Opinion
NORCOTT, J.The sole issue in this appeal is whether vehicle registration renewal fees (renewal fees) paid directly to the department of motor vehicles (department) by lessees under motor vehicle lease agreements (leases) qualify as the lessor’s “gross receipts” pursuant to General Statutes § 12-407 (a) (9) (A),1 rendering them subject to sales tax under General Statutes § 12-408 (l).2 The plaintiff, HVT, Inc., appeals3 from the summary judgment rendered by the trial court partially in favor of the defendant, Pamela Law, the then commissioner of revenue services, in the plaintiffs tax appeal chai-*626lenging the defendant’s assessment of a sales and use tax against the plaintiff for the audit period from April 1, 2001, through October 31, 2004 (audit period). Because we conclude that the renewal fees paid by the lessees qualify as the plaintiffs gross receipts subject to sales tax under § 12-408 (1), we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The record and the parties’ joint stipulation of facts reveal the following relevant facts and procedural history. The plaintiff is a Delaware corporation and a trustee of the Honda Lease Trust (trust), a Delaware business trust. American Honda Finance Corporation (American Honda), a California corporation, is the ser-vicer of the trust. During the audit period, Connecticut Honda and Acura dealerships (dealerships) entered into approximately 10,000 to 15,000 leases with customers (lessees) pursuant to lease plan agreements between the dealerships, the trust and American Honda. The dealerships, acting under a restricted power of attorney issued by either the plaintiff or the trust, also applied for and obtained from the department original certificates of title and registrations for the leased vehicles in the name of the plaintiff or the trust. Once the dealerships had complied with the terms of the lease plan agreements, the trust assumed and maintained ownership over the leased vehicles and the leases for the duration of the lease terms.
Under the leases, the lessees were responsible for submitting the vehicle registration renewal application (renewal application) and renewal fees to the department on behalf of the trust.4 The department would *627first send to the trust the renewal application, which would then be signed on behalf of the trust. The trust then forwarded the signed renewal application to the lessee, with a request to return the renewal application along with the renewal fee to the department. Upon receipt of the renewal application and the renewal fee, the department sent the vehicle registration card to the trust. The trust then forwarded the vehicle registration card to the appropriate lessee.5
On March 21, 2006, after conducting a sales and use tax audit of the trust for the audit period, during which the defendant concluded that the renewal fees constituted taxable gross receipts of the trust pursuant to § 12-407 (a) (9) (A), she issued a deficiency assessment against the plaintiff in the amount of $124,685.55.6 On behalf of the trust, the plaintiff subsequently protested the tax assessment by filing a petition for reassessment. The defendant issued a final determination upholding the assessment.
Thereafter, the plaintiff appealed from the deficiency assessment to the trial court, pursuant to General Statutes § 12-422, claiming that the renewal fees did not qualify as gross receipts under § 12-407 (a) (9) (A) in accordance with this court’s decision in AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, 221 Conn. 751, 607 A.2d 410 (1992). On the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment, the trial court rendered judgment in part for the defendant, concluding that the terms of the lease agreement established that the renewal fees paid by the lessees “are *628part of the gross receipts attributable to the lease and are therefore subject to the sales tax.”7 This appeal followed.8
On appeal, the plaintiff claims that the trial court improperly concluded that renewal fees paid to the department are taxable as part of its gross receipts. Primarily, the plaintiff argues that the lessees’ payment of renewal fees are expenses incidental to the lease agreement and do not qualify as gross receipts under AirKaman, Inc. The plaintiff also argues that: (1) whether the legal obligation to pay renewal fees belongs to the plaintiff or the lessees is irrelevant; (2) the trial court improperly reached its conclusion by interpreting the leases; and (3) this court should follow the legislative and administrative positions of other jurisdictions that have concluded that similar fees are not taxable. The defendant contends in response that: (1) renewal fees paid to the department by lessees are taxable gross receipts; (2) the trial court properly reached its conclusion through its interpretation of and rebanee on the leases; (3) AirKaman, Inc., is inapposite; and (4) the statutory and administrative laws of other states have no bearing here. We agree with the defendant and conclude that renewal fees paid to the department by lessees are taxable gross receipts.
As a preliminary matter, we set forth the applicable standard of review and controlling principles. First, we *629note that the parties have stipulated to all material facts on their cross motions for summary judgment, and, thus, only questions of law remain for us to decide. Specifically, whether renewal fees paid to the department by lessees qualify as the plaintiff’s “gross receipts” pursuant to § 12-407 (a) (9) (A) is a question of statutory interpretation, over which we exercise plenary review in accordance with well established principles set forth in General Statutes § l-2z. See, e.g., Key Air, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 294 Conn. 225,232, 983 A.2d 1 (2009). “[W]e are also guided by the applicable rules of statutory construction specifically associated with the interpretation of tax statutes. . . . [W]hen the issue is the imposition of a tax, rather than a claimed right to an exemption or a deduction, the governing authorities must be strictly construed against the commissioner [of revenue services] and in favor of the taxpayer.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 233.
We begin our analysis with the text of § 12-407 (a) (9) (A) and its statutoiy context. Section 12-407 (a) (9) (A) defines “ ‘[g]ross receipts’ ” in relevant part as “the total amount of payment or periodic payments from leases or rentals of tangible personal property by a retailer, valued in money, whether received in money or otherwise, which amount is due and owing to the retailer or operator and . . . whether or not actually received by the retailer or operator, without any deduction on account of . . . (ii) the cost of the materials used, labor or service cost, interest paid, losses or any other expense . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Gross receipts, in turn, are taxed under § 12-408, the sales tax statute, which provides in relevant part: “(1) For the privilege of making any sales, as defined in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, at retail, in this state for a consideration, a tax is hereby imposed on all retailers at the rate of six per cent of the gross *630receipts of any retailer from the sale of all tangible personal property sold at retail . . . (Emphasis added.) Finally, we note that the plaintiff does not claim that any of the exemptions provided for by General Statutes § 12-412, the tax exemption statute, apply to renewal fees.
On the basis of the plain language of the statute, we conclude that renewal fees paid by lessees directly to the department are gross receipts as defined by § 12-407 (a) (9) (A). First, it is undisputed that the transactions between the plaintiff and the lessees, namely, the leasing of motor vehicles, constitute “sale[s].” See General Statutes § 12-407 (a) (2) (“ ‘[s]ale’ and ‘selling’ mean and include . . . [J] [t]he leasing or rental of tangible personal property of any kind whatsoever, including . . . motor vehicles”). Second, as a direct consequence of the sale, any gross receipts the plaintiff received because of its transactions with the lessees were subject to sales tax pursuant to § 12-408 (1). Third, whether the plaintiff actually received the renewal fees is irrelevant because, under § 12-407 (a) (9) (A), the retailer need not “actually [receive]” the payments for them to be considered gross receipts. Finally, the definition of gross receipts provides that there can be no deduction for “any other expense” from the “payment or periodic payments from leases . . . .” General Statutes § 12-407 (a) (9) (A). In the absence of a specific exemption; see, e.g., General Statutes § 12-412 (49)9 (exempting from *631taxable gross receipts lessees’ property tax payment to lessor); the renewal fees necessarily are included in the plaintiffs gross receipts.10 See, e.g., Jones v. Crystal, 47 Conn. App. 694, 697, 707 A.2d 318 (“[i]n Connecticut, sales tax is imposed on the sale of all tangible personal property unless specifically exempted”), cert. denied, 244 Conn. 934, 717 A.2d 232 (1998).11
This conclusion is further supported by Connecticut statutory law that places a preexisting — and continuing — legal obligation solely on the plaintiff to register and reregister its leased motor vehicles, making that activity integral to the business transaction. As an initial matter, it is undisputed that it is the responsibility of the plaintiff, and lessors in general, to register leased motor vehicles in the first instance. Pursuant to General Statutes § 14-15a (a),12 leased motor vehicles “shall be *632registered in this state in accordance with the provisions of section 14-12. ...” In turn, General Statutes § 14-12 (b)13 provides in relevant part that, “[t]o obtain a motor vehicle registration, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the owner shall file in the *633office of the commissioner [of motor vehicles] an application signed by him and containing such information and proof of ownership as the commissioner may require.” (Emphasis added.) Indeed, the parties have stipulated that the dealerships, acting on behalf of the plaintiff and the trust, applied, paid for and obtained from the department registrations for the leased vehicles in the name of the plaintiff or the trust.14
With respect to registration renewal, the legislature has likewise placed that responsibility solely on the lessor or owner of the vehicle. Section 14-12 (a) provides that “[n]o motor vehicle shall be operated or towed on any highway, except as otherwise expressly provided, unless it is registered with the commissioner [of motor vehicles] .... If the owner of a motor vehicle previously registered on an annual or biennial basis, the registration of which expired not more than thirty days previously, operates or allows the operation of such a motor vehicle, he shall be fined the amount designated for the infraction of failure to renew a registration . ... No operator other than the owner shall be subject to penalty for the operation of such a previously registered motor vehicle. . . .” (Emphasis added.) Consistent with this responsibility is General Statutes § 14-48d,15 which provides that the department *634may issue to lessors a registration “for a period not to exceed five years, to coincide with the term[s] of [a] lease agreement. ...” If used, the lease term registration, procured by the lessor pursuant to § 14-15a at the time that the lease agreement is signed, in effect eliminates the lessees’ involvement in registration renewal and again makes the lessor solely responsible for keeping the vehicle registered.
The plaintiff argues that the payment of renewal fees is a shared legal obligation and should be treated similar to other shared legal obligations. The plaintiff relies on General Statutes § 14-107 (a),16 which identifies numerous statutory provisions, under which “[t]he owner, operator or lessee of any motor vehicle may be prosecuted jointly or individually . . . .” Noticeably absent, however, from this itemized list of shared liability is § 14-12, the provision penalizing the operation of a motor vehicle whose registration has expired. Indeed, § 14-12 (a) expressly provides in relevant part that “[n]o operator other than the owner shall be subject to penalty for the operation of such a previously registered motor vehicle. . . .” If the legislature had intended to make both lessor and lessee hable for the operation of a motor vehicle whose registration had expired, it could *635have done so expressly in § 14-107.17 Accordingly, because the legal obligation to register and reregister the leased motor vehicles lies solely with the plaintiff, and the lessees’ payment of the renewal fees to the department, pursuant to the lease agreement, relieves the plaintiff of that obligation and thus provides it with a financial benefit, that benefit must be considered part of its gross receipts.
The plaintiff argues, however, that our decision in AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, supra, 221 Conn. 751, con*636trols the outcome of this case. We disagree. The plaintiffs retention of sole statutory responsibility for renewing the leased vehicle registration and paying renewal fees distinguishes this case from AirKaman, Inc. In AirKaman, Inc., Uniroyal, Inc. (Uniroyal) had entered into a twenty year lease with the state of Connecticut (state) to manage fixed base operations at Oxford Airport. Id., 763. Subsequently, Uniroyal subleased that contract to the plaintiffs, AirKaman, Inc. (AirKaman) and Combs Gate Bradley, Inc. (Combs Gate).18 Id. Uniroyal compensated both AirKaman and Combs Gate with a weekly payment and a percentage of net income generated (management fee) and reimbursed each for, inter alia, “payroll and payroll expenses,” in accordance with their respective subleases. Id., 753-64. We rejected the claim of the defendant commissioner of revenue services that the reimbursements for payroll and payroll expenses were taxable as gross receipts, reasoning that “[t]he notion that reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenditures could constitute a consideration for services rendered is contrary to the concept of payment or recompense.”19 Id., 764. We further noted that both AirKaman and Combs Gate “acted as a mere conduit for Uniroyal with respect to operational expenses and realized no recompense for its services simply by being reimbursed by Uniroyal for its outlay.” Id.
Of critical importance in AirKaman, Inc., was the preexisting contractual obligation of Uniroyal, the customer in the business transaction with AirKaman and Combs Gate, to the state to provide fixed base operation services, which included the payment of payroll and *637payroll expenses. Id., 763, 762-65. We noted on multiple occasions that AirKaman and Combs Gate were paying those expenses “on behalf of Uniroyal,” underscoring the importance of Uniroyal’s preexisting contractual obligation to the state. Id., 763-64. Indeed, we stated that “[t]he lease agreements between Uniroyal and [both AirKaman and Combs Gate] disclose arrangements whereby each plaintiff essentially undertook to act as Uniroyal’s agent by managing the fixed base operation, which included collecting revenue and paying expenses on behalf of Uniroyal.” (Emphasis added.) Id., 763. AirKaman, Inc., thus stands for the proposition that a preexisting financial obligation of the customer cannot later be parlayed into the retailer’s taxable gross receipts if the retailer first satisfies the obligation and is later reimbursed by the customer.20
*638In contrast, here, it is undisputed that the lessees, as customers, did not have a preexisting contractual or Statutory obligation to pay the renewal fees to the department before the lessees entered into their leases; as discussed previously, that obligation belongs solely to the lessor, as the retailer and vehicle owner. Because the original obligation to pay the renewal fees belonged to and remained with the plaintiff, the lessees’ payment of those fees to the department, and, in some cases, to the plaintiff, cannot qualify as reimbursements to the plaintiff excluded from taxation under AirKaman, Inc.
The plaintiff also discusses the laws and regulations of other states that have expressly excluded from gross receipts registration fees similar to those at issue in this case.21 Although we acknowledge that the position taken by these jurisdictions might well be the better approach, we agree with the defendant that these statutes and regulations support our conclusion that any *639such exemption is outside the province of the judiciary and must be provided for by the legislature. “[T]he task of changing the law lies with the legislature, not the judiciary.” Director of Health Affairs Policy Planning v. Freedom of Information Commission, 293 Conn. 164, 182, 977 A.2d 148 (2009).
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion PALMER, ZARELLA, McLACHLAN and VERTEFEUILLE, Js., concurred.General Statutes § 12-407 (a) (9) (A) provides in relevant part: “ ‘Gross receipts’ means ... the total amount of payment or periodic payments from leases or rentals of tangible personal property by a retailer . . . without any deduction on account of . . . (ii) the cost of the materials used, labor or service cost, interest paid, losses or any other expense . . . .”
General Statutes § 12-408 (1) provides in relevant part: “For the privilege of maldng any sales, as defined in subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of section 12-407, at retail, in this state for a consideration, a tax is hereby imposed on all retailers at the rate of six per cent of the gross receipts of any retailer from the sale of all tangible personal property sold at retail . . . .”
The plaintiff appealed from the judgment of the trial court to the Appellate Court, and we transferred the appeal to this court pursuant to General Statutes § 51-199 (c) and Practice Book § 65-1.
The relevant provision of the standard lease between the plaintiff and the lessees stated: “REGISTRATION: I will register the [v]ehicle, as required at the state where the [v]ehicle is garaged and pay for all license, title and registration costs. If I move or change the [v]ehicle’s garaging address, I will notify [American Honda] immediately and pay for all resulting taxes and title, registration or other fees.”
In limited circumstances, the trust would complete the renewal application and remit the renewal fee to the department, such as when the renewal application would not have been received by the appropriate lessee before the registration had expired, or when the trust had repossessed the leased vehicle. In these situations, the trust would then bill the lessee for the renewal fee.
The total deficiency assessment included $13,391.10 in penalties and $22,021.17 in interest.
The trial court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff with respect to the 15 percent penalty assessed by the defendant. That judgment is not at issue in this appeal.
The plaintiff subsequently filed a motion for articulation, which the trial court granted. In its motion, the plaintiff requested that the trial court clarify who was statutorily obligated to pay the renewal fees and rule on the applicability of Geckle v. Dubno, 2 Conn. App. 303, 478 A.2d 263 (1984), and AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, supra, 221 Conn. 751. The trial court relied on its memorandum of decision in its response. Although the Appellate Court granted the plaintiffs subsequent motion for review of the articulation, it declined to direct the trial court to provide further articulation. ■
General Statutes § 12-412 provides in relevant part: “Taxes imposed by this chapter shall not apply to the gross receipts from the sale of and the storage, use or other consumption in this state with respect to the following items . . .
“(49) Any payment made by a lessee of a motor vehicle to a lessor for the purpose of paying the property taxes on any such vehicle under a lease which is otherwise subject to the taxes imposed by this chapter if such lease requires the lessee to pay such property taxes and if a separate statement of the amount of any such property tax payment is contained in such lease or in any bill rendered pursuant to such lease. ...”
The defendant relies on Geckle v. Dubno, 2 Conn. App. 303, 308, 478 A.2d 263 (1984), for the proposition that a lessor’s statutory obligation to pay renewal fees mandates the inclusion of a lessee’s payment of those fees in the lessor’s gross receipts. In Geckle, the Appellate Court concluded that the sales tax applied to a “dollar-for-dollar reimbursement by a lessee to a lessor of ad valorem personal property taxes assessed against and paid by the lessor.” Id., 303-304. The court reasoned that the lessees’ payments were part of the lessor’s “payment or periodic payments received” because it was statutorily obligated to pay personal property taxes on the leased motor vehicles. Id., 308. Although the General Assembly subsequently amended § 12-412 to provide for an exemption for personal property taxes paid under motor vehicle leases; see Public Acts 1986, No. 86436, § 1; we note that the Appellate Court’s reasoning in Geckle is consistent with our opinion in the present case.
The dissent contends that the statutory requirement that the payments are “ ‘due and owing to the retailer’ ” precludes the renewal payments at issue here from inclusion in the retailer’s taxable gross receipts. The dissent reasons that the lessees’ payment of the renewal fees directly to the department extends those payments beyond the scope of § 12407. We disagree. Given the absence of a specific challenge raised by the plaintiff to this particular provision, we simply note that the language of the lease agreement, that the lessee will “register the [v]ehicle . . . and pay for all license, title and registration costs,” though ambiguous, contractually binds the lessee to the lessor for payment of the renewal fees, which would appear to render them “due and owing” under the plain language of the statute.
General Statutes § 14-15a (a) provides: “Each passenger motor vehicle, as defined in section 14-1, which is leased or rented for a period of more *632than thirty days in a calendar year primarily for use in this state shall be registered in this state in accordance with the provisions of section 14-12. For the purpose of this section, such period shall include all times during which such vehicle may be absent from the state while being used on a daily round-trip basis.”
General Statutes § 14-12 provides in relevant part: “(a) No motor vehicle shall be operated or towed on any highway, except as otherwise expressly provided, unless it is registered with the commissioner [of motor vehicles], provided any motor vehicle may be towed for repairs or necessary work if it bears the markers of a licensed and registered dealer, manufacturer or repairer and provided any motor vehicle which is validly registered in another state may, for a period of sixty days following establishment by the owner of residence in this state, be operated on any highway without first being registered with the commissioner. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection (1) a person commits an infraction if he registers a motor vehicle he does not own or if he operates, or allows the operation of, an unregistered motor vehicle on a public highway or (2) a resident of this state who operates a motor vehicle he owns with marker plates issued by another state shall be fined not less than one hundred fifty dollars nor more than three hundred dollars. If the owner of a motor vehicle previously registered on an annual or biennial basis, the registration of which expired not more than thirty days previously, operates or allows the operation of such a motor vehicle, he shall be fined the amount designated for the infraction of failure to renew a registration, but his right to retain his operator’s license shall not be affected. No operator other than the owner shall be subject to penalty for the operation of such a previously registered motor vehicle. As used in this subsection, the term ‘unregistered motor vehicle’ includes any vehicle that is not eligible for registration by the commissioner due to the absence of necessary equipment or other characteristics of the vehicle that make it unsuitable for highway operation, unless the operation of such vehicle is expressly permitted by another provision of this chapter or chapter 248.
“(b) To obtain a motor vehicle registration, except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the owner shall file in the office of the commissioner an application signed by him and containing such information and proof of ownership as the commissioner may require. The application shall be made on blanks furnished by the commissioner. The blanks shall be in such form and contain such provisions and information as the commissioner may determine. ...” (Emphasis added.)
Although the question of whether the initial registration fees are subject to sales tax as gross receipts is not at issue in this appeal, we note that the majority of dealerships reviewed during the tax audit did apply the sales tax to the initial registration fee. This practice was consistent with the defendant’s policy statement on the issue. See Department of Revenue Services, Policy Statement, “Sales and Use Tax Trade-In Allowance and Other Procedures in Connection with Lease of Motor Vehicles,” PS 96 (10) (1997) (“[cjharges made by a lessor to a lessee for reimbursement of the lessor’s title and registration costs are taxable, because it is the lessor as owner of the vehicle, and not the lessee, that is legally responsible for titling and registering the vehicle”), available at http://www.ct.gov/drs/cwp/view.asp7as 1511&q=267302 (last visited April 7, 2011).
General Statutes § 14-48d provides: “Notwithstanding the provisions of section 14-22 and subsection (a) of section 14-49 concerning the biennial period for the registration of a passenger motor vehicle, and for the registration of certain other motor vehicles not used for commercial purposes, the *634commissioner may issue a registration for any such motor vehicle that is owned by a person, firm or corporation licensed in accordance with the provisions of section 14-15 and that is the subject of a lease agreement, for a period not to exceed five years, to coincide with the term of such lease agreement. The fee for any such registration shall be adjusted and prorated on the basis of the fee prescribed for a biennial registration. The commissioner may adopt regulations, in accordance with chapter 54, to implement the provisions of this section.”
General Statutes § 14-107 (a) provides: “The owner, operator or lessee of any motor vehicle may be prosecuted jointly or individually for violation of any provision of section 10a-79, 10a-84, 10a-92 or 10a-139, subsection (a) of section 14-13, section 14-18, section 14-39 so far as it relates to the registration of motor vehicles, section 14-80, sections 14-80b, 14-80h, 14-80Í and 14-99f, sections 14-96a to 14-96aa, inclusive, or section 14-228, 14-251, 14-252, 14-260 or 14-267a.”
The dissent contends that other payments made by lessees, including payments made for insurance coverage, emissions maintenance and vehicle maintenance, “correspond to statutory mandates for vehicle owners in the same manner that the majority claims that the plaintiffs statutory duty to maintain a vehicle’s registration supports its conclusion that the renewal fees constitute gross receipts.” In support of this proposition, the dissent cites several motor vehicle statutes that, unlike the registration statutes, do not, however, expressly place responsibility for maintaining compliance on the owner. Compare General Statutes § 14-12b (proof of insurance required for registration), and General Statutes § 14-164c (d) and (n) (prohibiting motor vehicle operation without passing emissions inspection), and General Statutes § 14-80 (mechanical equipment standards), with General Statutes § 14-12 (a) (“[n]o operator other than the owner shall be subject to penalty for the operation of such a previously registered motor vehicle”), and General Statutes § 14-12 (b) (registration of motor vehicle by owner).
Moreover, although General Statutes § 14-213b, also cited by the dissent, references owner liability with respect to the prohibition of the operation of an uninsured motor vehicle, we note that, unlike the registration payments, insurance payments made by a lessee benefit both lessor and lessee. Maintaining aproperly insured car benefits: (1) the lessee by financially protecting the lessee in the event the lessee becomes financially liable for some harm to property or another person, regardless of which vehicle the lessee is driving; and (2) the owner and lessor, by likewise insuring it against financial loss resulting from some harm to property or another person, in addition to satisfying the owner’s legal obligation under § 14-213b. See General Statutes § 14-213b (a) (requiring owner to provide adequate insurance coverage for vehicle); General Statutes § 38a-335 (a) (describing minimum coverage required to cover liability for damages arising from “ownership, maintenance or use of’ motor vehicle). Insurance payments are therefore distinguishable from renewal fees because the lessees’ payment of them benefits both lessor (legal benefit and financial protection) and lessee (financial protection), while the lessees’ payment of renewal fees operates as a legal benefit to the lessor only.
AirKaman’s sublease ran from December, 1981, through December, 1984, and Combs Gates’ sublease ran from January, 1985, through October, 1989. AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, supra, 221 Conn. 753.
We concluded, however, that “the management fee . . . [was] taxable as consideration for the rendering of management services.” AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, supra, 221 Conn. 754.
We note here that, with regard to the plaintiffs actual receipt of renewal fees, the question of whether the lessees paid the department directly or remitte d payment to the plaintiff after it had paid the department is irrelevant. In either case, the department receives the renewal payment, and the plaintiff is relieved of the financial burden of paying the renewal fees. See General Statutes § 12-407 (a) (9) (A) (retailer not required to receive payments for payments to be included in gross receipts).
We also note that the defendant, in a special notice issued in response to our decision in AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo, supra, 221 Conn. 751, and subsequent legislation, endorsed the principle that the question of who had the legal or contractual obligation to pay the expenses at issue is dispositive. The special notice provided: “EXPENSES TO BE INCLUDED IN THE MEASURE OF SALES AND USE TAXES: Generally spealdng, a provider of services enumerated in [§ 12-407 (2) (T)] must include all expenses that are billed to a service recipient in the measure of the sales and use taxes, even if such expenses are separately stated on the bill or invoice to the service recipient. To this general rule, there is one notable exception, for the reimbursement of a service provider by a service recipient for payments of expenses that are the legal or contractual obligation of the service recipient, which the service provider pays to a third party on behalf of the service recipient as an accommodation to the service recipient and for which the service provider had no liability to the third party. For example, if the service provider pays a service recipient’s real property taxes or pays the premium on a fire insurance policy which insures the service recipient’s buildings and on which the service recipient is the insured, the reimbursement received by the service provider for having paid these expenses of the service recipient is not includable in the measure of the sales and use taxes.
*638“In contrast, a provider of services enumerated in [$ 12-407 (2) (I)] must include in the measure of the sales and use taxes all reimbursement of the service provider by a service recipient for expenses that are the legal or contractual obligation of the service provider and for which the service provider is liable to a third party, even if such expenses are separately stated on the biU or invoice to the service recipient. See Geckle v. Dubno, [supra, 2 Conn. App. 303]. For example, if the reimbursement of the service provider by the service recipient is for insurance premiums payable on an insurance policy that insures the service provider, or for property taxes payable on the service provider’s property, the reimbursement is includable in the measure of the sales and use taxes.” (Emphasis added.) Department of Revenue Services, Special Notice SN 93(2), “Sales and Use Tax Charges Made by Service Providers After AirKaman, Inc. v. Groppo and 1992 Conn. Public Acts 17 (May Special Session)” (1993), available at http://www.ct.gov/ drs/cwp/view.asp?a=1514&q=268574 (last visited April 7, 2011).
We briefly note that Velde Ford Sales, Inc. v. Dept, of Revenue, 136 Ill. App. 3d 689,483 N.E.2d 721 (1985), cited by both parties, is inapposite. That case involved the taxability of a dealership’s $25 service fee charged to customers as compensation for the dealership’s application for vehicle license and title papers on behalf of the customers. Id., 589-90. The court concluded that the application service was an incident of the sale of the motor vehicle, and thus the fee did not have a sufficiently separate identity so as to be excluded from the vehicle sales price. Id., 592-93.