(dissenting). I cannot sign the majority opinion. It is but the latest of “ ‘an attritional series of judicial decisions’ rendering innocuous, and without the intervention of the electorate, a constitutional prohibition.” (See Mr. Justice Smith in Lockwood v. Commissioner of Revenue, 357 Mich 517, 556.) Surely there is no more direct way to ultimate destruction of constitutional government than a series of judicial decrees saying to the legislative branch “You may,” when the people through their Constitution have said “You may not.” This constitutionally required statement of reasons for dissent is, then, written as an appeal “to the intelligence of a future day”1 when some later decision may resurrect that part of the Constitution today’s majority has effectively disemboweled.
My vote to reverse is cast on strength of the people’s mandate, appearing in section 22 of article ■5,2 that “No bill shall be altered or amended on its *558passage through either house so as to change its original purpose.” As primary guardians of the Constitution it is our sworn duty to admonish the legislature that it must obey such bidding of the people on penalty of nullification of what that body does in disparagement thereof.
Section 22 was new when the revised Constitution became “the supreme law of the State” January 1, 1909 (Schedule, § 11). It was proposed for an “original purpose” made doubly clear before the electorate by the convention’s “Address to the People of the State of Michigan,” which address is relevantly valuable if not conclusive evidence of “the public history of the times.”* *3 The convention’s-address, appearing under said section 22, reads from start to finish as follows :
“This is a new section. It was inserted to prevent hasty and careless legislative action, also, to deal effectively with so-called snap legislation. The provision that no bill shall be passed until it has been printed and in the possession of each house for 5-days means much greater publicity in legislative proceedings. Time is thus provided whereby the people may become acquainted with proposed legislation and to petition, or remonstrate, before a bill is passed. It is believed that this provision will measurably improve the tone of legislative action. When the legislature is convened in special session the revision limits its action to those matters expressly stated in the governor’s proclamation. This wisely limits the sphere of action of the legislature,, in special session; and the governor’s proclamation is notice to the public of the work which the legislature can lawfully undertake. The provision that no *559bill shall be altered on its passage so as to change its original purpose is included so that by no possibility can the publicity secured by the 5-day rule be nullified or evaded.” 2 Debates, Constitutional Convention 1907-1908, p 1422.
(In its prefatory note the convention referred to the legislative request of 1907 [PA 1907, No 272, § 10], calling on the convention to “prepare and adopt an address to the people of the State, explaining the proposed changes in the present Constitution, the reason for each change, and such other matters as to the convention shall seem advisable.”)
I would implement such declaration of constitutional purpose by construing section 22 as the people —by the quoted address — were led to construe it in the adoption thereof. The people wanted to prevent hasty and careless legislative action; they wanted to -eliminate “so-called snap legislation,” and they wanted the legislature so controlled “that by no possibility can the publicity secured by the 5-day rule be nullified or evaded.” All this is unmistakable. Also unmistakable is the fact that the combined aim of the first and final sentences of said section 22 was brazenly scorned when the presently considered substitute bill was conceived in the senate, sent to the house and snap-adopted there.
When House Bill No 353 was passed in that chamber and sent to the senate, the latter body referred it to committee April 30, 1953. A substitute bill (ultimately enacted into said act 150) was made up in the senate and passed by that body on May 19, 1953. The house passed the substitute bill the next day, May 20, 1953. Fast work, indeed, for contemplative consideration of a most complex experiment —a national novelty in fact — in the field of specific taxation.4
*560Tbat legally elastic and visibly slippery word “germane” should not be employed as this Court proceeds to interpretively apply the concluding sentence of said section 22. The legislature neither requires nor should have, that sentence considered, any more tether as the process of amendatory adjustment of an introduced and printed bill is hurried toward enactment. So let us ascertain, not what was or is “germane” to the purpose of originally introduced House Bill No 353 (we have before us no question of sufficiency of title under preceding section 21); rather let us seek out the “original purpose” of that bill to determine whether such purpose was changed in violation of section 22. This, I apprehend, is the better approach to the presented question, a question that turns not upon the uncertainty of semantics but upon due comparison of' recorded facts; in this instance the bill as it stood upon introduction and the twice-changed bill as it stood upon enrollment as a public act.
Counsel for plaintiff are right when they say that the original purpose of House Bill No 353 was that of enacting a State income tax “which would dovetail with the scheme of the Federal income tax.” The original purpose of House Bill No 353 was stated precisely March 19, 1953. Here is original section 2 of the bill:
*561“Sec. 2. There is hereby levied annually upon and there shall be collected from each person filing an income tax return with the Federal government a sum equal to 1% of the taxable net income with respect to which a Federal income tax is applicable. Such tax shall be imposed and collected at the same time and covering the same period as Federal returns are required of individuals.
“The State department of revenue is hereby vested with the power and it shall be its duty to administer the provisions of this act. The department is hereby authorized to promulgate such rules and regulations and to incur such expense and employ such assistants as shall be necessary in carrying out the provisions of this act.” (Exhibit D, appendix.)
Later, by amendment and prior to first passage in the house, the purpose of the bill became one of levy of a “business profits and personal income tax act.”5
The change, from original section 2 quoted above, was effected by house-wrought new section 5 of the bill, reading as follows:
“Sec. 5. For the privilege of receiving, earning or otherwise acquiring income from any sources whatsoever and, in the case of a corporation, for the additional privilege of exercising its franchise in this State in a corporate or organized capacity on or after the effective date of this act, there is hereby levied and imposed upon the net taxable income of every person a specific tax equal to 2% of the net taxable income as defined in this act to the extent such income is realized in any tax year.” (Exhibit A, appendix.)
Finally, House Bill No 353 included, when it left the house for the senate, a specific declaration of purpose reading as follows:
“Sec. 22. It is hereby declared that the purpose of this act, in addition to the essential purpose of rais*562ing revenue, is to conform as closely as may be with the internal revenue code, in order that the filing of returns or reports may tie simplified and the taxpayer’s accounting burdens may be reduced. To carry out such purpose, the commissioner is authorized to issue rules and regulations in conformity, as far as possible, with thé income tax regulations adopted by the commissioner of internal revenue for Federal income tax purposes.” (Exhibit A, appendix.)
Citing various authoritative publications, the unitary points of which are that the ultimately enacted bill “is something of a hybrid, possessing characteristics of a net income tax and a gross receipts tax, but differing fundamentally from them, as the tax base is ‘adjusted receipts’ ” ;6 that “this new tax is generally referred to as the Michigan business receipts tax. The tax is unique in that it is the first tax enacted anywhere in the United States on any level, Federal, State, or local, which uses the concept of ‘value added’ as the tax base”;7 that “the Michigan business receipts tax, so far as I am aware, is the first application of the principle in this country and, for this reason, is exciting the interest of students of taxation and finance throughout the United States” 8 that “the business receipts tax has no precedent and no exact counterpart in the statutes of the United States, the several States, or any political subdivision thereof” ;9 that “the tax is *563neither a gross receipts tax nor a net income tax” ;10 and that “the basis of tbe tax, then, is income (adjusted receipts) as defined in the statute. The tax, however, is not a net income tax because all expenses are not deductible. Thus, a tax may be assessed even if the taxpayer experiences a loss.” 11, counsel convincingly prove that PA 1953, No 150, departed radically from the original purpose of House Bill No 353 as that bill stood upon introduction, and again as the bill stood when it rode from the house to the senate April 29, 1953, and that it was no longer purposed as a fearsome Staté income tax.12
Fair comparison of House Bill No 353, as originally purposed and amended in the house, with Act No 150 as it appears in the Public Acts of 1953, leads to but one conclusion. The “original purpose” was a politically hot State personal income tax, geared to and powered by like Federal income taxation; whereas the final section-linkage turned out by the legislative sausage machine was a tax on “business activities,” defined last year this way (Armco Steel Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 359 Mich 430, 444):
“This tax is part of a general scheme of State taxation of business activities in Michigan. It is a *564tax on Michigan activities measured, in amount, by adjusted receipts derived from or attributable to Michigan sources, which, as above noted, in the case of a taxpayer whose business transactions occur entirely within Michigan, means his entire adjusted receipts, but, if his business transactions occur partly within and partly without this State, means the sum reached by applying to his adjusted receipts the mentioned apportionment formula. It is, therefore, not a gross receipts tax.”
The lay taxpayer would quickly recognize this change of purpose, whether he be germane-minded or not. And his view should be paramount since the question put to us is not one of statutory interpretation but of constitutional right of a people. See Mr. Justice Campbell, writing for the Court in People v. Dean, 14 Mich 406, 417, 418:
“The cardinal rule of construction, concerning language, is to apply to it that meaning which it would naturally convey to the popular mind, in all cases where the propriety of such construction is not negatived by some settled rule of law. In all instruments which are submitted for confirmation to the people themselves, and which derive all their validity from a popular vote, such a construction is peculiarly necessary; for otherwise they would be defrauded of the right to frame their own government according to their own will.”
Turning directly to the majority opinion:
It is a mistake to read Pack v. Barton, 47 Mich 520, as authorizing present application of the test of germaneness. Pach was written of criticized legislative practice when the Constitution contained no ban whatever against change of original purpose on “passage through either house.” It with related cases handed down during the 19th century may well have furnished the direct impetus for inclusion, in the Constitution, of presently scrutinized section 22.
*565As for Moeller v. Wayne County Board of Supervisors, 279 Mich 505, it is suggested with due deference that the Court erroneously applied old and new authorities construing what is now section 21 (of article 5), which section by repeated decision has been germane-varnished no end. There can be little doubt about this when such supporting authorities are reviewed. They are Westgate v. Township of Adrian, 161 Mich 333; Lundstrom v. Township of Ellsworth, 196 Mich 502; Detroit International Bridge Co. v. American Seed Co., 249 Mich 289; and People v. Martin, 235 Mich 206.
Following Moeller, in this Gypsum Case, we tell a sadly cynical profession and an expectably delighted legislature that the latter may with impunity circumvent a wholesome restriction the people trustfully placed in their Constitution a half century ago. Mr. Justice Cooley warned against such “evasions and circumventions” in words some of us have recently heeded (Bacon v. Kent-Ottawa Metropolitan Water Authority, 354 Mich 159, 174-176; Lockwood v. Commissioner of Revenue, 357 Mich 517, 555, 567, 568). I refer to that precept of constitutional construction, appearing in People, ex rel. Bay City, v. State Treasurer, 23 Mich 499, 506, which during the intervening 90 years has come to universal acceptance in exalted legal circles throughout the United States:
“Constitutions do not change with the varying tides of public opinion and desire; the will of the people therein recorded is the same inflexible law until changed by their own deliberative action; and it cannot be permissible to the courts that in order to aid evasions and circumventions, they shall subject these instruments, which in the main only undertake to lay down broad general principles, to a literal and technical construction, as if they were great public enemies standing in the way of progress, and the duty of every good citizen was to get around *566their provisions whenever practicable, and give them a damaging thrust whenever convenient. They must construe them as the people did in their adoption, if the means of arriving at that construction are within their power. In these cases we thought we could arrive at it from the public history of the times.”
The Justice’s continued devotion to such precept was recorded 13 years later in People v. Harding, 53 Mich 481, 485:
“Every constitution has a history of its own which is likely to be more or less peculiar; and unless interpreted in the light of this history, is liable to be made to express purposes which were never within the minds of the people in agreeing to it. This the court must keep in mind when called unon to interpret it; for their duty is to enforce the law which the people have made, and not some other law which the words of the Constitution may possibly be made to express.”
Tes, indeed, let us “enforce the law which the people have made, and not some other law which the words of the Constitution may possibly be made to express.”
CONCLUSION
Section 22 engages the word “change”; not the word “germane.” Neither the latter, nor any synonym thereof, can be found in the entire legislative article of 1908. It is constitutionally possible that a newly purposed bill may be fitted to the title of a previously introduced bill, without offending section 21 of the fifth article, and yet result in offense to section 22. Thus, when the constitutional attack proceeds under section 21 we are obliged to ascertain the title-expressed object, but when the attack employs section 22 it is our duty to search for the “original purpose.” The two are of different peopleintendment else the people would have employed *567the century-old word “object” in both sections. One cannot emphasize too strongly that section 22 is new; whereas section 21 is counterpart with well understood and many-times germane-applied sections 20 and 25 of the Constitution of 1850.
Modern proof shows that the people chose wisely by inclusion of section 22. The reports of this Court disclose too many instances where the judicial pen has — by the compulsion of necessary interpretation and occasional guesstimation — filled all manner of word-chasms resulting from hasty and careless amendatory action, especially action taken (as here) during the helter-skelter days which precede immediately a previously fixed deadline for consideration of bills. In this case, upon impetus of said section 22, the act of 1953 should be outlawed because this is an appropriate case for drawing, as inevitably our majority must some day draw, that definite line beyond which the legislature may not stray between introduction and enactment of important legislation. What is that line ? Why it is simply that the specifically declared purpose of an introduced bill shall not be changed on its passage through either house; that any legislator desiring a change of such purpose must introduce a separate bill in order that the 2 may receive that publicity — to say nothing of careful deliberation — to which the people have an absolute right. A legislature thus warned by this Court is more apt to observe the people’s will; that a bill should proceed from introduction to enactment without intervening change of its original and publicly understood aim.
There is, or at least should be, no difficulty of conformity with such requirement. Its faithful observance should, as the framers and electors of 1908 intended, “measurably improve the tone of legislative action.” And Michigan could stand a bit of such tonal improvement as she makes currently “the *568public history of the times.” The music might even suggest to the legislature that its assigned task has long since become one demanding full-time with full-pay to complete exclusion of the distraction of private endeavor.
What is there to this case, in terse summary ? The layman’s answer — the popular answer — is easy to state. A bill originally purposed to levy a State income tax on all persons paying Federal income taxes was transformed, “in desperation as the session was drawing to a close,” into a bill levying taxes on “business activities,” the base of which was and is the innovation known as “value-added.” Our majority says this transformation amounted to no change of original purpose within the restrictive mandate of said section 22. A tragic punnigram, that.
I would reverse and remand for entry of order denying the State’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.
Kavanagh, J., concurred with Black, J.This is from the pen of Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes. The •complete quotation is as follows:
“A dissent in a court of last resort is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later •decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been betrayed.” See employment of .this quotation in Valentini v. City of Adrian, 347 Mich 530, 547, 548.
“See. 22. No bill shall be passed or become a law at any regular ■session of the legislature until it has been printed and in the possession of each house for at least 5 days. No bill shall be passed at a special session of the legislature on any other subjects than those *558expressly stated in the governor’s proclamation or submitted by special message. No bill shall be altered or amended on its passage through either house so as to change its original purpose.” (Art 5, § 22, Const 1908.)
See quotations, infra, from People, ex rel. Bay City, v. State Treasurer, 23 Mich 499, and People v. Harding, 53 Mich 481.
“Finally, more or less in desperation as the session was drawing to a close, the house of representatives passed and sent to the senate *5602 income tax bills — one, the Christman bill [House Bill No 353], providing for a personal income tax of 1% on all individuals and corporations. The circumstances were such that the senate taxation committee, to whieh the house-passed bills were referred, was faced with the dilemma of reporting out an income tax bill in the form passed by the house or in an amended form whieh would be germane to one' of the house bills.
“The senate taxation committee was also faced with the problem of re-examining all possible methods of taxing the gross income or gross receipts of business, if an individual income tax were to be avoided — a result, incidentally, whieh was very much desired by legislators facing an election next year. The result was the business receipts tax which was passed as an amendment to the Christman bill imposing an income tax of 1% across the board.” (Gorniek, page 8,. publication cited infra.)
“See. 1. This act shall be known and may be cited as the ‘business profits and personal income tax aet.’ ” (Exhibit A, appendix.)
Donovan J. Rau, director of the specific tax on business income, Michigan department of revenue, writing in the June, 1954, publication of the American Woman’s Society of Certified Public Accountants, page 4.
Arnold J. Zureher, Jr., preface to “History of Value-Added Taxation”.
The Michigan Business Receipts Tax, address by Alan L. Goxnick, tax counsel Ford Motor Co., delivered University of Michigan Daw Institute July 30, 1953, page 12.
Peter A. Firmin, The Michigan Business Receipts Tax, pp 7, 8 (publication of the bureau of business research, School of Business Administration, University of Michigan).
Eirmin, same publication, p 10.
Eirmin, same publication, p 28.
The annual 1953 Law Institute, held in the Backham building, Ann Arbor, was devoted principally to consideration of various papers analyzing Michigan’s “new business receipts tax.” Professor Pierce, of the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School, having accepted the topie “Computation of the Tax Base: Intrastate Transactions,” opened his part of the discussion with these notes (p 7, “Syllabus of the Presentations at the Institute on the New Business Beeeipts Tax”):
“A. The business receipts tax is an additional tax on the privilege of engaging in business in Michigan.
“B. The tax is measured by adjusted receipts which may be compared roughly to net income plus payroll.
“C. The rate of the tax is 4 mills for all businesses other than public utilities for which the rate is 1 mill.”