delivered the opinion of the court:
This is a direct administrative review action in which a dentist seeks review of an order and decision of the Illinois Human Rights Commission (the Commission). The Commission found that the dentist violated the Illinois Human Rights Act (the Human Rights Act) (775 ILCS 5/1—101 et seq. (West 1996)) when he referred an HIV-positive patient (G.S.) to another facility for routine dental care. The Commission awarded the following: $48 in actual damages; $8,000 for emotional distress; $339,609 in attorney fees; and $8,146.32 for costs. The dentist (petitioner) petitioned this court for direct review and raises the following issues: (1) whether the Commission properly allowed G.S.’s estate to substitute for G.S. as complainant in the action following G.S.’s death; (2) whether a dental office is a place of public accommodation under the Human Rights Act; (3) whether petitioner discriminated against G.S. when he referred G.S. to another facility for routine dental care; (4) whether the charge was timely filed; (5) whether the awards for actual damages and emotional distress were proper; (6) whether petitioner was denied due process; and (7) whether the award of attorney fees was proper. We reach only issues (1), (2) and (4) and we reverse.
In September 1986, petitioner Karim Baksh, D.D.S., was in private practice of limited-general dentistry and provided regular examinations and teeth cleaning as well as doing crowns, caps, bridges, root canal work, and simple extractions. G.S. had been a regular patient of petitioner for over 10 years prior to September 1986. Since at least September 1986, G.S. had been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
G.S. filed a charge with the Department of Human Rights on March 20, 1987, and a complaint with the Commission on February 11, 1988, alleging that in September 1986 petitioner refused to treat him after being informed by him that he had tested positive for HIV and that petitioner’s actions in so refusing constituted illegal discrimination on the basis of handicap by a place of public accommodation under the Human Rights Act. On May 23, 1988, G.S. was granted leave to file an amended complaint. An evidentiary hearing was held before administrative law judge (ALJ) Patricia A. Patton, which began on October 30, 1989, and ended on November 2, 1989.
The following testimony, relevant for purposes of this opinion, was adduced at the hearing. G.S. testified that he telephoned petitioner on September 5, 1986, a few days before a scheduled appointment for routine dental cleaning and examination. G.S. told petitioner that he had a sore throat, which was probably due to a herpetic lesion on the uvula of his mouth and that he wanted to reschedule his September 9 appointment. During this call, G.S. also told petitioner that he was HIV positive but that there should be no difficulty providing him with care since Darla, one of petitioner’s hygienists, always wore gloves and a face mask. According to G.S., petitioner responded by saying that G.S. should reschedule his appointment when he felt better.
G.S. further testified that he next spoke with petitioner on September 22, 1986. G.S. telephoned petitioner in response to a message left by petitioner at G.S.’s place of business for S.B., G.S.’s live-in companion and business partner. During the call, petitioner asked him if S.B. was “safe to treat.” G.S. responded that petitioner would have to ask S.B. that question. G.S. stated that petitioner then told him that he could not treat him in his office anymore and that G.S. would have to go elsewhere. Petitioner told him there was a Peter “someone” at Northwestern University who could treat him. G.S. asked for this doctor’s telephone number but petitioner did not have it. G.S. later spoke with his doctor, Doctor Norman, who told G.S. he could see Dr. Peter Hurst at Northwestern. Subsequently, G.S. sent a letter to petitioner requesting that petitioner forward his dental records to Dr. Hurst. G.S. made an appointment at Northwestern and, on September 29, 1986, had his teeth cleaned and examined by Dr. John Davis.
Petitioner also testified at the hearing. Petitioner stated that during the first week of September 1986 he spoke with G.S. on the telephone. During this call, G.S. told petitioner that he would like to postpone his appointment because he had a herpetic lesion in his mouth. G.S. also told him that he had tested positive for HIV Petitioner transferred the call to the receptionist so that G.S. could make another appointment. After the call, petitioner spoke with Lynette Lueker, the dental hygienist scheduled to clean G.S.’s teeth, and told her that G.S. was HIV positive. Petitioner asked the hygienist how she felt about cleaning G.S.’s teeth. The hygienist responded that she did not know much about treating people with HIV and that she was reluctant to do so.
Petitioner further testified that he subsequently telephoned his friend, Dr. Akal, who was chairman of the Illinois State Dental Society Peer Review Committee, and asked his advice. Dr. Akal told petitioner he would call him back and did so later that same day. During the later telephone conversation, Dr. Akal told petitioner that there was a clinic at Northwestern University Dental School specially set up to treat patients with HIV and that Peter Hurst was the doctor in charge. According to petitioner, Dr. Akal suggested that petitioner refer G.S. to the clinic as it was only one block away from petitioner’s office.
Petitioner testified that he next spoke with G.S. on or before September 9, 1986, and told G.S. that the hygienist was reluctant to clean his teeth. He further told G.S. that he would like to refer him to a clinic at Northwestern University, which was specially set up to treat patients who had tested positive for HIV Petitioner told G.S. that Dr. Peter Hurst was in charge of the clinic and he gave G.S. the telephone number and directions. G.S. responded that he did not see any problem with being treated at petitioner’s office since Darla, the hygienist who treats him, always wears gloves and a mask and that all they would have to do is wipe the instruments with Clorox. Petitioner told G.S. that Darla would be out of town. Petitioner also told G.S. that he did not know much about the virus and that he felt it would be safer for G.S. to receive treatment at the clinic as it is more knowledgeable than petitioner. Petitioner later received a letter from G.S. requesting that his X rays be sent to Northwestern University.
Petitioner further testified that he next spoke with G.S. on September 22, 1986. Petitioner’s office had called S.B.’s place of business to confirm S.B.’s appointment for the next day. G.S. asked to speak with petitioner, believing that petitioner was calling to cancel S.B.’s appointment.
A little more than two years after the hearing in February 1992, ALJ Patton died prior to issuing a decision. On August 20, 1992, a supplemental hearing was held before Chief Judge Jane Bularzik and additional testimony was provided. By agreement of the parties, the factual record from both hearings was submitted to Chief Judge Bularzik. On July 8, 1994, Chief Judge Bularzik issued her recommended liability determination, recommending $48 in actual damages and $8,000 in emotional damages. On August 3, 1995, Chief Judge Bularzik issued her recommended order and decision on attorney fees and costs suggesting an award of $347,755.32 in fees and costs. G.S. died on October 28, 1995. The estate of G.S., by its executor, S.A.B. (respondent), was substituted as complainant by order of the Commission on February 6, 1996. On June 27, 1996, the Commission issued its order and decision affirming Chief Judge Bularzik’s determinations. On September 6, 1996, the Commission denied petitioner’s petition for rehearing and he now appeals.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
It is well established that when reviewing a decision of an administrative agency “[t]he findings and conclusions of the administrative agency on questions of fact shall be held to be prima facie true and correct.” 735 ILCS 5/3—110 (West 1994). We must sustain the Commission’s findings of fact unless we determine that such findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Zaderaka v. Illinois Human Rights Comm’n, 131 Ill. 2d 172, 180 (1989). We are not bound, however, to give similar deference to the Commission’s conclusions of law or statutory construction because this court exercises independent review over such questions. Raintree Health Care Center v. Illinois Human Rights Comm’n, 173 Ill. 2d 469 (1996). Because the construction of a statute is a question of law, the standard of review on this issue is de novo. Lucas v. Lakin, 175 Ill. 2d 166, 171 (1997).
II. SURVIVABILITY OF CLAIM
G.S. died on October 28, 1995, before the Commission issued its order and decision on June 27, 1996. Petitioner argues that, as a result, G.S.’s cause of action has abated.
The Commission’s procedural rules explicitly provide that, “[i]f a Party to a Complaint dies, the proper Party or Parties may be substituted upon motion.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code § 5300.660(b) (1996). The definition section explains that “[t]he term ‘Party’ shall refer to a Person designated as Complainant or Respondent in a Charge or Complaint.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code § 5300.10 (1996). In the instant case, the Commission noted that “[i]t is clear that the complainant’s estate can be substituted for the complainant upon his death, [for such substitution] is provided for in the Commission’s rules and has been a practice of this Commission.”
Nevertheless, petitioner argues that the statutory cause of action for the alleged violation of the Human Rights Act does not survive the death of G.S. because no specific provision for such survival is provided in the Illinois Survival Act (the Survival Act) (755 ILCS 5/27—6 (West 1992)).
While the Human Rights Act may not provide for the survival of G.S.’s cause of action upon his death, “[i]t is well established that the Illinois survival statute allows a decedent’s representative to maintain those common law or statutory actions which had already accrued to the decedent prior to his death. [Citations.]” Wasleff v. Dever, 194 Ill. App. 3d 147, 152 (1990). The Survival Act provides in pertinent part:
“In addition to the actions which survive by the common law, the following also survive: *** actions to recover damages for an injury to real or personal property ***.” 755 ILCS 5/27—6 (West 1992).
Illinois courts have repeatedly held that the term “personal property” as used in the Survival Act includes intangible property, such as rights of action under statutes or the common law that had accrued prior to the decedent’s death. See McDaniel v. Bullard, 34 Ill. 2d 487 (1966); Stonestreet v. Iroquois County Sheriff’s Merit Comm’n, 150 Ill. App. 3d 1092 (1986); Bryant v. Kroger Co., 212 Ill. App. 3d 335 (1991).
In the instant case, petitioner argues that G.S.’s action did not accrue prior to his death because the Commission’s order and decision was not entered until eight months after G.S.’s death. Petitioner asserts that G.S. was not entitled to any damages as of the date of his death. To counter this argument, respondents assert that G.S.’s cause of action for compensatory damages accrued in September 1986 when petitioner unlawfully discriminated against G.S. We agree with respondents.
Respondents rely, in part, on three cases in which causes of action survived. First, in McDaniel v. Bullard, 34 Ill. 2d 487 (1966), the Illinois Supreme Court considered the issue of whether a statutory cause of action under the Wrongful Death Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1963, ch. 70, par. 1) survived the death of the plaintiff, a child whose parents had been killed in a car accident, which occurred after the complaint had been filed. The court held that the action was personal property under the Survival Act and survived the death of the child. McDaniel, 34 Ill. 2d at 491.
Second, respondents rely on Stonestreet v. Iroquois County Sheriff’s Merit Comm’n, 150 Ill. App. 3d 1092 (1986), in which the third district cited McDaniel with approval and held that a suit by a police officer challenging his discharge by the sheriff and county commission accrued to the deputy sheriff prior to his death and constituted personal property under the Survival Act; thus, it survived his death.
Third, respondents rely on Bryant v. Kroger Co., 212 Ill. App. 3d 335 (1991), in which the court held that a husband’s cause of action for loss of consortium resulting from injuries sustained by his wife survived the husband’s death. The court found that the husband’s claim for loss of consortium is personal property within the meaning of the Survival Act and, therefore, did not abate at his death. Bryant, 212 Ill. App. 3d 335.
We note as well that the Illinois Supreme Court has repeatedly and explicitly disapproved of the rule of abatement. Murphy v. Martin Oil Co., 56 Ill. 2d 423 (1974); McDaniel v. Bullard, 34 Ill. 2d 487 (1966); see also Bryant v. Kroger Co., 212 Ill. App. 3d 335 (1991) (discussing Illinois Supreme Court’s disapproval of rule of abatement).
Based on the above, we find that G.S.’s cause of action for compensatory damages under the Human Rights Act accrued in September 1986 when the alleged discrimination occurred and that G.S.’s cause of action constitutes “personal property” under the Survival Act. Thus, G.S.’s cause of action survives his death and the substitution of the estate was proper.
We also reject petitioner’s assertion that the Act is penal, as opposed to remedial, in nature and therefore G.S.’s cause of action does not survive. Both this court and the Illinois Supreme Court have described the Act as remedial. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 508 v. Human Rights Comm’n, 88 Ill. 2d 22 (1981); Tandy Corp. v. Human Rights Comm’n, 264 Ill. App. 3d 828 (1994).
III. TIMELY FILING OF CHARGE
In Illinois, a Human Rights Act violation charge must be filed within 180 days after it was allegedly committed. 775 ILCS 5/7A—102(A)(1) (West 1992). Respondents assert that G.S. was refused treatment on September 22, 1986, and G.S. filed his complaint on March 20, 1987, 179 days after September 22, 1986. Petitioner asserts that he referred G.S. on or before September 9, 1986, and therefore, the complaint was filed more than 180 days after the alleged violation and is not timely.
G.S. testified that the telephone call occurred on September 22, 1986, and he explained why the telephone call had such a substantial impact on him and why he remembered it so clearly. The record also contains letters written by G.S., which confirmed the September 22, 1986, date.
This court may not determine the credibility of the witnesses or resolve conflicting evidence. Zaderaka v. Illinois Human Rights Comm’n, 131 Ill. 2d 172 (1989). There is substantial evidence in the record supporting the Commission’s finding that the alleged discriminatory act occurred on September 22, 1986; therefore, we find that the Commission’s finding that the complaint was timely filed was proper.
IV PLACE OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION
Finally, the critical issue raised by the parties is whether a dental office is a “place of public accommodation” under the Human Rights Act. This is an issue of first impression in the reviewing courts of Illinois.
The Human Rights Act provides:
“It is a civil rights violation for any person on the basis of unlawful discrimination to:
(A) *** Deny or refuse to another the full and equal enjoyment of the facilities and services of any public place of accommodation.” 775 ILCS 5/5—102(a) (West 1992).
The Act’s definition of “place of public accommodation,” in its entirety, is as follows:
“(1) Place of public accommodation means a business, accommodation, refreshment, entertainment, recreation, or transportation facility of any kind, whether licensed or not, whose goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages or accommodations are extended, offered, sold, or otherwise made available to the public.
(2) By way of example, but not of limitation, place of public accommodation includes facilities of the following types: inns, restaurants, eating houses, hotels, soda fountains, soft drink parlors, taverns, roadhouses, barber shops, department stores, clothing stores, hat stores, shoe stores, bathrooms, restrooms, theatres, skating rinks, public golf courses, public golf driving ranges, concerts, cafes, bicycle rinks, elevators, ice cream parlors or rooms, railroads, omnibuses, busses, stages, airplanes, street cars, boats, funeral hearses, crematories, cemeteries, and public conveyances on land, water, or air, pubbc swimming pools and other places of pubbc accommodation and amusement.” 775 ILCS 5/5—101(A) (West 1992).
A dental office is not specifically enumerated as a “place of public accommodation” under the Human Rights Act; therefore, we must necessarily determine whether a dental office falls within the broad statutory definition of that term. In so doing:
“[W]e must focus on the language of the statute itself. [Citation.] Legislative intent is the controlbng inquiry in construing a statute, and the statutory language is the best indication of that intent. [Citation.] Statutory provisions must be read as a whole, and no word or paragraph should be interpreted so as to be rendered meaningless.” Boaden v. Department of Law Enforcement, 267 Ill. App. 3d 645, 651 (1994), affd, 171 Ill. 2d 230 (1996).
Respondents argue that a dental office falls under the plain language and broad definition of “public accommodation” found in subsection (A)(1) of the Human Rights Act (775 ILCS 5/5—101(A) (West 1992)), which provides that a “place of pubbc accommodation” includes a “business *** facility of any kind.” However, an interpretation of the phrase “business *** facility of any kind” as broad as respondents urge would render the Human Rights Act’s definition of “place of public accommodation” and the accompanying examples found in subsection (A)(2) surplusage. Had the legislature intended such an all-encompassing definition of a “place of pubbc accommodation” the definition would simply read “a ‘place of public accommodation’ is a business facility of any kind.” See, e.g., Isbister v. Boys’ Club of Santa Cruz, Inc., 40 Cal. 3d 72, 78-79, 707 E2d 212, 215-16, 219 Cal. Rptr. 150, 153-54 (1985). The words and structure of the statute indicate some limitation as to the type of “business” intended for inclusion and are not so broad as to automatically include every conceivable interpretation of a “business.” Thus, a dental office does not fall per se under the plain language of subsection (A)(1) of the Human Rights Act as a “business *** facility of any kind” and our analysis turns to further judicial interpretation of the statute.
The Illinois Supreme Court has addressed this section of the Human Rights Act in Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois University v. Department of Human Rights, 159 Ill. 2d 206, 211 (1994) (SIU). There, in determining whether an academic program in a public institution is a “place of pubbc accommodation,” the supreme court interpreted the phrase “other places of public accommodation and amusement” in subsection (A)(2) (775 ILCS 5/1—101(A)(2) (West 1992)) and directed that it be construed under the doctrine of ejusdem generis. The doctrine of ejusdem generis provides:
“[W]hen a statute lists several classes of persons or things but provides that the list is not exhaustive, the class of unarticulated persons or things will be interpreted as those ‘others such like’ the named persons or things.” SIU, 159 Ill. 2d at 211.
Of significance, the supreme court did not focus upon the undisputedly public character of the academic endeavor, in a state-funded university, but focused upon the nature of the activity itself, education, and whether education was similar to the activities enumerated in the statute. It concluded it was not. In holding that an academic program in a public institution is not a “place of public accommodation,” the admittedly divided court stated:
“The cited establishments are examples of facilities for overnight accommodations, entertainment, recreation or transportation. *** Thus, what was anticipated by the General Assembly is a restaurant, or a pub, or a bookstore.” 159 Ill. 2d at 212.
Still, respondents urge that the Human Rights Act is a remedial statute to be interpreted broadly to effectuate its purpose and favors inclusion of a dental office as a “business *** facility of any kind.” Respondents, by their argument, urge our focus solely on a dental office as a “business *** facility of any kind” and appear to abandon the other definitions of “accommodation, refreshment, entertainment, recreation, or transportation facility of any kind.” Thus, our analysis, pursuant to the directive of the supreme court, concerns the nature of dental services, whether they are similar to the activities enumerated in the Human Rights Act and whether a dental office is a “business.”
The nature of medical and legal services and whether those services and their distribution constitute “trade” and “commerce” has already been considered by Illinois courts in addressing another remedial statute, the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 1994)). The Consumer Fraud Act, its definitions and judicial interpretations are instructive.
First, we note that the Consumer Fraud Act and the Human Rights Act are both remedial. The purpose of the Consumer Fraud Act is “to protect consumers, borrowers and businessmen against fraud and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce.” Lyne v. Arthur Anderson & Co., 772 F. Supp. 1064, 1068 (N.D. Ill. 1991). Second, we note that the Consumer Fraud Act and the Human Rights Act both have definitions of “trade” “commerce” or “business.” The statutory definitions of “trade” and “commerce” in the Consumer Fraud Act are the:
“advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any services and any property, tangible or intangible, real, personal or mixed, and any other article, commodity, or thing of value wherever situated, and shall include trade or commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of this State.” 815 ILCS 505/1(f) (West 1994).
The definitions in the Consumer Fraud Act are broad, perhaps broader than those in the Human Rights Act, and assuming respondents’ argument, dental services could be subject to the “sale *** of any services” under the Consumer Fraud Act. However, Illinois courts have interpreted the definitions of the Consumer Fraud Act to exclude medical services and legal services.
In Feldstein v. Guinan, 148 Ill. App. 3d 610 (1986), we held that the practice of medicine is not an ordinary commercial enterprise and the Consumer Fraud Act does not apply to the practice of medicine. In so holding, we relied on Frahm v. Urkovich, 113 Ill. App. 3d 580 (1983), in which we ruled that the actual practice of law was too distinct from commercial practices to be covered by the Consumer Fraud Act.
In Godson v. Newman, 807 F. Supp. 1412 (C.D. Ill. 1992), the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois noted that there are significant differences between the medical profession and other service industries and that nonbusiness aspects of the medical profession are excluded from the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. Godson, 807 F. Supp. at 1415. The district court found that the contract at issue was a business contract between a physician and a hospital and, thus, distinct from the practice of medicine.
Similarly, in Doe v. Northwestern University, 289 Ill. App. 3d 39 (1997), we affirmed the dismissal of a Consumer Fraud Act claim against a dental school and a dental student by relying on Frahm and Feldstein and held that “the provision of dental services for educational purposes does not constitute trade or commerce within the meaning of [the Consumer Fraud] Act.” Doe, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 45. The supreme court affirmed the dismissal on other grounds without reaching the Consumer Fraud Act issue. Majca v. Beekil, 183 Ill. 2d 407 (1998).
Finally and importantly, in Cripe v. Leiter, 184 Ill. 2d 185 (1998), the supreme court held that the Consumer Fraud Act does not apply to legal services or the billing of those services. Plaintiff sued an attorney and professional corporation under the Consumer Fraud Act for deceptive billing practices. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss the Consumer Fraud Act claim. The Third District Appellate Court, citing Gadson and Frahm, found that the Consumer Fraud Act, although not applicable to the actual practice of law, is applicable to the “commercial aspects” of a law practice, including billing for legal services and reversed the trial court. Cripe v. Letter, 291 Ill. App. 3d at 163. However, the Illinois Supreme Court found that although the “Consumer Fraud Act *** contains no language expressly excluding or including the legal profession within its ambit” (Cripe v. Letter, 184 Ill. 2d at 195), “the legislature did not intend the Consumer Fraud Act to apply to regulate the conduct of attorneys representing clients” (Cripe v. Letter, 184 Ill. 2d at 199), and affirmed the trial court.
Each of these cases focused on the nature of medical, legal or dental services and whether they are a “trade,” “commerce” or a “business” and each case concluded that the legislature did not intend medical, legal or dental services to be included in the broad definitions of the Consumer Fraud Act.
Thus, we conclude that the legislature did not intend to include a dental office as a “place of public accommodation” as that term is defined in the Illinois Human Rights Act. We conclude this based upon the supreme court’s directive to employ the doctrine of ejusdem generis in interpreting this section of the Human Rights Act, upon its holding that the legislative enumeration in section 5—101(A)(2) of the Human Rights Act anticipated a restaurant, pub, or a bookstore, which are obviously not similar to a dental office, and, further, upon judicial interpretations of a similar and arguably broader remedial statute, the Consumer Fraud Act, holding that medical, legal and dental services are not “trade” or “commerce,” words similar to “business” in the Human Rights Act.
V CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we reverse the order and decision of the Commission and need not consider petitioner’s other arguments.
Reversed.
O’BRIEN, J., concurs.