Powell v. State

CLINTON, Judge,

dissenting.

This is a capital murder case in which judgment of the trial court assessed the death penalty. That judgment was affirmed by the judgment of this Court pursuant to its opinion in Powell v. State, 742 S.W.2d 353 (Tex.Cr.App.1987).

In due course appellant filed his petition for writ of certiorari to review the judgment of this Court, and the Attorney General of the State of Texas responded with his brief in opposition. See Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States, Part V, Rules 17.1(c), 21.1(a), (h) and (j), and 22.1.1

On May 31, 1988, the Supreme Court delivered its opinion in Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988). Given the single question presented, see ante at n. 1, the Supreme Court first decided that “the use of *763Dr. Grigson’s testimony at the capital sentencing proceeding on the issue of future dangerousness violated the Sixth Amendment,” id., at -, 108 S.Ct., at 1797, 100 L.Ed.2d, at 293; then it held that “the Chapman harmless error rule applies to the admission of psychiatric testimony in violation of the Sixth Amendment right set out in Estelle v. Smith,” id., at -, 108 S.Ct., at 1798, 100 L.Ed.2d at 295; finally, it concluded, “Having reviewed the evidence in this case, we find it impossible to say beyond reasonable doubt that Dr. Grigson's expert testimony on the issue of Satterwhite’s future dangerousness did not influence the sentencing jury,” id., at -, 108 S.Ct., at 1799, 100 L.Ed.2d at 296.2

Considering the question presented to the Supreme Court and its decision, holding and conclusion in Satterwhite, see ante, at 761, to say, as the majority now does, that Satterwhite “solely concerned harmless error,” at 761, is to disregard much in Part II of that opinion finding a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to assistance of counsel.

Thereafter, on June 30, 1988, in — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2891, 101 L.Ed.2d 926 David Lee Powell, Petitioner, v. Texas, the Supreme Court ordered a summary disposition of this cause under Rule 23.1.3 First it granted leave to proceed in forma pauper-is and granted his petition for writ of cer-tiorari; then it entered a separate order stating in pertinent part, viz:

THIS CAUSE having been submitted on the petition for writ of certiorari and response thereto,
ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, it is ordered and adjudged by this Court that the judgment of the above court in this cause is vacated, and that this cause is remanded to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas for further consideration in light of Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. - [108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284] (1988).

See Powell v. Texas, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2891, 101 L.Ed.2d 926 (1988).4

The majority characterizes as “cursory” the summary reconsideration order entered by the Supreme Court in this cause. However, more than a superficial examination of the situation will dispel its belief that the remand order “subjects only our secondary reliance on the harmless error analysis of Satterwhite I to renewed review.” At 761-762.

Formerly its practice of summary disposition on account of one or more recent intervening decisions produced a reversal or affirmance on the merits, but lately the Supreme Court “prefers to delegate the task to the lower courts.” R.L. Stern, E. Gressman & S.M. Shapiro, Supreme Court Practice (6th Ed.1986) 277-279. Once relatively rare, such summary reconsideration orders have become fairly common. See A. Hellman, Error Correction, Lawmaking, and the Supreme Court’s Exercise of Discretionary Review, 44 U.Pitt.L.Rev. 795, at 837, n. 239, discussed in R.L. Stern et al., supra, at 279, n. 73.5

When the Supreme Court enters a summary reconsideration order “the lower court is being told to reconsider the entire case in light of the intervening precedent— which may or may not compel a different result.” R.L. Stern et al., supra, at 280. *764In my view, there is more to reconsider than just “secondary reliance on the harmless error analysis of Satterwhite I,” at 762.

In the first place, it is most unlikely that the Supreme Court would remand this cause for us to reconsider a superfluous harmless error analysis, albeit it was utterly flawed. Unless the Supreme Court believed “there was error in admitting the testimony of Drs. Coon and Parker,” Powell v. State, supra, at 359, there is nothing to test for harm.

Secondly, in Satterwhite v. Texas the Supreme Court restricted its review to a violation of defendants’ “Sixth Amendment right to consult with counsel before submitting to psychiatric examinations to designed to determine their future dangerousness.” 486 U.S., at -, 108 S.Ct., at 1794, 100 L.Ed.2d, at 290; see ante at 761. That was the sole violation found by this Court in Satterwhite, 726 S.W.2d, at 92-94.

Similarly, in Bennett v. Texas, ante, n. 4, at 763, the germane question presented for review is almost identical (even naming the same Dr. Grigson) to that in Satterwhite v. Texas, except that it also alludes to the Fifth Amendment; because this Court found error in admitting his testimony under state law, 742 S.W.2d, at 671, the Supreme Court necessarily determined that implications of the Sixth Amendment raised a substantial federal question, else it would not have granted the petition for writ of certiorari.

Likewise in Cook v. State, ibid., the question presented the issue of harmless error in admitting testimony of Dr. Grigson “in violation of petitioner’s right to counsel under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments;” from the opinion of this Court that trial counsel specifically objected on “right to counsel” and preserved his Sixth Amendment error is manifest, 741 S.W.2d at 944.6

In Powell v. State, supra, the majority opinion demonstrates that both the Fifth and Sixth Amendments were violated, viz:

"... The record reflects that at no point in time did Coons or Parker inform appellant or his attorneys that they were asked to or had examined appellant on the issue of future dangerousness. Nor did Coons or Parker give appellant, who was in custody, Miranda warnings.”

Id., at 357. Thus, but for the theory of waiver indulged by the majority, the trial court plainly committed error of constitutional dimension.

On that matter two points are immediately germane: First, in finding a “waiver” the majority relied primarily on dicta in Battle v. Estelle, 655 F.2d 692 (CA5 1981), which involves only the Fifth Amendment (indeed the Fifth Circuit expressly disclaimed any consideration of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, id., n. 1, at 694); only tangentially did the majority include the Sixth Amendment error, Powell, supra, at 359. Second, before the Supreme Court the State gently declined to support that theory of “waiver,” specifically advancing its own idea in the premises, viz:

“The state recognizes that, while the court below stated that Powell ‘waived’ his Sixth Amendment right by introducing psychiatric testimony, the record does not reflect an intelligent and understanding waiver of Powell’s right to counsel. See Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 [92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101] (1972). Rather, the ‘waiver’ of which the court speaks is in terms of estoppel or a bar to objection to the introduction of the evidence.”

Brief, n. 3, at 9. Patently, the Supreme Court was not persuaded that either the “waiver” theory applied by the majority of this Court or the alternative pursued by the State warranted summary affirmance of the judgment of this Court or a denial of certiorari. See Rule 23.1, supra.

*765Accordingly, its remand for reconsideration of “the entire case” was on account of the Sixth Amendment error confirmed and found to be harmful in Satterwhite v. Texas. Contrary to the view of the majority, at 762, “the holdings of our original opinion do not “remain undisturbed."

Because the majority refuses to reconsider the Sixth Amendment violation, and thereby invites another petition for writ of certiorari, I respectfully dissent.

. Appellant presented for review the following germane (paraphrased) questions, viz:

1. Whether a defendant waives the Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights articulated in Estelle v. Smith and Miranda v. Arizona by introducing psychiatric testimony at the guilt stage of trial on the defensive issue of insanity at the time of the offense.

Petition, at 8.

2. Whether he was denied effective assistance of counsel, a fair and impartial trial, equal protection and due process of law and the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment guaranteed by respective constitutional amendments because the trial court allowed expert witnesses of the State to give evidence obtained in violation of the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. See Satterwhite v. Texas, No. 86-6284 [486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284] (cert. granted, June 1, 1987).

Petition, at 8. (That one is practically identical to the sole question presented in Satterwhite. See 41 CrL 4062, 4068).

5. Whether the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas applied an unconstitutional standard in holding admission of testimony of those expert witnesses was harmless on the basis stated in its opinion in Powell v. State, 742 S.W.2d, at 360.

Petition, at 9.

In opposition the Attorney General contended the Supreme Court "suggested" in Estelle v. Smith and "held” in Buchanan v. Kentucky, 483 U.S. 402, 107 S.Ct. 2906, 97 L.Ed.2d 336 (1987) that when defendant presents psychiatric testimony in support of an insanity defense the State may respond with competing testimony from its own expert witness, so that alert counsel “must be presumed to have consulted with Powell on the advisability of submitting to an examination,” and would have'anticipated that the State could rebut his expert testimony with its own psychiatric evidence. Brief, at 6-9.

As to waiving his Sixth Amendment right, the State conceded that "the record does not reflect an intelligent and understanding waiver of Powell’s right to counsel," and instead conjured up that this Court had in mind a "waiver” more "in terms of estoppel or bar to objection due to the introduction of the evidence." Brief, n. 3 at 9.

Finally, the State asserted, "The proper inquiry is not whether the evidence ‘might’ have affected the jury’s verdict, but whether, absent the evidence, the jury would nonetheless have reached the same verdict. Chapman, 386 U.S. at 26 [87 S.Ct. at 829].” It said that was the test applied by this Court, and its conclusion was “justified by the facts in this case." Brief, at 13-14.

. All emphasis above and throughout is mine unless otherwise noted.

. "After consideration of the papers distributed pursuant to Rule 22, the Court may enter an appropriate order. The order may be a summary disposition on the merits."

. Above content of the summary reconsideration order is reproduced from a true copy attested by the Clerk of the Supreme Court.

. Close on the heels of Satterwhite, June 13, 1988, the Supreme Court vacated respective judgments in two causes and remanded for reconsideration in light of Satterwhite, viz: Bennett v. Texas, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2815, 100 L.Ed.2d 917, reversing Bennett v. State, 742 S.W.2d 664 (Tex.Cr.App.1987), and Lankford v. Idaho, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2815, 100 L.Ed.2d 917, reversing State v. Lankford, 113 Idaho 688, 747 P.2d 710 (1987). See — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 2815, 100 L.Ed.2d 917 (1988).

On October 3, 1988, in Cook v. Texas, - U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 39, 102 L.Ed.2d 19, the Supreme Court similarly remanded for reconsideration of Cook v. State, 741 S.W.2d 928 (Tex.Cr.App.1987). — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 39, 102 L.Ed.2d 19 (1988).

. The certiorari papers in Lankford v. Idaho, supra, are not readily available, so one cannot know what questions were presented to the Supreme Court that produced that "GVR" order. The opinion of the Idaho Supreme Court in State v. Lankford, ante, n. 4, at 763, 761 P.2d 1169, considered and rejected many asserted errors, and its order on remand for rebriefing does not reveal grounds it will reconsider. See State v. Lankford, 114 Idaho 817, 761 P.2d 1169 (1988).