented by counsel ... presumably receiving advice from counsel as to the nature of the offenses, the available pleas and defenses and the possible punishment.” Id. at 1058-59 n. 5, 126 Cal.Rptr. at 832-33 n. 5. Similar is State v. Gethers, 193 Conn. 526, 480 A.2d 435 (1984). Connecticut Practice Manual § 961 requires the trial court to make a thorough inquiry and *289satisfy itself that the defendant, inter alia, comprehends “the range of permissible punishments____” In Gethers the trial court had failed to do this but the waiver was upheld on appeal from a conviction after trial. The court said that “[i]n addition to the fact that a trial court may appropriately presume that defense counsel has explained the nature of the offense in sufficient detail; Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 647, 96 S.Ct. 2253, 2258, 49 L.Ed.2d 108 (1976)[,]” the transcript indicated that standby counsel twice mentioned that the charges of robbing two bank tellers at the same bank carried a “ ‘penalty of 20 to 40.’ ” 193 Conn. at 537, 480 A.2d at 442.
There is another class of cases in which the defendant on direct appeal from, or in a collateral attack on, the conviction specifically argues that the sentencing court had not explained the range of punishments. In these cases the reviewing courts conclude, on a variety of factual bases, that the defendant’s waiver was, nevertheless, knowing. For example, United States ex rel. Konigsberg v. Vincent, 526 F.2d 131 (2d Cir.1975), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 937, 96 S.Ct. 2652, 49 L.Ed.2d 388 (1976) involved a habeas corpus challenge to confinement under a New York conviction for extortion. The prisoner had been indicted in December 1963 and was tried four years later. He fired counsel on the twelfth trial day. The Second Circuit held that “Konigsberg’s involvement with the courts was such that there was no need” for the trial judge to have given him explicit warnings and advice regarding the waiver of counsel. Id. at 134. Prior to the waiver Konigsberg had been convicted of unlawful possession of goods stolen from interstate commerce and had brought at least one collateral attack on that conviction. The Second Circuit has also held that a defendant who was on trial for income tax evasion and who had been through an earlier tax evasion trial and appeal involving similar factual and legal issues could validly waive counsel without explicit warnings and advice by the court. See United States v. Rosenthal, 470 F.2d 837 (2d *290Cir.1972), cert. denied, Rosenthal v. United States, 412 U.S. 909, 93 S.Ct. 2298, 36 L.Ed.2d 975 (1973).
Illinois S.Ct. Rule 401(a) prohibits trial courts from permitting a waiver of counsel without the court informing the accused of, inter alia, the minimum and maximum sentences prescribed by law. In People v. Nieves, 92 Ill.2d 452, 442 N.E.2d 228 (1982), the court upheld pro se representation which had been undertaken without any advice from the court on potential sentences and which had resulted in a thirty year sentence for heroin distribution. The Illinois court held that all of the admonishments required under its rule need not be given where the accused sought and obtained the “technical assistance” of an attorney, i.e., standby counsel. The court further noted that the defendant, prior to his waiver, had been convicted of the same criminal offense and had been told the maximum and minimum sentences in connection with the other prosecution. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois upheld Nieves’s conviction against constitutional challenge on habeas corpus. See United States ex rel. Nieves v. O’Leary, 606 F.Supp. 1478 (N.D.Ill.1985). That court held:
The Seventh Circuit has held on several occasions that where a defendant was acquainted with the criminal process, had past experience with the consequences of a conviction, had knowledge of the benefits of counsel from prior criminal trials, and knew of the seriousness of the charge, that that defendant’s waiver of counsel was intelligently made despite the fact that no one had expressly told him of the nature of the charge and the range of possible punishments. Creighbaum v. Burke, 398 F.2d 822 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 955, 89 S.Ct. 386, 21 L.Ed.2d 368 (1968) and Cox v. Burke, 361 F.2d 183 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 939, 87 S.Ct. 304, 17 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). [606 F.Supp. at 1483.]
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals in Hsu v. United States, 392 A.2d 972, 983 (1978) had concluded that “the conviction of a pro se criminal defendant will be *291vulnerable to reversal unless the trial court has followed a script covering the questions specified by Justice Black in Von Moltke[.]” Thereafter, in Fowler v. United States, 411 A.2d 618 (D.C.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 985, 100 S.Ct. 2967, 64 L.Ed.2d 841 (1980) the accused represented himself without benefit of trial court admonitions as outlined in Hsu. Prior to trial the accused had written to the court requesting assignment of two lawyers to his case “due to the strong penalties [and] the severity of the offense [armed robbery and kidnapping].” Id. at 621. The admissions in that letter, representation by counsel up to the waiver and the accused’s knowledge of “a substantial amount about criminal law” (id. at 623), resulted in a valid waiver.
People v. Smith, 33 Ill.App.3d 725, 338 N.E.2d 207 (1975) held that there was compliance with the Supreme Court of Illinois Rule referred to above where the trial court admonished that the charges were serious, involved felonies and could result in penitentiary confinement. The court noted that “there is no claim made that defendant was actually unaware of the potential penalties.” Id. at 728, 383 N.E.2d at 209.
Having hopefully demonstrated that there is a world which exists beyond the confines of Md.R. 4-215, I shall now turn to the facts of the instant case.
II
On September 26, 1984, when petitioners, Marvin Parren (Parren) and David Bright (Bright), committed the offenses for which they were convicted in this case, they were prisoners in the South Wing of the Maryland Penitentiary where they were confined under special disciplinary circumstances for institutional rules infractions. Parren, then age 23, was serving the sixth year of a fifteen year sentence for robbery with a deadly weapon. Bright, then age 26, had served over seven years on a sentence of life plus five years for rape and escape. Both men had very extensive juvenile records. What the majority calls a “brouhaha” took place in the aisle outside of a tier of cells when the prisoners were *292directed to return to their .cells at the end of an exercise period. Parren attacked one guard with a homemade knife. When other guards attempted to rescue the victim by advancing down the aisle behind a protective shield, Bright pushed against the shield to retard their progress. At one point in the melee Parren reached around Bright and stabbed a second guard in the hand. Parren and Bright were charged on November 5 in a series of multi-count indictments alleging as to both, inter alia, assault with intent to murder, attempted murder, common law assault, and deadly weapon offenses. Parren was convicted of assault with intent to murder the first guard, assault on the second guard, and carrying a deadly weapon with intent to injure. Bright was convicted of assault on both guards. Parren was sentenced to twenty years, consecutive to the fifteen year sentence under which he was confined, and Bright was sentenced to six years, consecutive to his life plus five years sentence.
The docket entries reflect that on December 4, 1984, one attorney entered his appearance for both petitioners and that on that same date each petitioner was “arraigned” and pleaded not guilty. In essence the arraignment consisted of setting a trial date. This is because Rule 4-215(a) requires the court to furnish to an accused the information enumerated therein only if the defendant’s first appearance in court is without counsel. In other words, the rule reasonably assumes that counsel, to whom copies of the charging documents have been delivered, will explain the charges and their consequences to the defendants.
On December 17, 1984, replacement counsel entered his appearance for Bright, so that petitioners had separate counsel up to their waivers on March 4, 1985, and had separate standby counsel continuously thereafter.
Beginning December 26, 1984, petitioners, acting pro se, filed a series of pretrial motions which are quite literate. Their joint motion for discovery of that date is comprehensive. Parren followed up with a motion on January 22, 1985, complaining of the lack of response to the discovery *293motion. On January 21 Parren moved for a speedy trial, arguing that there should be no postponement of the scheduled trial date of February 6. He also filed a petition for a “Writ of Habeas Corpus; Ad Testificandum” to obtain the presence at trial as witnesses of eight inmates of the prison system.
The case was reached for trial on March 4. Petitioners, with some assistance from their attorneys, personally presented a series of oral motions. Bright told the court, “I am quite aware of these charges, but the problem is now that these charges,” i.e., attempted murder and assault with intent to murder, are duplicative. In his argument Bright cited to Art. 27, § 12, a penalty section for various aggravated assaults including assault with intent to murder. In that context the court observed that one of the crimes carried life imprisonment.1 It is immaterial that the trial judge did not specify which offense potentially carried a life sentence. If the petitioners theretofore had not known from their prior experiences in the criminal justice system, from their legal research for their written and oral motions, or from consultation with their counsel, that the charges against them were extremely serious, they certainly knew how serious the charges were when the court told them they potentially faced life sentences.
Still on the morning of March 4 each petitioner separately argued that the indictments were defective because they had been delivered to defense counsel and had not been served on the petitioners personally by an agent of the State. Ironically, Bright cited former Rule 723 in support of his argument and when assisting Parren with the latter’s argument. Rule 723 is the predecessor to Rule 4-215. Neither petitioner complained that his counsel had not told him the “range of allowable penalties” referred to in Rule 723 c 1.
*294When the proceedings moved on to the waiver inquiry, the trial court conducted the examination summarized in the majority opinion. That examination reflects that each petitioner was “made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation[.]” Faretta, supra, 422 U.S. at 835, 95 S.Ct. at 2541. In that phase of the morning’s proceedings Bright’s counsel told the court that on each occasion when the attorney and client met Bright indicated that he had read cases and Bright asked his counsel specific questions. Parren told the court he had been reading law and had familiarity with it “[t]o a small degree.” The jury was selected that day.
As the first order of business on March 5 standby counsel for Bright made a statement for the record. He said he had met with Bright seven times and had “been impressed each time by the fact that [Bright] has been researching the law and has had a very active participation in the case.” After the waiver Bright’s mother had urged counsel to attempt to change Bright’s mind about representing himself. Counsel said he could step in and try the case at that time. The statement concluded:
I have been prepared to try the case since February 6th of this year. So Mr. Bright has indicated to me that he realizes—that he understands everything. He does wish for me to be here to assist him if he has any questions, but he does wish to proceed with his own case. Is that correct, Mr. Bright?
DEFENDANT BRIGHT: Yeah. [Emphasis added.]
Thereafter opening statements were made and testimony began. The case consumed nine trial days and the jury verdict was returned on March 18.
In his argument to the jury Parren said:
If I was guilty as they say I was guilty, I would have took the pleas that this man [the prosecutor] offered. This man offered me four and five years.
The State objected and the court advised the jury that “[negotiations before trial are not admissible.” An ac*295cused who has standby counsel simply would not reject the offer of a plea bargain couched in terms relating to the sentence without having at least considered what the potential maximum sentence might be.
The petitioners accelerated the prediction made by the California court in Lopez that the first argument on appeal by a pro se defendant would challenge the self-representation. Parren and Bright made that argument in their joint, pro se, longhand motion for a new trial.2
Each petitioner argued the motion orally to the court on April 30. In his colloquy with the court Bright denied averring that his waiver was not intelligently made but emphasized that his point was the court’s failure to follow the required procedure.
*296THE COURT: All right. That’s the basis for your New Trial Motion?
MR. BRIGHT: No, no. I’ve got some more. I have some more. I also concern Maryland Rule 425 as far as waiver of counsel. And my argument is that you Your Honor, didn’t go through the procedure that would mandate mandatory by the Court of Appeals of the decision in that a violation itself, because that has to be intelligently, knowingly I did have know the consequences of the plea. I didn’t know the consequences of the plea. I mean, consequences of representing myself, as far as to offices [offenses?], because I explained to the Court the same day of trial, that I never received the Indictment. At this time I haven’t received the Indictment yet.
Also that I never had no hearing arraignment. I wasn’t at—I wasn’t presented at my arraignment or nothing else. I wouldn’t know the lesser included offense, or higher included offense as to penalty, therefore, I don’t think it would be knowingly, intelligently waived.
THE COURT: Well, did your lawyer have a copy? You had a lawyer. Did he have a copy of all that?
MR. BRIGHT: The most recent case of Leonard versus State, that the Court is mandatory required to go through certain procedures, and if you would continually ask the Court Stenographer, who actually recorded the proceedings, she could actually do exactly what did take place and what didn’t take place.
THE COURT: Are you raising the issue that you didn’t intelligently waive your rights to be represented by counsel?
MR. BRIGHT: No, sir.
THE COURT: That is what you are saying?
MR. BRIGHT: No, sir. I am saying—I am saying, that do you understand what I am saying, because I didn’t know the consequences of waiving counsel. And in Leonard versus State it clearly explains to the Court to go through certain procedures. I am saying you, Your Hon- or, didn’t go through the procedures.
*297THE COURT: Well, I think, I did. The case says there are certain questions you have to ask. As I recall, I think, I asked those questions. Go ahead though. What other points do you want to address?
In summing up the reasons for denying Bright’s motion for a new trial the judge in part said:
He said there was no intelligent waiver of counsel. I didn’t follow some mandatory procedure, and I asked him the value of having a lawyer. He insisted, very, very vehemently, that he wanted to represent himself. And, I think, we took care of any kind of prejudice to him by [counsel’s] involvement.
The trial judge’s colloquy with Parren exposes the utter lack of substance and deification of technicality in the majority’s position.
MR. PARREN: ... Yes, I have some newly discovered evidence underneath, I think, it is the Maryland Rules of Procedure, or Maryland Constitution, as well as case law of Leonard versus State. Say Rule 723, which has been revised to 4-215. It states that before the Judge can accept a waiver of counsel from a Defendant, it must be that he advises it. It must be that he be sure that Defendant know.
THE COURT: All right. Let me stop you. That wouldn’t be a ground for a new trial in my estimation. I did what I thought the law requires me to do. Now, you have that right when you take an appeal, you can raise that issue, because I am the one that heard both of you insist, after almost begging you not to[, “]let me do this.[”] It’s kind of hard to say I treated you unfairly and denied you any constitutional rights, when I begged you to take these two lawyers.
Now, if I failed to follow Rule 728, and ask you how far you went in school, I probably did. But if I didn’t, if the Court of Appeals thinks that is significant, then they didn’t hear everything, that’s what you do on appeal. But I certainly would not sit here and hear you say that there was anything unfair or unconstitutional about this. *298I begged you. I saw your mother out in the hall. I said, talk to them. You are making a mistake. You both, in my estimation, convicted yourselves by a lot of things you were blurting out. I thought it was a charade. I say that for the record, and I couldn’t do anything. So you insisted on it. So, therefore, don’t waste my time saying I didn’t follow the rules, because it hurts my feelings.
MR. PARREN: Don’t misunderstand me.
THE COURT: Let me explain, if I did something wrong, let the Court of Appeals reverse me.
MR. PARREN: Let me say this, before I proceed. You did everything, you practically begged me to get a lawyer. I am saying, see that’s why you can’t take things personally. [Emphasis added.]
All of these facts, in my view, demonstrate a knowing and voluntary election of self-representation and waiver of counsel.
Ill
The majority finds no need to decide whether petitioners’ rights to counsel were violated because under the majority analysis that factor is immaterial. All that matters is that there has been a departure from the ordained ritual. It does not matter to the majority that the purpose of Rule 4-215 is to protect the constitutional right and that that purpose has been fully served here. What is important under the majority analysis is rites and not rights. I, for one, thought, and I believe our Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure would concur, that this kind of formalism had been put to rest by Rule l-201(a).
Rule 4-215 does not prescribe the consequences of noncompliance. In that circumstance Rule l-201(a) directs the court which is addressing the issue to “determine the consequences of the noncompliance in light of the totality of the circumstances and the purpose of the rule.” The majority’s bow in the direction of Rule l-201(a) is an analysis resting *299on false logic. The majority treats the issue as if it were whether trial judges are to follow Rule 4-215 or not, depending upon a trial judge’s analysis of the total circumstances. The majority rejects that approach, particularly in light of our cases which have stated that predecessor rules were mandatory. That is, of course, not the issue. I accept that the rule is mandatory. I accept that the rule has been violated in the sense that the trial judge did not perform every step in the dance prescribed in the rule. My question is: “Who has been hurt?” If, as demonstrated in Parts I and II of this dissent, and not denied in the majority opinion, petitioners’ constitutional rights remain inviolate, the purpose of the rule has been served and, as we declared in Rule l-201(a), there is nothing to remedy.
The majority also undertakes to reinforce its conclusion by citation to United States v. King, 582 F.2d 888 (4th Cir.1978), a direct appeal from a kidnapping conviction after a pro se defense. The language relied on by the majority reads, after citation to Faretta’s “eyes open” language, in full as follows:
Thus, the court must assure itself that the defendant knows the charges against him, the possible punishment and the manner in which an attorney can be of assistance. [United States v.] Townes, [371 F.2d 930,] 933 [(4th Cir.1966), cert. denied, 387 U.S. 947, 87 S.Ct. 2083, 18 L.Ed.2d 1335 (1967) ]; Aiken v. United States, 296 F.2d 604 (4th Cir.1961). [582 F.2d at 890.]
King had in fact been told by the court the maximum penalty. From the standpoint of potentially persuasive authority it would be more relevant for the majority to have looked to the Fourth Circuit’s position when the trial judge fails to obtain the specified assurances from the accused.
That answer is found in dicta in United States v. Townes, supra, a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 case in which the petitioner had both waived counsel and pled guilty after having been advised, inter alia, of the potential maximum sentence. Nevertheless the court, speaking through Judge Winter, went on to say that
*300failure Pay the trial judge] to perform the duty does not automatically render the waiver invalid, because a defendant who seeks relief under § 2255 must still bear the burden of proving that he did not understand his constitutional rights. Aiken v. United States, supra, p. 607. Cf. Heiden v. United States, 353 F.2d 53 (9th Cir.1965). If it appears, therefore, from the transcript of the original purported waiver, or from a preponderance of the evidence adduced at the § 2255 hearing, or a combination of both, that the waiver met the constitutional test, a § 2255 movant would not be entitled to relief. [371 F.2d at 933.]
And further:
But again, we reiterate our holding in Aiken that all of the suggested interrogation is simply a guide for establishing on the record an intentional relinquishment of the right to counsel, known and understood by an accused, and not a rigid ritual to be slavishly followed. We determine this case, and we shall determine future cases, on the basis of whether, when the record is examined as a whole, it appears that there was a waiver of a constitutional right which meets the test of Johnson v. Zerbst .... [Id. at 934.]
Rule l-201(a) simply announces that a court will consider the effect of noncompliance with a rule of court by applying the same principle which we have applied when considering the consequences of the violation of a statute which does not by its terms state those consequences. In State v. Werkheiser, 299 Md. 529, 474 A.2d 898 (1984), a police officer had failed to obtain a blood chemical test within a statutorily prescribed time limit from a person whom the officer had reasonable grounds to believe was driving or attempting to drive while under the influence of alcohol. We reversed the trial court’s dismissal of the criminal charges based on an analysis within the framework described below.
We agree with the trial court that the use of the word “shall” in this statute imposes a mandatory duty upon police officers. As we have stated repeatedly: “Under *301settled principles of statutory construction, the word 'shall’ is ordinarily presumed to have a mandatory meaning.” State v. Hicks, 285 Md. 310, 334, 403 A.2d 356, 369 (1979). However, the mandatory nature of the language does not indicate the sanction to be applied for violation of the statute. Therefore, the Court must consider the purpose and policy of the statute in order to determine the appropriate sanction, if any, to be applied. The legislative purpose of this statute will not be advanced by holding dismissal as the appropriate sanction. [299 Md. at 533, 474 A.2d at 900.]
And see Gore v. State, 309 Md. 203, 522 A.2d 1338 (1987), applying a substantial compliance test to claimed violation of Rule 4-325(e) governing exceptions to instructions.
There is an overtone of righteousness to the majority position. The law-giver has spoken but the mandate has been broken. Someone must be punished. Here the majority punishes the taxpayers of Baltimore City who must bear the expense of a retrial, the purpose of which is not to vindicate the constitutional rights of the petitioners but to vindicate Rule 4-215 which today takes on a sanctity all of its own.
I would affirm.
Chief Judge MURPHY and Judge McAULIFFE have authorized me to say that they concur in this dissenting opinion.
APPENDIX
Rule 4-215 reads as follows:
(a) First Appearance in Court Without Counsel.—At the defendant’s first appearance in court without counsel, the court shall:
(1) Make certain that the defendant has received a copy of the charging document containing notice as to the right to counsel.
*302(2) Inform the defendant of the right to counsel and of the importance of assistance of counsel.
(3) Advise the defendant of the nature of the charges in the charging document, and the allowable penalties, including mandatory or minimum penalties, if any.
(4) Conduct a waiver inquiry pursuant to section (b) of this Rule if the defendant indicates a desire to waive counsel.
(5) When in circuit court, advise the defendant that the action will be scheduled for trial and that if the defendant appears for trial without counsel, the court could determine that the defendant waived counsel and proceed to trial with the defendant unrepresented by counsel.
(6) When in the District Court, if a postponement is granted to obtain counsel, advise the defendant that if the defendant appears for trial without counsel, the court could determine that the defendant waived counsel and proceed to trial with the defendant unrepresented by counsel.
The clerk shall note compliance with this section in the file or on the docket.
(b) Express Waiver of Counsel.—If a defendant who is not represented by counsel indicates a desire to waive counsel, the court may not accept the waiver until it determines, after an examination of the defendant on the record conducted by the court, the State’s Attorney, or both, that the defendant is knowingly and voluntarily waiving the right to counsel. If the file or docket does not reflect compliance with section (a) of this Rule, the court shall comply with that section as part of the waiver inquiry. The court shall ensure that compliance with this section is noted in the file or on the docket. At any subsequent appearance of the defendant before the court, the docket or file notation of compliance shall be prima facie proof of the defendant’s express waiver of counsel. After there has been an express waiver, no postponement of a scheduled trial or hearing date will be granted to *303obtain counsel unless the court finds it is in the interest of justice to do so.
(c) Waiver of Counsel by Failing to Obtain Counsel.—If a defendant who has appeared before the court pursuant to section (a) appears without counsel on the date set for a hearing or trial and indicates a desire to have counsel, the court shall permit the defendant to explain the appearance without counsel. If the court finds that there is a meritorious reason for the defendant’s appearance without counsel, the court shall continue the action to a later time and advise the defendant that if counsel does not enter an appearance by that time, the action will proceed to trial with the defendant unrepresented by counsel. If the court finds no meritorious reason for the defendant’s appearance without counsel, it may determine that the defendant has waived counsel by failing or refusing to obtain counsel, and it may proceed with the hearing or trial.
(d) Discharge of Counsel—Waiver.—If a defendant requests permission to discharge an attorney whose appearance has been entered, the court shall permit the defendant to explain the reasons for the request. If the court finds that there is a meritorious reason for the defendant’s request, the court shall permit the discharge of counsel; continue the action if necessary; and advise the defendant that if new counsel does not enter an appearance by the next scheduled trial date, the action will proceed to trial with the defendant unrepresented by counsel. If the court finds no meritorious reason for the defendant’s request, the court may not permit the discharge of counsel without first informing the defendant that the trial will proceed as scheduled with the defendant unrepresented by counsel if the defendant discharges counsel and does not have new counsel. If the court permits the defendant to discharge counsel, it shall comply with subsections (a)(l)-(4) of this Rule if the docket or file does not reflect prior compliance.
. It is attempted murder which potentially carries a life sentence. See Md.Code (1957, 1982 Repl. Vol.), Art. 27, §§ 644A and 412. Under § 12 assault with intent to murder carries a maximum of thirty years.
. That part of their motion reads in full:
It is clear that the Court of Appeals have the power to make rules, Md. Constitution Art. 4 sec. 18, which are binding to all lower Courts of the State of Maryland which shall have the force of the Law until rescinded, changed or modified by the Court of Appeals or otherwise by law.
It is clear that Md. Rule 4-215 and old Md. Rule 723 Provisions for or Waiver of Counsel are mandatory Brown v. State, 27 Md.App. 233, 340 A.2d 409 (1975).
It is clear that there must be a record of compliance with respect to all provisions of waiver of counsel. Thompson v. State, 284 Md. 113, 394 A.2d 1190 (1978). The requirements of waiver of counsel are mandatory, and must be complied with irrespective of the type of plea enter, or lack of an affirmative showing of prejudice to the accused. State v. Diggs, 24 Md.App. 681, 332 A.2d 283 (1975)[.j
In the absence of an inquiry under Md. Rule 4-215d discharge of Counsel the Court shall comply with Md. Rule 4-215A. (Section 4-215A is derived from 723c.) as an intelligently and knowingly waiver of counsel. Hamilton v. State, 30 Md.App. 202, 351 A.2d 153 (1976).
Where the record fails affirmatively to show a compliance with the inquiry of waiver of counsel, the judgment and sentence must be reversed. Taylor v. State, 230 Md. 1, 185 A.2d 197 (1962)[.J
Therefore David Bright and Marvin Parren in their Motion for New Trial seek to have this Court reverse the judgment of the jury because David Bright nor Marvin Parren possessed the intelligence and capacity to appreciate the consequences as to the nature of the charges against them, any lesser included offenses, and the range of allowable penalties, including mandatory and minimum penalties if any in the indictments.