Dissenting:
¶ 1 I dissent from today’s opinion because I firmly believe that this Court should not uphold two death sentences in a case where so many errors were made at the trial level and where the jury was purposefully misled by the State about the involvement of another individual in the double homicide for which *913Edward Bruce Primeaux was tried and convicted. If the State is going to continue to pursue capital convictions, if trial courts are going to continue to conduct capital trials, if the Oklahoma Indigent Defense System is going to continue to do appeals for cases in which it served as trial counsel, and if this Court is going to be asked to affirm these capital convictions and sentences, we all have to do a better job than was done in this case. Capital trials test the entire system. I conclude that the system failed its test in Pri-meaux’s case.
¶2 Although it was clear to the parties involved that the State intended to charge Primeaux with two counts of first-degree felony murder, under 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 701.7(B), as an alternative to the two counts of first-degree malice aforethought murder, the State never actually did so. Within each of the three informations filed in Primeaux’s case, the State invoked “Robbery by Force” as the predicate felony for its first-degree felony murder charges.1 The State now acknowledges that robbery by force cannot serve as the predicate felony for a first-degree felony murder charge or conviction, since it is not one of the enumerated felonies under 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 701.7(B).2
¶ 3 While robbery with a dangerous weapon is one of the enumerated felonies under § 701.7(B), making it an adequate basis for a first-degree felony murder charge, the State never charged Primeaux under this theory. The State’s arguments that it did, effectively, charge Primeaux under a “robbery with a dangerous weapon” theory are inconsistent with the actual language of the informations filed in this case. Primeaux had actual notice that the State was seeking to convict him of two counts of first-degree murder, under either a “malice aforethought” or a felony murder theory, but the State did not adequately charge its felony murder theory.3
¶ 4 It is surprising enough that the charging eiTor was ever made, and made repeatedly, since the list of predicate offenses for first-degree felony murder, under § 701.7(B), is reasonably short and quite specific.4 It is more remarkable still that the error was not caught or corrected prior to trial, in a capital case. And even if this'Court could overlook *914this error — since there is no doubt that Pri-meaux knew that the State was seeking a capital murder conviction against him, based on both a malice aforethought theory and a felony murder theory — it is much harder to swallow the fact that the jury was wrongly instructed on what was required to actually convict Primeaux of capital felony murder.
¶ 5 Primeaux’s jury was instructed that it could find him guilty on each of the two counts of first-degree murder if it found that he killed the victims while engaged in the commission of a “Robbery by Force,” the elements of which were listed within the instruction. The offense of “robbery with a dangerous weapon” differs from the offense of “robbery by force or fear,” because robbery with a dangerous weapon requires an additional element, namely, that the robbery be committed through the use of a firearm or “other dangerous weapon[ ].”5 Because Pri-meaux’s jury was not instructed that it had to find that a “dangerous weapon” was used, in order to convict him of first-degree murder, and because the jury was specifically instructed that it could convict Primeaux of first-degree murder under either the State’s “malice aforethought” theory or its felony-murder “robbery by force” theory' — and also instructed that jurors were not even required to agree on which theory applied — the State acknowledges (as it must) that it is possible that Primeaux’s jury convicted him of two counts of first-degree felony murder without ever actually making a finding on each of the required elements for this offense. Hence it is beyond dispute that the general verdicts filed in this case are infirm.6
¶ 6 In fact, the robbery by force theory upon which the jury was instructed would only have allowed Primeaux to be lawfully convicted of second-degree murder, an offense for which the death penalty is not even an authorized punishment.7 The State and this Court both acknowledge, as we must, that we do not know whether Primeaux’s jury found him guilty based upon the State’s malice aforethought theory, its felony murder theory, or both. What we do know for sure is that if the jury convicted Primeaux of these two murders based upon the felony murder theory upon which it was instructed, the jury convicted him of an offense for which the death penalty is not a legally available punishment ... and then proceeded to sentence him to death.8
¶ 7 The record in this case indicates that the jury instructions were prepared by the trial court and that neither the State nor defense counsel questioned the felony murder instruction at trial. Hence the blame for instructing the defendant’s jury, in a capital case, on a felony murder theory that does not permit a capital conviction, rests jointly on the shoulders of all three players who could have prevented this serious error; the State, defense counsel, and the trial court. Ultimately, however, it is up to the trial court to ensure that a jury is not wrongly instructed, *915especially on such a critical issue.9 And I agree with this Court’s conclusion that defense counsel’s failure to object to the wrongful instruction amounted to plain error, allowing for review by this Court.
¶ 8 I recognize that the United States Supreme Court has told us that we can potentially “fix” even such fundamental instructional errors on appeal, through a harmless error analysis.10 Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Neder v. United States, this Court is allowed to ask, “Is it clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error?”.11 Primeaux’s jury apparently did not find its guilt-phase determination to be a simple and easy one. The jury deliberated for nearly six hours before seeking an evening recess, and then returned to deliberate the next morning for another two and a half hours, before reaching a verdict on the two murder counts charged. In addition, the jury sent a series of notes to the trial court, asking to review various pieces of evidence in the case.12
¶ 9 The Neder Court noted that if an appellate court “cannot conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error — for example, where the defendant contested the omitted element and raised evidence sufficient to support a contrary finding — it should not find the error harmless.”13 Although Primeaux certainly did contest his alleged possession of a knife while in the victims’ home and his use of a knife against them — he denied both in his testimony — the issue of whether the knife or knives that were used to rob and kill Julia Bear and Warren Little-cook constituted “dangerous weapons,” sufficient to support that element of the crime of robbery with a dangerous weapon, simply did not come up directly at trial, since this element was never mentioned or addressed in any way. Nevertheless, I do not doubt that the jury that held Primeaux responsible for the killing of Bear and Littlecook would likewise have concluded that their robbery/murder involved the use of a dangerous weapon.
¶ 10 Regardless, I find this kind of appellate “filling in” for omitted but essential jury *916fact-finding to be a troubling dilution of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury determination of his guilt. To me, this constitutional right necessarily includes a jury finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, on each of the factual elements of the offense upon which the defendant is charged and convicted.14 An appellate finding about what a jury would have done, if they had been properly instructed, is not the equivalent of an actual jury determination.15 This new approach is also a disturbing departure from our own Court’s jurisprudence, in which we have traditionally insisted that the jury make all of the required factual findings and reversed convictions where an element of the charged offense was omitted from a jury’s instructions or improperly defined.16
*917¶ 11 This new approach is particularly disturbing in a capital case, especially since the felony murder offense upon which Pri-meaux’s jury may have based its decision would not even permit a death sentence. The Supreme Court has been increasingly emphatic that a State should not be allowed to increase the maximum penalty to which a defendant is exposed without requiring a jury finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, on the factual element(s) upon which the enhanced sentence is based.17 Moreover, it should be noted that the Supreme Court’s Neder decision did not involve a situation where the defendant was improperly charged, as well as having his jury improperly instructed.18 This Court should not be fixing both the charges filed by the State and the verdicts rendered by the jury in an effort to save botched capital convictions.
¶ 12 And yet I recognize the strength of the evidence presented by the State in this case, in both stages of the trial. Therefore if the charging and instructional errors were the only serious errors committed in this case, I might be able to hold my nose and swallow my own misgivings about the U.S. Supreme Court’s harmless error jurisprudence and vote to affirm Primeaux’s convictions and sentences, in light of the totality of the evidence presented. Unfortunately, however, the charging and instructional errors were only the beginning, literally and figuratively.
¶ 13 The more troubling and insidious errors in this case grew out of the struggle at the trial level with how to handle evidence relating to Randy Davis and his role in this case and these crimes.19 The original information filed in this ease charged that Edward Brice Primeaux and Randy Wade Davis “acting mutually and conjointly” committed two counts of first-degree murder (Count I involving Warren Littlecook; Count II involving Julia Bear) and one count of conspiracy to commit robbery by force and fear (Count III). Davis was charged with these same crimes, and a joint preliminary hearing was held during November of 2000.
¶ 14 The State’s first witness at the preliminary hearing was Lieutenant Bob Stieber, of the Ponca City Police Department. In addition to testifying about his initial response to the crime scene, Stieber testified about the evolution of the State’s focus upon Primeaux and Davis as the individuals responsible for the killing of Bear and Littlecook. Stieber testified that Davis and Primeaux had been seen drinking at a Ponca City residence on July 5, 2000 (the day of the murders), and that they had left that residence together. Stieber testified that Davis was initially brought in to be interviewed as a possible witness.
¶ 15 Stieber further testified, however, that while he was observing an interview of Davis by Detective Donnie Bohon, of the Ponca City Police Department, and OSBI agent Willie Thornton, “Randy [Davis] admitted to them that he had been involved in the stabbing and the killing of Julia Bear” and that the clothing he had been wearing at the time was still at his residence.20 Stieber *918testified that a subsequent search of Davis’ home revealed the clothing described and also that “the knife that had been used by him, that he had taken back to the residence, was found in that residence.”
¶ 16 Detective Bohon testified at the preliminary hearing that Randy Davis’ father, “Red” Davis, informed him that Randy Davis had been in Red’s home drinking with Pri-meaux on the day of the murders. Bohon further testified that after then learning (from Stieber) about information that Pri-meaux had gone to the home of Bear and Littlecook that same day with a “white guy,” they brought Randy Davis to the Ponca City Police Department to be interviewed. Davis, unlike Primeaux and the victims, is Caucasian and not a Native American.
¶ 1Y Bohon testified that on July 8, 2000, when he and OSBI Agent Thornton first interviewed him, Davis was not a suspect. They simply wanted to determine if he had gone with Primeaux to the home of the victims, or been with Primeaux at all on the day of the murders. Bohon testified that after Davis told them that he had gone with Pri-meaux to the victims’ home that day, that he had waited out on the sidewalk, and that he had seen “a little bit of blood,” they decided to end that interview, which was not being videotaped or recorded. At that point they placed Davis in a holding cell as a material witness. They later began a new interview, this time in the official police department interview room.21
¶ 18 Bohon testified that during this second interview, which was videotaped,22 Davis stated that he had been drinking with Pri-meaux and others at Randy Jones’ house during the morning of July 5, 2000.23 Davis stated that when they ran out of beer, they got more beer, and when that beer was finished, around noon or 1:00 p.m. that day, he and Primeaux went to “check on” Littlecook and Bear, to get money to buy more beer.24 Davis stated that he waited outside on the sidewalk while Primeaux knocked on the door and that Bear let Primeaux in. Davis indicated that the door was left partially open, that Primeaux was in the home for approximately thirty minutes, that he heard some arguing about money but did not see anything inside the home, and that when Primeaux came back out, he had some blood on his shoe, but no money. After this interview Davis was allowed to go home.
¶ 19 Bohon testified that two days later, on July 10, 2000, he brought Davis back for further questioning.25 Davis added numerous details to his account during this second recorded interview. Davis noted that before they went to the home of Bear and Littlecook looking for money, Primeaux went to the Friendly Tavern to try to get money from someone there, but that this was unsuccessful.26 Davis maintained that he heard people in the victims’ home saying, “No, we don’t have any money. We’re not going to give you any money.” He also heard the argument progress to screaming and someone screaming, “Don’t do this.” After the screaming stopped, Primeaux came out of the *919house with blood on both legs, from about the knee area down.
¶ 20 Later, in that same interview, Davis indicated that he saw blood on the porch of the home, and (later still) that he saw the man come out onto the porch (without any blood on him) and then saw Primeaux come out and stab him in the chest. Davis stated that the man fell down, that Primeaux stabbed him some more, and that Primeaux then grabbed him by the feet and pulled him back into the house. Bohon testified that at that point they stopped the interview and asked Davis if he would be willing to take a polygraph test.27
¶21 Bohon testified that after the polygraph test, which was given by a different officer, they began a third recorded interview, around 2:30 p.m. that afternoon. Agent Thornton began by telling Davis that he “didn’t do too well on the polygraph,” and Davis responded, “Okay, I’m going to tell the truth now.” During this interview Davis said he was up on the porch, rather than on the sidewalk, and then later admitted that he had gone into the home. Davis said that he was in the home while Primeaux was arguing with Bear and Littlecook about money, and that Primeaux took a brown envelope from between the arm and the cushion of a living room chair and got money out of it. Davis stated that when Littlecook got upset about this, Primeaux stabbed him. Davis stated that Littlecook fell down and was trying to crawl out the front door when Primeaux grabbed him, pulled him back in, and stabbed him several more times in the chest and upper body.
¶22 According to Davis, Primeaux then stabbed Bear, while she was sitting in her wheelchair, and that after she fell out of her wheelchair, he stabbed her several more times. Davis stated that Primeaux had “poked a hose through [Bear’s] neck,” which he described as coming off an oxygen bottle on the back of her wheelchair.28 When asked about where Primeaux’s knife had come from, Davis stated that his father (Red Davis) had been showing off the knife at Randy Jones’ house and that when Davis left to go to the Friendly to meet up with Pri-meaux, he put his dad’s knife in his pocket. Davis stated that Primeaux took this knife from him while they were in the victims’ living room. Davis also stated that Primeaux gave him $50 from the money stolen from the home.
¶ 23 Bohon testified that during this same interview, Davis indicated that Primeaux had raped Julia Bear, which was the first time that a possible sexual assault had been mentioned in the case.29 Just before the interview concluded, however, Agent Thornton confronted Davis, saying, “You raped her, didn’t you?”. After initially denying it, Davis admitted that he had “made love” to Bear. When asked when this had occurred, Davis stated that after Bear had been stabbed once in the belly and fallen out of her wheelchair, he had pulled off her panties and “made love to her,” while Primeaux was stabbing Little-cook.30 Davis stated that he penetrated Bear but was unable to ejaculate, and that Bear was still alive at this point. Bohon testified that the interview was then concluded, and that at 4:10 p.m. that day, Davis was booked in on a charge of first-degree murder.
¶ 24 Bohon testified that Davis was inter*920viewed again at 6:36 p.m. that day.31 This time Bohon and Thornton accused Davis of stabbing Bear and suggested that they suspected that due to the number of times she had been stabbed, there may have been “a sexual rage involved.” Davis then admitted that he stabbed Bear after raping her.32 Davis continued to maintain that it was Pri-meaux who initially stabbed Bear, but stated that after he (Davis) had sex with her, he got his knife back from Primeaux and stabbed Bear numerous times in her upper body, abdomen, and chest.33 When asked if he also stabbed Bear in the neck area, Davis responded, “No, Bruce did that.” When asked why he stabbed Bear, Davis indicated that Primeaux “told him to.” Davis noted that Primeaux gave him $50, and that afterwards he bought two thirty-packs of beer and ten packs of Star cigarettes (at $1.83 per pack), and then went home.
¶ 25 Bohon testified that during this interview, Davis was asked numerous questions about the knife used in the killings. Although he once indicated that Primeaux had thrown it out in the yard, Davis later stated that he took the knife back home and gave it to his dad, and that his dad normally kept it on his dresser. A subsequent search of the Davis home recovered a knife from a dresser drawer. In a fifth recorded interview, on the morning of July 11, 2000, Davis confirmed that the knife found in his father’s home was the knife to which he had been referring. At the conclusion of the preliminary hearing, the magistrate announced that he was binding both Primeaux and Davis over on the three original counts, and that he was also binding Davis over on a fourth charge, namely, rape in the first degree.
¶ 26 Yet much had changed by the time of Primeaux’s trial, in February of 2002. Although the record regarding what occurred and why it occurred in the case against Randy Davis is not entirely clear, statements made by both parties (during various hearings in Primeaux’s case) indicate that the State dismissed all of its charges against Davis in October of 2001.34
¶ 27 The issue of how the Davis evidence could be used during Primeaux’s trial was hotly contested and was addressed on numerous occasions, both before and during Primeaux’s trial. Initially, the State filed a motion in limine seeking a ruling, “pre-trial, as to whether statements made by Davis will or will not be admissible in any part of [Primeaux’s] trial,” arguing that this ruling was necessary because this determination would affect the entire presentation of the State’s case, as well as its trial strategy.35 Primeaux responded by adding Detective Bo-hon and Agent Thornton to his witness list, noting that they would testify regarding their interviews with Davis.36
¶ 28 At a pre-trial hearing held on August 8, 2001, the issue of the admissibility of Davis’ statements was addressed extensively. The State argued that if Primeaux wanted to introduce any portion of Davis’ videotaped statements, the State would have to be allowed to introduce the five videotaped statements in their entirety. Primeaux’s counsel responded that he did not intend to introduce the actual videotapes, but rather to question the interviewing officers about certain specif-*921ie statements made by Davis.37 When the. State objected that this testimony would be inadmissible hearsay as to Primeaux, defense counsel argued that Davis’ statements were admissible under the § 2804(B)(3) exception to the hearsay rule, because Davis was unavailable and the statements were against his penal interest.38 The State responded by arguing that these statements were still inadmissible, because they did not meet the standard of trustworthiness established in § 2804(B)(3).
¶ 29 At the end of the hearing, the court ruled that although certain of Davis’ statements were definitely against his penal interest, the court needed to view all of the videotapes in order to determine if Davis’ statements were trustworthy, and whether Davis actually believed the statements to be true at the time he was making them. The court asked defense counsel to determine which of Davis’ statements would be offered and set a future hearing on the issue.39
¶30 Shortly thereafter, on August 17, 2001, Primeaux filed a response to the State’s motion in limine. In this filing Primeaux referenced the five videotaped interviews of Davis and asserted that “all of the individual statements Davis makes during the course of the interrogation process are admissible” and indicated that he intended to introduce this evidence “in its entirety” at trial. Primeaux then argued that the “vast majority of the statements made by Davis do not constitute hearsay because they are not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted.” Pri-meaux cited numerous decisions from our Court discussing the nature of the hearsay rule and noted that “[i]f a statement is not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted then it is not hearsay.”
¶ 31 Primeaux argued that the vast majority of Davis’ statements were not hearsay, because they were being offered for purposes other than to show that the specific statements were true, e.g., to show that the statements were, in fact, made by Davis, within a conversation with police officers, and to show how Davis changed his story multiple times, in a way that increasingly acknowledged his own culpability and participation and increasingly lessened the participation and culpability of Primeaux.40 Primeaux then argued that if the court concluded that Davis’ actual admissions that he raped and stabbed Julia Bear were hearsay, offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein, these statements were still admissible under, the § 2804(B)(3) exception to the hearsay rule, as statements against penal interest.
¶ 32 At the subsequent pre-trial hearing on October 1, 2001, the trial court informed the parties that it had viewed the Davis videotapes in their entirety. The court summarized the issue before the court as being whether the statements Davis made to the interviewing officers were admissible under the § 2804(B)(3) exception to the hearsay *922rule, and laid out the requirements for admissibility under this hearsay exception. The State then argued, at length, that Davis’ inculpatory statements could not be admitted under this exception, because the surrounding circumstances did not indicate their trustworthiness or corroborate Davis’ statements.41
¶ 33 Primeaux’s counsel countered by referencing the response that he had filed to the State’s motion in limine and arguing that the “vast majority” of the statements made by Davis were not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Defense counsel explained that they wanted to use Davis’ statements to show “the overall changing of his story” and his increasing acknowledgment of culpability, culminating with his “Okay, I did it” statement, about stabbing Bear. Within this argument defense counsel conceded that the “Okay, I did it” statement was being offered “for the truth of the matter asserted.”
¶ 34 The court then addressed this particular statement, suggesting that although there was evidence corroborating that Davis was present at the time of the murders, the court was not aware of corroboration for his statement that he had actually perpetrated one of the murders.42 The court did not address or even mention Primeaux’s “non-hearsay” argument. In fact, when the prosecutor later began to address Primeaux’s argument that Davis’ statements were not actually hearsay,43 the trial court cut him off, saying, “Well, wait. I think to be clear, Mr. Bowen is saying he absolutely is offering the statement where Mr. Davis inculpates himself for the truth of the matter asserted, and that’s really all that he is trying to get into the trial.” Remarkably, and regrettably for Pri-meaux, defense counsel did not contest or correct this mischaracterization of his position, nor did defense counsel ever again directly raise the argument that most of the Davis statements that Primeaux wanted to introduce were not truly hearsay, since they were not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
¶ 35 The trial court concluded the hearing by presenting an extensive analysis of the § 2804(B)(3) evidentiary issue. The court found that because a reasonable man would not confess to a murder unless he believed this to be true, and because a reasonable man would understand that confessing to a murder was against his penal interest, Davis’ statement that he had stabbed Bear was, indeed, against his penal interest. Yet the court further held that because the statement was being offered to exculpate Pri-meaux, it could not be admitted unless there was corroborative evidence clearly indicating its trustworthiness. The court concluded that it simply could not make this finding.44
¶ 36 On February 8, 2002, the second day of voir dire in Primeaux’s trial, the State again raised the issue of statements made by Randy Davis, including statements made to persons other than Bohon and Thornton, and asked the trial court to “reaffirm its earlier ruling that Randy Davis’ statements are not admissible in this trial.”45 The trial court *923then reviewed its prior ruling, noting that the issue had been dealt with solely under the exception to the hearsay rule for statements against penal interest.46 Defense counsel argued that Primeaux should be allowed to present evidence about various actions that were taken as a result of Davis’ statements, e.g., the fact that Davis was arrested and charged with the murders of Bear and Little-cook. The trial court then clarified that its ruling addressed only the State’s hearsay challenge, and noted that if statements made by Davis caused another person to take specific actions, those statements might be admissible, to show “the motivation of why someone acted as they did.”47
¶ 37 An extensive discussion followed, in which the State argued that there was no “proper way” for the defense to get into the fact that Davis was arrested and charged based upon his inadmissible statements, and defense counsel argued vigorously that it had to be allowed to bring out this information, since Primeaux’s “only defense is that Randy Davis was there and Randy Davis committed these crimes.” The trial court concluded the discussion by again summarizing its limited evidentiary ruling:
I do believe that the only ruling the Court has made was addressed to the out-of-court statements made by Randy Davis to the law enforcement officials. The Court found that those were not admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule. I also don’t know of any legal principle which would allow me, even if I was inclined to do so, to exclude the mention of Randy Davis or any involvement that he has in this case in — in toto. My understanding, as long as the evidence is relevant, and that’s — that is the foundational consideration that the Court has to look at is, is the fact that Randy Davis was at one point arrested or charged or- — is it relevant to this case; does it have any probative value. And I cannot say that it does not. I think that, certainly, the State will have an opportunity to rehabilitate witnesses and, if it’s brought out that Randy Davis was arrested and charged, it can also be brought out that those charges were dropped because the District Attorney’s office determined that the statements made were unreliable. I think these are facts that the jury is just going to have to wrestle with, but they are entitled to know that.
Hence the trial court recognized that Pri-meaux’s jury should find out about the charges against Randy Davis and what happened in regard to those charges, and that the jury would simply “have to wrestle with” this evidence.
*924¶ 38 Regarding Davis’ statements to other persons, however, the trial court indicated that it expected that these statements would be inadmissible for the same reason that Davis’ other statements were inadmissible, i.e., that the court found Davis himself to be unreliable, due to his personal problems and cognitive limitations.48 The court concluded that any such statements should not be referenced or brought into the trial, unless they were first reviewed in an in camera hearing and the court concluded that the statements were admissible.
¶ 39 On February 11, 2002, the next day of Primeaux’s trial, the State filed a motion seeking to preclude any evidence that Davis was ever charged as an accomplice with Pri-meaux.49 The trial court overruled the motion, recognizing, once again, that “this is the type of thing that, unfortunately, the jury will have to sort out for itself.”
¶40 Nevertheless, during the rest of the trial, the State continued to vigorously pursue its (new) theory that Primeaux acted entirely alone in killing Bear and Littlecook, and that Randy Davis had nothing whatsoever to do with the case or the crimes — beyond an initial and entirely mistaken decision to charge him along with Primeaux. In this regard, the State went too far, particularly in its elicitation of and reliance upon testimony from Lieutenant Bob Stieber.50
¶ 41 During cross-examination of Lieutenant Stieber, who was the lead investigator in the case, and over repeated objections by the State, defense counsel elicited the fact that Davis was interviewed four to five times in connection with the case, that he became a “suspect” in the ease, that a knife was found in the search of his home, which was conducted pursuant to a search warrant (which Stie-ber was responsible for obtaining), and that after making statements to the police, Davis was arrested (without a warrant) based upon “the opinion of someone in law enforcement” that there was “probable cause to suspect Randy Davis was involved in these crimes.”51 On re-direct examination, Stieber testified that the charges filed against Randy Davis were eventually dismissed and that “as the chief investigator in the case,” he “absolutely” agreed that this was “the right thing to do,” based upon what he knew about the evidence at that time.52
¶ 42 During this same State questioning of Stieber, the following exchange occurred, which is the subject of Primeaux’s Proposition IV claim on appeal:
Q. As you sit here today, Detective, do you know of any piece of physical evidence or statements made to third persons, whatsoever, that would tie Randy Davis to what happened to Warren and Julia?
*925R. Absolutely none.
Mr. Gibson: I have no further questions.
Defense counsel interposed no objection to this testimony — which arguably violated the trial court’s hearsay ruling, since it asked Stieber to testify about the content of statements made by Randy Davis — and utterly failed to cross-examine or impeach Stieber upon this testimony, which went to the core of Primeaux’s defense.53 Nor did defense counsel ask the coupt to re-examine its prior ruling on the admissibility of Davis’ statements, in order to use the statements to impeach Stieber.
¶ 43 The State, on the other hand, invoked Stieber’s testimony that he was unaware of any physical evidence or statements made “whatsoever” tying Davis to the murders of Bear and Littlecook, in both its guilt-stage and punishment-stage closing arguments. During his first-stage closing argument, the prosecutor scoffed at Primeaux’s defense that Davis alone killed Bear and Littlecook, noting that “according to the lead detective in this case, there is not one shred of physical evidence to tie him to this crime.” During his second-stage closing argument, the prosecutor continued relying on Stieber’s “no evidence” testimony:
They still want you to come back and figure out that solely because Bruce Pri-meaux told us this happened during his time in the bathroom that somehow Randy Davis is a real bad guy. And they even suggested to you that the evidence supports that; that same evidence being that Bob Stieber told you that charges were dismissed when it was determined there was absolutely no physical evidence tying Randy Davis to the crime.
¶ 44 After Stieber’s testimony was concluded, the State rested its ease, and a final in camera hearing was held regarding what evidence Primeaux would be allowed to present.54 Defense counsel stated that they planned to present the testimony of Pri-meaux, and that, if they were allowed to do so, they would also present the testimony of Officer Bohon, Agent Thornton, Troy Turner, Patrolman Don Round and Stephanie Burks,55 and Red Davis56 regarding, among other things, incriminatory statements that Randy Davis made to each of them.
¶45 The trial court responded by again invoking its reliability determination regarding any statements made by Davis. The court ruled that the proffered statements were hearsay, that the only argument being made for their admissibility was for statements against penal interest, and that the trial court simply could not make the necessary finding of reliability to admit these statements. The court concluded:
I clearly understand and everyone associated with this case understands that this case will stand or fall on appeal on this ruling. Either the Court of Criminal Appeals will agree with me or they will disagree with me and we’ll get to do all of this again, but I have made it in good faith, that I don’t believe that I can in good faith make the finding that is necessary to determine that that is an admissible statement against penal interest.
So any statement that is incriminating, that is quote, against penal interest, made *926by Randy Davis, that is offered in these proceedings, will not be admitted.... [T]he Court is going to be consistent in its ruling with what it has previously ruled.57
The next morning defense counsel proffered the entirety of Officer Bohon’s preliminary hearing testimony and made an offer of proof that if he were allowed to testify at trial, Bohon would testify “in conformity with” his earlier testimony.58
¶46 The preceding review of the record reveals that the trial court was earnestly striving to make the correct evidentiary rulings regarding evidence relating to Randy Davis and that the trial court fully appreciated the critical significance of this issue.59 Nevertheless, the trial court totally failed to recognize or address Primeaux’s argument that most, if not all, of the statements made by Davis to Officers Bohon and Thornton were not hearsay, since they were being offered for purposes other than the truth of the matter asserted therein. This defense argument was clearly presented in both a court filing and a pre-trial hearing. It was also recognized by the prosecutor, who attempted to respond to it at that same hearing, before the court cut him off. The trial court appeared to remain totally oblivious to this tenable and important argument, and never addressed it in any way.
¶ 47 Yet it would be unfair to place all of the blame on the trial court for this omission, since the court repeatedly stated that the only issue that it was considering was whether the § 2804(B)(3) “against penal interest” exception to the hearsay rule applied — and defense counsel never spoke up to remind the court about its broader “non-hearsay” argument or to challenge the court’s narrowing of the evidentiary question at issue. Although defense counsel preserved the issue for purposes of this appeal — by twice making the non-hearsay argument to the trial court and proffering the entirety of Bohon’s preliminary hearing testimony — defense counsel missed many opportunities to correct the trial court’s failure to address Primeaux’s broader evidentiary argument. Hence it is quite disingenuous of appellate counsel to express surprise that the trial court failed to rule on this argument.60
¶ 48 Primeaux now asserts numerous non-hearsay purposes for which the statements Davis made to Bohon and Thornton should have been admitted at trial.61 Defense counsel should have made these arguments at trial, where the record suggests they would have been thoughtfully and carefully considered by the trial court, and might ultimately have prevailed. Although the trial court erred in failing to recognize the “non-hearsay” argument that Primeaux did make, defense counsel’s inaction regarding this failure raises a serious question of whether Pri-meaux was adequately represented at trial.62
*927¶ 49 Nevertheless, and regardless of who is ultimately to blame, the trial court’s refusal to allow any testimony about incriminatory statements made by Randy Davis violated Edward Primeaux’s right to due process and rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. In Chambers v. Mississippi,63 the Supreme Court recognized that “[t]he right of an accused in a criminal trial to due process is, in essence, the right to a fair opportunity to defend against the State’s accusations.”64 The Chambers Court addressed a factual situation closely paralleling the one now before this Court, and came to the conclusion that “where constitutional rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt are implicated, the hearsay rule may not be applied mechanistically to defeat the ends of justice.”65
¶50 The defendant in that case, Leon Chambers, was convicted of murdering a police officer, after the trial court refused to allow him to present evidence that shortly after the crime, another individual, Gable McDonald, confessed to three of his friends that he was the one who shot the police officer.66 The jury did find out about a later confession by McDonald, some five months after the shooting. The jury learned that after meeting with a local minister, McDonald showed up at the offices of Chambers’ attorneys and gave a sworn confession, which was transcribed, signed, and witnessed, that he was the one who shot the police officer and that- he had used his own .22 caliber revolver, which he then discarded.67’ Upon cross-examination by the State, however, McDonald repudiated this confession, as he had done at his preliminary hearing.68
¶51 McDonald testified that he was not even present at the time of the shootings, since he was down the street at a café with a friend, and that he only confessed because the minister promised him that he would not go to jail and could share in the profits from a lawsuit that Chambers would bring against the city.69 Even though one of McDonald’s lifelong friends testified that he saw McDonald shoot the police officer; and a second witness, a cousin of the victim, testified that *928he saw McDonald immediately after the shooting with a pistol in his hand; and the friend whom McDonald claimed to be with in a café at the time of the shootings testified that he was not with McDonald in any café that night,70 Chambers was convicted.71
¶ 52 The trial court did not allow Chambers to present testimony from three individuals that McDonald confessed to them shortly after the crime,72 finding that this testimony was inadmissible hearsay.73 The evidentiary code of Mississippi, unlike cur-, rent Oklahoma law, did not have an exception to the hearsay rule for statements that were against the declarant’s “penal interest.” 74 Hence Chambers could not even argue for an exception to the hearsay rule on this basis. Furthermore, Chambers did not attempt to argue that McDonald’s out-of-court incriminatory statements were not hearsay.
¶ 53 Nevertheless, the Supreme Court ruled that the trial court’s refusal to let Chambers present the testimony of the three witnesses to whom McDonald confessed, along with its refusal to let Chambers treat McDonald as an adverse witness, “denied him a trial in accord with traditional and fundamental standards of due process.”75 Although the Supreme Court did not find that the trial court erred in its hearsay ruling, or question the legitimacy of the hearsay rule,76 the Court concluded that the impact of the trial court’s narrow evidentiary rulings had been a denial of Chambers’ broader constitutional right to present his defense and to a fair trial.77 I would reach the same conclu*929sion in the current ease.78
¶ 54 Regardless of whether the trial court ruled correctly or incorrectly on the “against penal interest” exception to the hearsay rule,79 the trial court’s refusal to allow Pri-meaux to present evidence about Randy Davis’ incriminatory statements to Officers Bohon and Thornton, and to demonstrate how the State had relied upon this same evidence, violated Primeaux’s right to due process of law and rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. I find it preposterous that the State was allowed to hide this evidence from the jury, when agents of the State were the ones who originally developed and obtained the evidence, when the State then relied upon this evidence to arrest Davis and charge him with both murders, when the State presented this evidence at Davis’ preliminary hearing, when the evidence was found to be adequately reliable and adequately corroborated by a magistrate judge (who bound Davis over on the original charges and added a rape count), and when the State did not dismiss its case against Davis until eleven months later (fifteen months after the case was first filed), after serious questions had arisen regarding Davis’ competency to be tried.
¶ 55 I conclude that the trial court erred in failing to recognize the broader due process and fair trial issues that were at stake in its narrow evidentiary ruling on the admissibility of Davis’ statements to third parties. The record indicates that the trial court permitted substantial argument on the admissibility of the Davis evidence and that the court addressed the issue repeatedly. The record also demonstrates that the trial court recognized the enormous impact of its ruling on *930Primeaux’s defense and that its ruling on this issue could constitute reversible error. Yet the court failed to look beyond the framework of the narrow evidentiary question that it perceived, on the applicability of the § 2804(B)(3) exception to the hearsay rule— and failed even to recognize Primeaux’s broader “non-hearsay” argument — to consider whether its ruling could be infringing upon Primeaux’s fundamental constitutional right to call witnesses at trial and present his defense. I conclude that the trial court’s “mechanistic” application of the hearsay rule in this case violated Primeaux’s rights to due process and a fair trial.80
¶ 56 I further note that I am very disturbed by the State’s elicitation of the “no evidence” testimony from Officer Stieber and its later invocation of this testimony during closing arguments. Stieber’s testimony constitutes a very misleading, if not outright false, characterization of the evidence linking Davis to the murders of Bear and Little-cook.81 Furthermore, given the context of the State’s repeated attempts during trial to prevent the jury from hearing anything about the arrest and charging of Randy Davis (in addition to successfully preventing any testimony about his confessions), the State’s elicitation and use of this Stieber testimony smacks of purposeful prosecutorial misconduct, which was potentially prejudicial to Primeaux in both stages of his trial.82
¶ 57 Regarding defense counsel’s representation, I recognize that this Court is empowered to decide only the claims that are actually raised before us on appeal. I note, however, that I am troubled by defense counsel’s actions (and inaction) at trial regarding the much-disputed Davis evidence, particularly defense counsel’s failure to react to Detective Stieber’s testimony that there was “absolutely no[ ]” evidence “whatsoever” “that would tie Randy Davis to what happened to Warren and Julia,” which went to the very heart of Primeaux’s defense.83
¶ 58 Upon reviewing all of the evidence in this case, I recognize the possibility that a jury that has been properly instructed and given a complete picture of the evidence that the State had against Randy Davis — including the fact that the State found this evidence adequate to charge him with two counts of first-degree murder and that a judge found it adequate to bind him over on these charges (in addition to rape) — could nonetheless find Primeaux guilty of two counts of first-degree murder and sentence him to death, based upon the heinous nature of the killings, as well as Primeaux’s criminal history.84 Nevertheless, I cannot condone *931this Court’s decision to send a man to his death based upon our after-the-fact conclusions about what a jury would most likely have done, if only the defendant’s trial had been properly conducted. For the reasons discussed above, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.
. The original information, in Primeaux’s case, which included a second page, was filed on July 11, 2000. It charged Primeaux with two counts of first-degree murder (Counts I and II), through joint action with Randy Davis, and one count of conspiring with Davis to commit a robbery by force or fear (Count III). An amended information, adding an additional offense to the second page, was filed on October 10, 2000. On January 22, 2001, a second amended information was filed, this time removing any reference to Randy Davis, as well as the conspiracy count.
. Each of the three informations wrongly cites "21 O.S.Supp.1996, § 701.7(A)” as the first-degree felony murder statute, even though this provision applies only to "malice aforethought” murder. This error, though seemingly minor, further illustrates the State's lack of due care in the preparation of the basic charging documents in this capital case and further undermines the "clarity” that the Court's opinion divines in these charging documents. See Court Opinion, p. 906.
. Although I agree with the Court’s opinion that Primeaux had actual notice of the State’s intention to charge him with first-degree felony murder — and he does not claim otherwise — the language of the final information is not as clear as the Court suggests. The second amended information does not, in fact, “contain[ ] all of the elements of Robbery with a Dangerous Weapon” (Court Opinion, p. 906), simply because it contains all of the elements of robbery by force and notes that a knife was used. The "use of a dangerous weapon” element is missing, and the "use of a knife” fact that was alleged is not equivalent to this element.
While all real guns (and even some toys guns) probably qualify as “firearms” for the purpose of a "robbery with a dangerous weapon” offense, all knives do not necessarily qualify as "dangerous weapons” for the purpose of this crime. See 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 801 (defining offense) and OUJI-CR 4-144 (jury instruction). In any "robbery with a dangerous weapon" case in which the weapon allegedly used was a knife, it is up to the jury to determine whether the particular knife used actually constituted a "dangerous weapon.” Though there is no question that a knife can constitute a dangerous weapon, it is the use of a “dangerous weapon” that must be charged in the information and found by a jury for a proper conviction of this crime. The Court’s opinion is inaccurate and promotes confusion when it repeatedly refers to the "use of a knife” as an "element” of the crime of robbery with a dangerous weapon. See Court Opinion, pp. 906, 909.
.See 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 701.7(B). In addition, the Court notes in its opinion that this provision “has been unchanged for many years.” Court Opinion, p. 906.
. The crime of robbery with a dangerous weapon includes all the elements of robbery by force or fear, and then adds the element of use of a firearm or "other dangerous weapon". Compare 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 801 (robbery with a dangerous weapon) and OUJI-CR 4-144 (jury instruction), with 21 O.S.1991, § 791 (robbery by force or fear) and OUJI-CR 4-142 (jury instruction).
. See Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359, 367-70, 51 S.Ct. 532, 75 L.Ed. 1117 (1931) (where one possible basis of general verdict is invalid, entire verdict must be overturned); Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 881, 103 S.Ct. 2733, 77 L.Ed.2d 235 (1983) (recognizing Stromberg "rule" that "a general verdict must be set aside if the jury was instructed that it could rely on any of two or more independent grounds, and one of those grounds is insufficient, because the verdict may have rested exclusively on the insufficient ground”); see also Tibbs v. State, 1991 OK CR 115, 819 P.2d 1372, 1375-76 (recognizing and applying rule of Stromberg and Zant).
. See 21 O.S.1991, § 701.8(2) (defining second-degree felony murder); 21 O.S.Supp.2000, § 701.9(B) (establishing life sentence as maximum penalty for second-degree murder). Hence a punishment of life without parole, upon which Primeaux’s jury was also instructed, is likewise unavailable for a conviction of felony murder under a robbery by force theory.
. The Court's conclusion that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to convict Primeaux of either malice aforethought murder or "robbery with a dangerous weapon” felony murder (which the jury was not instructed upon) is irrelevant, since Primeaux does not raise a sufficiency of the evidence claim. See Court Opinion, p. 909.
. In Atterberry v. State, 1986 OK CR 186, 731 P.2d 420, 422, this Court recognized:
In a criminal prosecution, the trial court has the duty to correctly instruct on the salient features of the law raised by the evidence without a request by the defendant.... Whether requested or not, the trial judge should instruct the jury on the essential elements of the offense. ... Misinstruction on an essential element is fundamental error because it involves a substantial violation of the appellant's constitutional and statutory rights.
Id. at 422 (all citations omitted). See also Maple v. State, 1983 OK CR 52, 662 P.2d 315, 317 ("[I]t has long been established that the trial judge should, without request, instruct the jury on the essential elements of the offense, and the instructions should give the law of the case, including a definition of the offense sufficient to inform the jury of the facts necessary to justify a verdict of guilty.”) (citation omitted).
. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 10, 15, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999) (holding that omission of element of a criminal offense, from jury instruction listing the required elements of that offense, is subject to harmless error review).
. Id. at 18, 119 S.Ct.. 1827; see also id. at 15, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (describing harmless error analysis as "whether it appears 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.' ") (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)).
. In what appears to be its first inquiry, the jury asked for an "original manuscript” or the videotape of Primeaux’s interview with Detective Stie-ber. A separate note asked for the testimony of Officer Stieber, Billie Roberson, Pam Jones, and Shawn Fiarris, and also sought a VCR and a TV to review the crime scene videotape that was admitted into evidence. The trial court responded to the two notes as follows: "I regret that I am unable to comply with your requests other than providing the VCR/TV.”
The jurors later sent a third note, stating that they would like to review the testimony of Shawn Fiarris, Billie Roberson, Pam Jones, and Detective Stieber, and asking if the court could provide them with a transcript of their testimony or have it read back to them. The trial court responded that it did not have the ability to provide transcripts of witness testimony and that the court reporter was not authorized to read back testimony to the jury. The court concluded, "Please continue your deliberations using your notes and collective memory.” (Although the record filed in this case contains copies of the jury’s notes and the trial court’s responses, the trial transcripts do not record any discussion of these inquiries with the parties in the case.)
. 527 U.S. at 19, 119 S.Ct. 1827.
. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970) (“[W]e explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.”); Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 698-704, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975) (holding that due-process requirement that State must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact necessary to constitute crime charged cannot be undermined by State’s attempt to shift burden of proof on presence of “heat of passion” to defendant); Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 278, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993) ("It is self-evident, we think, that the Fifth Amendment requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt and the Sixth Amendment requirement of a jury verdict are interrelated.... In other words, the jury verdict required by the Sixth Amendment is a jury verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt."); United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 522-23, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) ("The Constitution gives a criminal defendant the right to have a jury determine, beyond a reasonable doubt, his guilt of every element of the crime with which he is charged.”); Apprendiv. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 476-77, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (Fourteenth Amendment right to due process and" Sixth Amendment right to jury trial “[tjaken together, ... indisputably entitle a criminal defendant to ‘a jury determination that [he] is guilty of every element of the crime with which he is charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ”) (quoting Gaudin).
. Neder, 527 U.S. at 27, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (Stevens, J., concurring in part) ("There is, nevertheless, a distinction of true importance between a harmless-error test that focuses on what the jury did decide, rather than on what appellate judges think the jury would have decided if given an opportunity to pass on an issue.”); see also id. at 30, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("I believe that depriving a criminal defendant of the right to have the jury determine his guilt of the crime charged — which necessarily means his commission of every element of the crime charged — can never be harmless.”) (emphasis in original); id. at 38, 119 S.Ct. 1827 ("Harmless-error review applies only when the jury actually renders a verdict — that is, when it has found the defendant guilty of all the elements of the crime.") (emphasis in original); see also Sullivan, 508 U.S. at 279-80, 113 S.Ct. 2078 (”[T]o hypothesize a guilty verdict that was never in fact rendered — no matter how inescapable the findings to support that verdict might be — would violate the juiy-trial guarantee.... The Sixth Amendment requires more than appellate speculation about a hypothetical jury’s action.”) (citations omitted) (This analysis was criticized in Neder.).
.In Pierce v. State, 1988 OK CR 294, 766 P.2d 365, this Court held that “[t]he failure of the trial court to instruct on an essential element of the offense charged is fundamental reversible error, as it constitutes a substantial violation of an accused’s constitutional and statutory rights,” even where the failure was not challenged at the trial level. Id. at 366 (citing Atterberry and Maple ). And even though it was "personally repugnant” to the Court to subject the rape victim in that case to a second trial, the Court found that it was "compelled” to do so, under the law. Id. at 367. See also Favro v. State, 1988 OK CR 18, 749 P.2d 127, 129-30 (reversing conviction and rejecting State request to apply harmless error analysis, where trial court failed to instruct on intent element of offense); Hackett v. State, 1988 OK CR 44, 751 P.2d 761, 763 (reversing conviction for failure to instruct on all elements of offense; no harmless error analysis); Maple, 662 P.2d at 317 (reversing conviction for failure to instruct on elements of offense; no harmless error analysis).
The actual opinions in these cases do not support this Court’s attempt to distinguish them by asserting that the omitted or wrongly defined elements in these cases "were contested at trial or formed the crux of the crime.” See Court Opinion, p. 907 n.2. In these prior cases, this Court simply refused to engage in any kind of harmless error analysis.
Furthermore, the cases relied upon within today’s Court opinion (see Court Opinion, p. 907) involved instructional errors totally unlike those discussed above. See Johnson v. State, 1986 OK CR 156, 727 P.2d 965, 967-68 (jury wrongly instructed that value of stolen property must exceed $20, rather than $50, where value of property stolen exceeded $2500); Wofford v. State, 1982 OK CR 83, 646 P.2d 1300, 1302-03 (jury instructed that persons are presumed to intend natural consequences of their acts). In addition, these decisions pre-date most of the decisions cited above.
*917This Court has not previously relied upon the Neder decision (at least not in a published decision) to preserve a jury verdict in which the trial court failed to instruct on an essential element of an offense. In fact, Ellis v. Ward, 2000 OK CR 18, 13 P.3d 985, is the only published opinion in which this Court has cited Neder. The Ellis opinion does assert that "[w]e apply harmless error analysis to claims relating to misinstruction of the jury." Id. at 986. Yet Ellis involved an improper instruction on the insanity defense, not a failure to instruct on an element of an offense. Id. at 985. Hence today's decision marks yet a further extension of this Court's harmless-error jurisprudence, and in my opinion, a mistaken one.
.See, e.g., Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348 ("Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”); Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 589, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002) ("Capital defendants, no less than noncapital defendants, ... are entitled to a jury determination of any fact on which the legislature conditions an increase in their maximum punishment.”).
. See Neder, 527 U.S. at 6, 119 S.Ct. 1827.
. Primeaux's Propositions III and IV on appeal both involve the handling of this evidence.
. Stieber testified that at that point he stopped watching the interview, in order to prepare a request for a warrant to search Davis' home.
. Bohon testified that Davis was Mirandized at the beginning of this interview and that after his rights were explained to him, he agreed to talk to them.
. According to the prosecutor’s statements at preliminary hearing, there were five separate interviews of Davis that were videotaped, which lasted a total of seven to eight hours. Because none of these videotapes is included in the record before this Court, however, my summary of the various statements made during these interviews is based entirely on Detective Bohon’s preliminary hearing testimony.
. Davis indicated that he went to the home of Randy Jones and Sharon Nelson (who lived across the street from him) at 8:30 a.m., and that he, his father, Jones, Nelson, and “Uncle Shorty” were all there drinking beer together, when Pri-meaux showed up with his two quarts of beer.
. Davis noted that they knew from Lisa Williams that Bear and Littlecook (who Williams referred to as “grandma” and “grandpa”) received their S.S.I. checks on the 3rd day of the month. Davis later indicated that he did not know the couple personally, though he knew Williams.
. At the beginning of this second recorded interview, Davis was again Mirandized, and he again agreed to talk to Bohon and Thornton, who conducted all of the interviews with him.
. Davis noted that he waited outside, because he had been barred from entering the Friendly.
. Bohon testified that Davis was no longer free to go, that they suspected he had received money from Primeaux, but that they still did not suspect Davis of involvement in the actual stabbings.
. Bohon testified that they were very interested in this statement, because Bear had been found with a vacuum cleaner cord wrapped around her neck, and this fact had not been released to the public. Bohon testified that when they showed Davis a crime scene picture of Bear and asked him about this "hose,” Davis indicated that the vacuum cord wrapped around Bear's neck was what he was talking about.
. Bohon testified that Davis stated that Pri-meaux had "lifted Ms. Bear's dress up and played with her” and that Davis said he could see that Primeaux "was humping on her.”
. The medical examiner did not find any physical evidence that Bear was raped or sexually assaulted, though Bear was not wearing underwear when her body was discovered. Although Stieber testified at the preliminary hearing that "underwear” was found near the body of Bear, he "corrected” this testimony at trial, stating that it was a "silk slip,” rather than underwear, that was found near her body.
. This fourth recorded interview (the third that day) began with Davis again being Mirandized.
. In later hearings, Davis is quoted as saying, "Okay, I did it.”
. Davis stated that Bear was in front of the couch when he "made love to her” and that she crawled over toward the wall heater, where he stabbed her, while he was getting the knife.
. The record in this case contains little precise information about what happened in Davis' case. There are numerous references to a competency determination during the fall of 2001, and Pri-meaux states in his brief that "the only reason the State dismissed charges against Randy Davis and changed their theory of the case was because he was found incompetent to stand trial and unable to gain competency.” And in a hearing on October 1, 2001, the prosecutor indicated that two doctors had found Davis to be incompetent and "seriously mentally retarded.” Yet the prosecutor also indicated that the State had basically lost confidence in its evidence against Davis, and later stated that it dismissed the charges against him for this reason.
. See 7/26/2001 Motion in Limine, O.R. 321 (emphasis in original).
. See 7/31/2001 Defendant's Second Supplemental Witness List, O.R. 332-36.
. The trial court commented that this would seem to waive Primeaux’s protection against the admission of statements by a co-conspirator, and Primeaux’s counsel agreed and conceded that if Primeaux decided to question the officers about Davis' statements, the State could respond by bringing out additional statements made by Davis and even playing the actual videotapes.
. The "against penal interest” exception to the hearsay rule allows for the admission at trial of the out-of-court statements of a non-testifying individual (the declarant), for the purpose of establishing the truth of the matter asserted by the declarant therein, provided that the declarant is "unavailable” to testify at trial, and the statement satisfies the following criteria:
A statement which was at the time of its malting contrary to the declarant’s pecuniary or proprietary interest, or which tended to subject him to civil or criminal liability, ... and which a reasonable man in his position would not have made unless he believed it to be true. A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability and offered to exculpate the accused is not admissible unless corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the trustworthiness of the statement.
12 O.S.1991, § 2804(B)(3). The State conceded during this and subsequent hearings that Davis was “unavailable” as a witness; and there was never any real debate that a reasonable man in Davis' position would not have made the incriminatory statements that Davis made if he did not believe these statements to be true, since such statements obviously did tend to subject him to criminal liability.
. The court noted that it would view the videotapes and research the § 2804(B)(3) exception to the hearsay rule before the hearing.
. Primeaux’s arguments in this filing largely track his arguments on appeal in Proposition III.
. The State’s current argument largely tracks that of the prosecutor during this hearing.
. The court stated, "I am not sure that corroborative evidence that places him at the scene rises to the level of corroborative evidence that would indicate the trustworthiness of this confession.” The fact that Davis and Primeaux were both charged under a felony murder theory, in addition to the malice-aforethought theory, was not discussed in this context.
. The prosecutor noted that defense counsel had "relied to a great extent on the fact that they are not offering these things for the truth of the matter asserted.”
. The court summarized: Based on what I know of this case, the lack of forensic evidence, the fact that Mr. Davis does not provide any information in his statements that would not have been learned by him being merely present at the scene, his obvious error in recalling certain details, and, in some — and his change of position throughout the statement, ... certainly doesn't give any credibility to the trustworthiness of the final confession.
.On January 30, 2002, the State had filed an additional motion in limine, seeking to prohibit any party or witness from making any comment or reference to "[a]ny statements made by Randy Davis to another person.” Primeaux had previously filed various supplemental witness lists, noting that he intended to introduce the testimony of other persons to whom Davis had made incriminatory statements, and possibly even *923Davis himself. These statements included the following: (1) when Davis was being booked into the Kay County Jail, he was asked if he was under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of “the offense,” and he responded, "I wasn't drunk, but I had a few.”; (2) when Davis was asked, at this same time, whether he was "armed during the offense,” he responded, "Yes, I had a knife."; (3) when Davis was then asked about this knife, he responded by demonstrating the size with his hands; and (4) when Troy Turner (another inmate at the Kay County Jail) asked Davis, "So, did you do it?", referring to the murder of Bear and Littlecook, Davis responded, "Well, Troy, you know how crazy I can get."
. The trial court stated:
We did have extensive hearings on whether out-of-court statements by Mr. Davis were going to be admissible in this trial. And recognizing that they are hearsay, the exception that was offered to allow those statements to be admissible was statements against penal interests. And the Court looked at the statements and, of course, under that particular exception to the hearsay rule, there are some tests that you apply — that essentially go to the trustworthiness of the statement. And the Court found that after viewing Mr. Davis' — the videotape of the statements that Mr. Davis gave to the police officers that due to his mental capacity and due to the inconsistencies that were given in those statements, due to the circumstances under which the statements were given, the Court had substantial question concerning the trustworthiness of those statements. I wasn’t even convinced that Mr. Davis himself believed them when he said them. And for those reasons, I ruled that those statements would not be admissible.
Defense counsel did not challenge the court's summary in this regard or attempt to argue that any of Davis' statements should not be considered hearsay.
. The court noted, however, that any reference to statements made by Davis should be taken up at the bench, before such statements were put before the jury, either as argument or testimony.
. The trial court also questioned whether Davis’ statement to Troy Turner was truly "against penal interest,” as that term has been defined legally. The court relied principally, however, upon its misgivings about Davis, based upon viewing the videotapes of Davis:
Secondly, the fundamental issue of Mr. Davis' abilily to perceive and recall and relate the events of that day was called into question in the prior statements. That’s what was the essence of the objection to the prior hearsay statements is that — that his — perhaps as a result of both lack of cognitive ability and abuse of alcohol, and whatever other emotional problems he may have, he was not reliable in the statements that he gave concerning that event. And after viewing the tapes for some hours, I concluded that that was true. I think that issue still remains, no matter who he is making statements to.
. See 2/11/2002 Motion to Preclude the Introduction of Evidence that Randy Davis was Previously Charged as an Accomplice, O.R. 405-06. The State argued that because neither an arrest nor the filing of an information can be considered as "evidence of guilt” in a criminal case, Primeaux should be precluded from demonstrating that Davis was ever arrested or charged.
. The State's actions in this regard form the basis for Primeaux's Proposition IV.
. Defense counsel failed to elicit the specific crimes for which Davis was actually arrested and charged, however, and failed to put the Information charging Davis into evidence. Since the jury did learn that other persons (various family members of Primeaux) had been arrested and charged in the case as accomplices "after-the-fact,” this was potentially confusing to the jury.
. At no point during Primeaux’s trial was any reference made, before the jury, to the fact that the State may have been precluded from pursuing its case against Davis due, at least in part, to problems relating to his competency. Surprisingly, the record does not contain any evidence that defense counsel attempted to place evidence regarding this issue before Primeaux’s jury.
. After making a feeble and unsuccessful attempt to bring out the fact that Red Davis told investigators that Randy Davis had a knife with him on the day of the murders — testimony that defense counsel conceded was inadmissible hearsay when the State objected to it — defense counsel simply sat down.
. During this hearing the State took the position that the statements made by Davis at the time he was booked into jail were not admissible, since he had not been (re-)Mirandized and did not have counsel present at that time, in addition to arguing that they were unreliable for the same reasons that the court had found Davis’ statements to Bohon and Thornton to be unreliable. The Stale also argued that Bohon and Thornton should not be allowed to testify, because their testimony would only be cumulative to that of Stieber.
. These were the officers to whom Davis made statements at the time he was booked into jail.
. Primeaux proposed to present the testimony of Red Davis concerning a number of issues surrounding the knife found in his home — and Red’s arrest and charge as an accessory to the two murders in the case — and the fact that the day after the murders, Randy Davis gave his father back the knife (a non-hearsay action) and stated that he had "done something” with it.
. Later that day the court again reviewed its ruling on the admissibility of statements made by Davis, this time also noting that the court was unaware of any evidence corroborating Davis' actual involvement in the crimes, rather than his mere presence at the scene.
. Defense counsel also made an offer of proof that if Agent Thornton were allowed to testify, his testimony would mirror that of Bohon. Regarding the other witnesses to whom Davis made incriminatory statements, defense counsel relied upon his earlier proffers.
. The careful attention of the trial court to this issue is not reflected in Primeaux's brief on appeal, nor is it reflected in today's Court's opinion.
. Primeaux’s appellate brief asserts that the trial court failed to rule on his "non-hearsay” argument, "[i]n spite of the universal understanding in the courtroom that the defense did not intend to offer the statements for the truth of the matter asserted, [and] did not claim the statements were true or trustworthy.” This is quite misleading, though perhaps not as inaccurate as the assertion in Primeaux’s reply brief, that he "never raised” a claim that Davis’ statements "were admissible under an exception to the hearsay rule,” which is simply false.
. On appeal, Primeaux argues that these statements were admissible at trial as non-hearsay:
to show [Davis’] knowledge of the scene, why [Davis] had been arrested, that he repeatedly changed his story, to prove that he had been present at the scene, to corroborate Mr. Pri-meaux's story, to rebut the State's claim that no evidence implicating Randy Davis existed, and for the fact that the statements [were] made.
. Yet Primeaux's twelve propositions on appeal do not include a single claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
. 410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973).
. Id. at 294, 93 S.Ct. 1038. The Chambers Court likewise recognized that the “rights to confront and cross-examine witnesses and to call witnesses in one’s own behalf have long been recognized as essential to due process.” Id.
. Id. at 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. The Chambers case was about the shooting of Officer Aaron Liberty. Liberty and other officers were attempting to arrest a man at a bar, when a hostile crowd gathered and attempted to prevent the arrest. A riot broke out, and five or six shots were fired, from a .22 caliber revolver, four of which hit Liberty in the back. Before Liberty died, however, he turned around and fired his sawed-off shotgun into an alley area from which the shots appeared to have come. One of these shots hit Leon Chambers in the back of the head and neck, seemingly killing him.
The officers at the scene attended to Liberty, who died on the way to the hospital, but did not investigate whether Chambers was actually dead or had a weapon. When some of his friends (including McDonald) discovered that he was still alive, they took him to the hospital. Chambers was charged with Liberty’s murder, but consistently maintained his innocence. Id. at 285-88, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Id. at 287-88, 93 S.Ct. 1038. After this confession McDonald was turned over to local authorities, put in jail, and charged with shooting Officer Liberty. At his preliminary hearing one month later, however, McDonald repudiated this confession and testified that he was down the street in a café with a friend at the time of the shootings and that they only came to the scene afterwards. McDonald also claimed that he had lost his .22 caliber pistol months before the shooting. The local justice of the peace accepted this repudiation, refused to bind McDonald over for trial, and released him from custody. Id. at 288, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Chambers called McDonald as a witness, after the State failed to call him, and requested that he be allowed to treat McDonald as an adverse witness, in order to cross-examine him fully. The trial court ruled that Mississippi's evidentia-ry code did not allow Chambers "to treat McDonald as an "adverse witness.” Id. at 291, 93 S.Ct. 1038. The Mississippi Supreme Court affirmed this ruling on appeal, since McDonald did not "point the finger at Chambers.” Id. at 292, 93 S.Ct. 1038. In his petition to the Supreme Court, Chambers challenged this trial court ruling, along with its hearsay ruling, arguing that “the application of these evidentiary rules rendered his trial fundamentally unfair and deprived him of due process of law.” Id. at 289-90, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Id. at 291, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Id. at 289, 292, 93 S.Ct. 1038. In addition, a gun dealer testified that McDonald purchased a .22 caliber revolver about a year before the murder and then purchased a different .22 three weeks after the murder. Id. at 293 n. 5, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. One officer at the scene testified that he saw Chambers shoot Liberty, and another officer testified that he saw Chambers “break his arm down" shortly before the shots were fired at Liberty. Three officers who saw Liberty shoot Chambers testified that they assumed Liberty was shooting his attacker. Yet a witness at the scene testified that he looked at Chambers when the shooting began, and he was sure that Chambers did not fire any shots; and the State was unable to present any evidence that Chambers ever owned a .22 caliber pistol. Id. at 286, 289, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. One of these witnesses would have testified that McDonald confessed to him that he had shot Liberty that same night, after they returned from the hospital. Another witness, the friend who testified that he was not in any café with McDonald, would have further testified that McDonald confessed to him that same night and later told him not to "mess him up.” A third witness, a longtime friend and neighbor of McDonald's, would have testified that the morning after the shootings, McDonald told him that he had shot Liberty and then disposed of his .22 caliber revolver. He also would have testified that he was with McDonald when he purchased a new .22 caliber pistol, to replace the one he had discarded, several weeks later. Id. at 292-93, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Id. at 292-93, 93 S.Ct. 1038. Although the basis of the trial court's exclusion of the third witness' testimony was not entirely clear, the Mississippi Supreme Court approved the trial court's exclusion of the proffered testimony from all three witnesses, finding that it was inadmissible hearsay. Id. at 293, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. As the Chambers Court noted, the Mississippi exception included only statements that were against the declarant’s "pecuniary interest.” Id. at 299, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. Id. at 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. In fact, the Supreme Court noted that the hearsay rule "has long been recognized and respected by virtually every State, [and] is based on experience and grounded in the notion that untrustworthy evidence should not be presented to the triers of fact.” Id. at 298, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
. The Court wrote;
In reaching this judgment, we establish no new principles of constitutional law. Nor does our holding signal any diminution in the respect traditionally accorded to the States in the establishment and implementation of their own criminal trial rules and procedures. Rather, we hold quite simply that under the facts and circumstances of this case, the rulings of the trial court deprived Chambers of a fair trial.
Id. at 302-03, 93 S.Ct. 1038.
This Chambers approach was subsequently applied to a capital case before the Supreme Court. See Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95, 99 S.Ct. 2150, 60 L.Ed.2d 738 (1979) (per curiam) (vacating death sentence where trial court excluded evidence, as hearsay, that co-defendant told someone that he alone killed victim, after ordering Green to run an errand). In Green, the Court again emphasized that narrow evidentiary rulings, even when correct, cannot be allowed to unfairly infringe upon a defendant's due process right to present his defense. Id. at 97, 99 S.Ct. *9292150 ("Regardless of whether the proffered testimony comes within Georgia’s hearsay rule, under the facts of this case its exclusion constituted a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”). Within its assessment of the reliability of the excluded evidence, the Court emphasized that the State itself relied upon the disputed evidence, within its prosecution of the co-defendant. Id. ("Perhaps most important, the State considered the testimony sufficiently reliable to use it against Moore, and to base a sentence of death upon it.”) (citing Chambers). This parallels the case at hand, in which the State earlier developed, presented, and relied upon the Davis evidence that it now calls ' 'untrustworthy.' ’
The holding in Chambers was also recently applied in a capital case before the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. See Ellis v. Mullin, 326 F.3d 1122, 1128-30 (10th Cir. 2002) (relying on Chambers to grant habeas relief based upon trial court's exclusion of evidence that defendant was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, during pre-trial competency evaluation, which prevented defendant from fully presenting his insanity defense at trial).
. Actually, the impact of the trial court's eviden-tiary ruling in Primeaux’s case was arguably much more significant than the impact in the Chambers case. Although Leon Chambers' jurors did not hear about three of McDonald's confessions, they did hear about a separate, sworn confession that he made, along with substantial other evidence implicating McDonald, including eyewitness testimony. The jury was also able to evaluate McDonald's credibility and his repudiation of his confession directly, since he testified; and Chambers was able to impeach McDonald's "alibi” with direct testimony from his friend, who denied being in a café with him.
Primeaux, on the other hand, whose defense was that Randy Davis was responsible for both murders, was completely prevented from informing his jurors that Davis had confessed to one of the murders (and a rape) to investigating officers. The record in this case does not suggest that Davis ever formally renounced this confession; and Davis (unlike McDonald) was bound over for trial on the charges against him. Yet Primeaux’s jury never learned what exactly Davis was arrested for and charged with, or how the State got him bound over for trial based upon the very same confession that it was now claiming was unreliable. And since Davis himself was "unavailable” at the time of trial, the jury was left to rely on the conclusion of the State's lead investigator in the case that there was essentially "no evidence” against him.
Ir> Chambers, the Supreme Court acknowledged the significant evidence implicating McDonald that Chambers was allowed to present, but concluded that his defense “was far less persuasive than it might have been,” if Chambers had been allowed to present the excluded confessions and fully cross-examine McDonald. Id. at 294, 93 S.Ct. 1038. I conclude that the impact of the trial court rulings in Primeaux's case was much more significant and detrimental.
. The trial court was very clear that it was excluding any out-of-court statements made by Davis based upon its evaluation of Davis’ reliability and the “trustworthiness” of his statements — • a ruling that the court repeatedly stated was, in turn, based upon its evaluation of the videotapes of Davis' interviews with Bohon and Thornton. Since the record in this case does not contain any of these videotapes, this Court cannot actually evaluate the trial court's decision to exclude Davis' statements. We simply have not been provided with the necessary materials to do so.
. See Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038 ("[Wjhere constitutional rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt are implicated, the hearsay rule may not be applied mechanistically to defeat the ends of justice.”).
. The current attempts by the State and this Court to defend Stieber’s "no evidence” testimony are weak and disturbing. Although investigators did not find blood or fingerprint evidence from Davis at the crime scene, many aspects of Davis' description of the crime scene and how tire murders occurred were corroborated by physical evidence at the crime scene. State witnesses at the preliminary hearing indicated that such corroboration was why Davis became a suspect and was eventually charged in the case. And the trial court itself recognized that there was substantial evidence corroborating Davis' presence at the time of the murders. In addition, the knife found in Davis' home, where he indicated it would be found, was also arguably corroborative physical evidence. Even though the State apparently came to the conclusion, by the time of Primeaux’s trial, that this knife was not the murder weapon, the evidence presented at trial did not exclude the possibility that Davis' knife was used in the double homicide, as he had indicated.
. We need not decide whether this prosecutorial misconduct alone necessitates reversal in this case, since Primeaux presents a cumulative error claim, in addition to his individual claims. My dissent is based upon the cumulative effect of the numerous errors in Primeaux’s trial.
. The trial court had earlier made clear the limited nature of its ruling regarding the Davis evidence, and noted that the exclusion of this evidence was subject to change and review, depending on what happened as tire trial progressed. It strikes me as obvious that when the lead investigator in the State’s case testifies that he is aware of absolutely no statements to third parties tying Davis to the murders of Bear and Little-cook, that the State has forcefully and blatantly kicked opened the door to impeachment evidence about the content of incriminatory statements made by Davis. Why didn’t defense counsel feel the breeze?
. As I hope is clear, however, I also find that there is a reasonable probability of a different result for Primeaux, particularly regarding at least one of his sentences.