On January 4, 1967, this Court received the following request for an advisory opinion:
“Now comes George Bomney, governor of the State of Michigan, and invokes the jurisdiction of this Court under the provisions of article-3, §8, Constitution of 1963. In support of this’ request the governor shows unto the Court the following:
*561“1. That on October 28, 1966, Enrolled House Bill No 3898, having been duly enacted by the legislature, was signed by me into law and became PA 1966, No 346.
“2. That said Act No 346 was not given immediate effect by the legislature, is not presently effective, and will not become effective until March 10, 1967.
“3. That said Act No 346 has as its general purpose the providing of low cost housing, and the creation of a State housing development authority which is the vehicle for accomplishing this purpose. (Attached hereto for the information and convenience of the Court is a copy of Public Act No 346.) The act contemplates that the authority would borrow money and make loans to associations for the purpose of providing financing for the construction of low cost housing; that bonds issued by the authority would pledge for their payment the moneys received from the repayment of the loans to the authority by the associations; that a capital reserve fund is established which includes the borrowed money and State appropriations.
“4. That article 9, § 18 of the Constitution of 1963 prohibits the State from granting its credit to any person, association or corporation, public or private. Thus, a question arises as to whether Public Act 346 lends the credit of the State so as to violate the provisions of article 9, § 18 of the Constitution of 1963.
“6.1 That Public Act 346 allows the legislature to appropriate funds to the capital reserve fund, which would be used to pay principal and interest on the bonds, and a question arises as to whether this is such a borrowing by the State which would require a two-thirds vote of the legislature and approval by the electors as provided in article 9, § 15, of the Constitution of 1963.
*562“7. That the questions involved are of great statewide importance and solemn concern to the people of the. State of Michigan, and serious questions have arisen relative to the constitutionality of Public Act 346.
“Wherefore, and pursuant to the above-cited provisions of the Constitution of 1963, I, George Romney, governor of the State of Michigan, request the Supreme Court of this State to render its opinion as to the constitutionality of PA 1966, No 346.
“Respectfully submitted,
/s/ George ROMNEY George Romney Governor.
January 3, 1967.”
I. DESCRIPTION OP THE ACT.
PA 1966, No 346, was adopted by the legislature and approved by the governor on October 28, 1966. It is an act to create a State housing authority, to define the powers and duties of the authority, to establish a housing development revolving fund and a capital reserve fund, to authorize loans to qualified nonprofit sponsors and municipalities, to provide tax exemptions and to authorize payments in lieu of taxes by nonprofit housing corporations.
The act declares that there is a seriously inadequate supply of safe and sanitary dwelling accommodations within the financial means of low income or moderate income families. It declares that the construction of such housing is a valid public purpose and declares further that the authority and powers conferred by the act to be known as the “state housing development authority act of 1966” constitute a necessary program and serve a valid public purpose.
The act creates the State housing development authority which is declared to be a body politic *563and corporate. It gives the authority general corporate powers, including the power to borrow and to loan money, to hold and convey real estate, to sue and be sued, and to do all other things. necessary for the accomplishment of the purposes of' the act.
II. The Bqreowing Power of. the State of Michigan.
In considering the constitutionality of Act No 346, it is well at the outset to have in mind the limited power of the State of- Michigan to borrow money. The State of Michigan is not authorized generally to borrow. Article 9, § 12,, of the Constitution of 1963, says,
“No evidence of state indebtedness shall be issued except for debts authorized pursuant to this constitution.”
The prohibition is clear and unequivocal. The State is without authority to borrow money except as constitutionally granted.
The Constitution of 1963 discloses only four specific instances in which the State is constitutionally permitted to borrow:
A. Short term borrowing to meet current appropriations.2 '
B. Long' term borrowing adopted by two-thirds of the legislature, and approved by the electorate.3
C. For the making of loans to school districts.4
D. To retire Mackinac bridge, bonds.5.
The framers of the 1963 Constitution created a pay-as-you-go government for the State of Michigan. In furtherance of that scheme, the State of *564Michigan is specifically prohibited from becoming a guarantor or surety for anyone. It would be an obviously useless thing for the Constitution to prohibit the State from borrowing money and then permit the State to incur liabilities by becoming party to the borrowing of others. Thus, article 9, § 18, of the Constitution provides :
“The credit of the state shall not be granted to, nor in aid of any person, association or corporation, public or private, except as authorized in this constitution.”
The purpose of this provision is to make certain that the State, which itself cannot borrow, except as authorized, does not accumulate unauthorized debts by indorsing or guaranteeing the obligations of others.
III. The BobbowiNG Power oe State Authorities and Public Corporations.
While the State of Michigan has no authority to borrow money except as specifically authorized in the Constitution, this is not true of public bodies corporate. Article 9, § 13, of the Constitution of 1963, provides:
“Public bodies corporate shall have power to borrow money and to issue their securities evidencing debt, subject to this constitution and law.”
Public corporations, unlike the State, have general power to borrow money except as prohibited by the Constitution and by the statutes.
Nothing in section 13 refers to the purposes for which public bodies corporate may borrow money. Nor does the Constitution expressly limit the purposes for which public bodies corporate may spend money, which they obtain either by process of *565borrowing or by gift, appropriation, or profit-making.
Article 7, § 21, of the Constitution of 1963, specifically provides that cities and villages may levy taxes only for public purposes. When attempting to assess the validity of borrowing by public corporations, other than cities and villages, however, no such constitutional guidelines are to be found. The validity of any borrowing by public corporations must be measured by the corporate purposes of the public body corporate itself, as contained in its charter or in the act of the legislature establishing the public body corporate. If a public body corporate has been validly and constitutionally created by the legislature, its borrowing and spending, insofar as any test of purpose is concerned, will be held to be valid whenever they are properly related to its corporate purposes.
This is not to say that the test of public purpose is irrelevant in this case. The existence of a public purpose is important here in three different respects, and will be dealt with later in this opinion.
IV. BORROWING BY THE STATE
Housing Authority.
Before passing to a discussion of public purpose, we must resolve the question of whether Act No 346 does in fact involve an unconstitutional grant of the credit of the State of Michigan to the authority contrary to article 9, § 18, of the 1963 Constitution.
As has been often held by our Court, revenue bonds and self-liquidating bonds do not constitute the obligations of the State of Michigan. A reading of Act No 346 indicates that great care has been taken in the drafting of the act to bring it within *566this general scheme. Section 25, subd (3) of the act provides:
“Except as may otherwise be expressly provided by the authority, every issue of its notes or bonds shall be general obligations of the authority payable out of any revenues or moneys of the authority.”
Section 31 of the act specifically provides:
“The state shall not be liable on notes or bonds of the authority and such notes and bonds shall not be a debt of the state. The notes and bonds shall contain on the face thereof a statement to such effect.”
"While section 32, subd (4) of the act provides that the authority shall certify to the governor the amount necessary to restore the capital reserve fund of the authority to an amount equal to the maximum amount of principal and interest maturing and becoming due in any succeeding calendar year on bonds then outstanding, the appropriations contemplated ' thereby are permissive only. The State .does- not assume any obligation to appropriate moneys necessary to pay the bonds.
Further, section 41 of the act provides that the authority from time to time at its discretion may recommend to the legislature an issuance of faith and credit bonds for a vote of the people. This section of the act conforms to section 15 of article 9 of the Constitution of 1963, and indicates a legislative intent that the full faith and credit of the State of Michigan will be used in assistance of the State housing development authority only when . this constitutional provision7 has been complied , with.
*567Tbe act does not obligate the State of Michigan, either directly or indirectly, to repay moneys bor-' rowed by the State housing development authority. Its bonds would be self-liquidating revenue bonds within the meaning of that concept as it has been developed in our statutes and case law. No constitutional impediment to the authority exists on this basis.
Y. The Relevance oe Public Pukpose.
To say that Act No 346 does not contain an unconstitutional grant of State credit, is not, however, to conclude that the act is without constitutional infirmities.
The power of the legislature to create corporate - entities is carefully circumscribed by the Constitution. Article 15, § 1, of the Constitution of 1850, prohibited the legislature from creating corporations by special act, except for municipal purposes. The 1908 Constitution in article 12, § 1, repeated the prohibition but eliminated the words “except for municipal purposes.” This language was excluded from the Constitution of 1963. However, article 4, § 29, of the 1963 document, reads as follows:
“The legislature shall pass no local or special act in any case where a general act can be made applicable, and whether a general act can be made applicable shall be a judicial question.”8
*568Considering* the fact that since the Constitution of 1908 the legislature has been required to create both private and municipal corporations by general law, it is obvious that general laws can be made applicable to accomplish this purpose. A closer scrutiny of the act, however, leads to the conclusion that it was not the intention of the legislature to create a corporation in the ordinary sense. Section 21, subd (4) of the act provides as follows:
“The authority shall be within the department of social services and shall exercise its prescribed statutory powers, duties and functions independently of the head of the department, except that all budgeting, procurement and related functions of the authority shall be performed under the direction and supervision of the head of the department of social services.”
Thus it would appear that the legislative intent was to create a quasi corporation rather than a corporation proper. The Constitution of 1963 does not address itself to the establishment of quasi corporations, but it has long been accepted that legislatures have the authority to give corporate capacity to certain agencies in the administration of civil government. And in so doing, they create neither private corporations nor municipal corporations, but instead a class of artificial entities which have been designated quasi corporations. As was stated in Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority v. Boards of Supervisors of Five Counties (1942), 300 Mich 1, on page 20:
“It was not intended, as we view the constitutional provision, to strip the legislature of the power to create specific and supplemental governmental agencies designed to function in a limited sphere in the accomplishment of public purposes for which existing municipal corporations either singly or in *569designated groups were not suited. Such agencies do not arise to the dignity of municipal corporations. They are lacking in very many of the powers which are commonly and necessarily characteristic of such corporations. They more closely resemble boards or commissions.”
The Huron-Clinton Case, above cited, quotes from Beach v. Leahy (1873), 11 Kan 23, as follows:
“The mere fact that these organizations are declared in the statute to be bodies corporate, has little weight. We look behind the name to the thing named. Its character, its relations, and its functions determine its position, and not the mere title under which it passes. In the last five cases cited the organizations were declared in the statute creating them to be bodies corporate, yet this made no difference in the rule. The conclusion to which these investigations has led us is, that among public corporations only corporations proper are included within the scope of article 12 of the State Constitution, and that a school district is only a quasi corporation, and not covered by its provisions.”
Further citations in the Euron-Clinton Case -give us other criteria by which to determine whether the legislature has made an unconstitutional attempt to create a corporation by local or special act, or whether it has validly exercised its power to confer corporate powers upon an agency of State government, thus creating what is known as • a quasi corporation.
Such quasi corporations are described as bodies of citizens who have no personal nor private interests to be subserved, but are simply required by the State to do some public work. It is said that the reason for the constitutional restriction does not exist, where the State merely clothes one of its own agencies or instrumentalities with such corporate *570power. It is said that the conferring of corporate powers by the legislature upon agencies of the State, áppointed to perform some public work, in the course of the administration of civil government, the more efficiently to perform the duties imposed, is not such an act as is prohibited by the Constitution.
The Huron-Clinton Case distinguishes Farrell v. Port of Columbia (1907), 50 Or 169 (91 P 546, 93 P 254), on the ground that the corporation therein involved, which was created by special act, was designed and authorized to function in the field of private enterprise, doing business commonly done by transportation companies. The Court said it was not merely a governmental agency.
In City of Ecorse v. Peoples Community Hospital Authority (1953), 336 Mich 490, at page 502, the Court says:
“We have here a matter of health, which is a question of statewide concern and in which the legislature has a large area of discretion. The defendant authority is a State agency and, as such, is not a municipal corporation or .a body created by the municipalities here involved but by the State itself. See Huron-Clinton Case, supra. The legislation in question, not being local in nature, does not require the. vote of the local electors for its approval under article 5, § 30, Constitution 1908.”
Thus it would appear that the State housing-development authority as created by Act No 346 is not an unconstitutional attempt to create a corporation by a special act, if in fact, it is merely a quasi corporation, that is the clothing of an agency or instrumentality of State government with corporate powers to perform some public work lii the course of the administration of civil government: The act is largely ambiguous on this subject. On *571the one hand, it calls the authority a public body corporate and politic, and on the other hand, it says the authority, shall be within the department of social services.
We must, as has been stated, look behind the name to the thing named. We must examine its character, its relations, and its functions to determine, indeed, whether it is an agency or instrumentality of State government. This examination leads us to a consideration of the purposes sought to be. accomplished by the law. If those purposes are public purposes, if the work of the entity is a public work, then the State housing development authority is a State agency or instrumentality and its creation is a constitutional exercise of legislative power.
If those purposes are not public purposes, or the work of the entity not a public work, then Act No 346 is an unconstitutional attempt to create a body. corporate by special act without a two-thirds major-. ity in the legislature and the approval of the electorate.9
If those purposes are not public purposes, there may be further constitutional infirmities.
Article 3, §6, Constitution 1963, provides:
“The state shall not be a party to, nor be financially interested in, any work of internal improvement, nor engage in carrying on. any such work, except for public internal improvements provided by law.”'
Article 4, § 30, Constitution 1963, provides:
' “The assent of two-thirds of the members elected' to and serving in each house of the legislature shall be required for the appropriation of public money or property for local or private purposes.”10
*572The public purpose issue then, bas three faces.
First, as it relates to the question of whether the State housing development authority is a State agency, a mere quasi corporation, and not a corporation proper.
Second, as it relates to the authority of the State to engage in a work of internal improvement.
Third, as it relates to the constitutionality of an appropriation to the use of the authority by less than two thirds of the legislature.11
In this discussion of public purpose, it is good to bear in mind that constitutional government concerns itself with means and not with ends. Thus, it is often the case that when courts indulge in a discussion of whether or not a specific piece of legislation exhibits a valid public purpose, they are actually attempting to decide whether the means which the legislation proposes to employ are valid and proper to accomplish an admittedly public purpose. In a footnote to the majority opinion in City of Gaylord v. Gaylord City Clerk (1966), 378 Mich 273, there appears a quotation from Justice Cooley in People, ex rel. Detroit & H. R. Co., v. Township Board of Salem (1870), 20 Mich 452, in which Justice Cooley makes it clear that what is a public purpose for the valid exercise of regulations under the police power may not be a public purpose for the exercise of the power of eminent domain and, further, that the expenditure of public funds may not be regarded as being made for a public purpose where some other exercise of governmental authority might be valid to accomplish the same end.
Putting it very simply, we have building codes which are a valid exercise of the police power to insure that our people will live in safe and sanitary *573dwellings. We are accustomed to say that such codes accomplish a valid public purpose. But an act appropriating hundreds of millions of public dollars to completely rewire or fireproof every building in the State is quite a different thing than electrical building code or a set of fireproofing regulations. Such enactments would not he literally distinguishable on the basis of the purpose they are intended to accomplish. Both are aimed at the same public purpose, to wit, the safety of our people. The enactments would be distinguishable only on the basis of the means employed. Direct expenditures would probably he struck down as unconstitutional while regulatory measures would he upheld as constitutional. And in both cases, the Court, if precedent were to he followed, would engage in a discussion of whether or not the specific enactment was directed to a proper public purpose. In the discussion that follows then, the question of public purpose will he treated separately as it relates to the three means which are at issue here, (1) creation of a State agency, (2) construction of internal improvement, (3) expenditure of public funds.
VI. Public Purpose as it Relates to the Status oe the State HousiNG DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY AS a Quasi-Corpoeate State Agency.
Setting aside for the moment the involvement of the State housing development authority in the actual construction of dwellings, there can he no doubt that it is a proper public purpose for the State to concern itself with the housing of its inhabitants.
The following powers are granted to the authority:
*574“Sec. 22. The authority shall have all the powers necessary or convenient to carry out and effectuate the purposes and provisions of this act, including the following powers in addition to all other powers granted by other provisions of this act: * * *
“(b) To undertake and carry out studies and analyses of housing needs within the state and ways of meeting such needs, including data with respect to population and family groups and the distribution thereof according to income groups, the amount and quality of available housing and its distribution according to rentals and sale prices, employment, wages and other factors affecting housing-needs and the meeting thereof; and to make the results of such studies and analyses available to the public and the housing and supply industries; and to engage in research and disseminate information on housing. * * *
“(d) To survey and investigate the housing conditions and needs, both urban and rural, throughout the state and make recommendations to the governor and the legislature as to legislation and other measures necessary or advisable to alleviate any existing housing shortage in the state. * # #
“(f) To encourage community organizations to assist'in initiating housing projects for low income or moderate income persons as provided in this act.
“(g) To encourage research in, and demonstration projects to develop, new and better techniques and methods for increasing the supply of housing for low income or moderate income persons.”
It is clearly a public purpose and a proper governmental function to encourage the private sector of the economy to build houses. It is equally proper for the State to assist private enterprise to this goal by research, study, and the dissemination of information.
The location of our State in the north temperate zone makes it evident that human life cannot sub*575sist in Michigan without man-made shelter. The condition of our present urbanization and industrialization makes it practically impossible for the vast majority of our citizens to construct their own dwelling houses. Modern technology, the logistics of moving building supplies, the intricacy of plumbing, electrical, and other building codes, and the need for economy in land use, all conspire to move the construction of single and multiple dwellings further from the competence of the average householder.
The construction of housing has. become in our times an enterprise affected with a public interest.
By the most ancient principles of jus publicum the creation of a State agency in our day to- take some measures to promote the construction of housing is a proper governmental function. The grant of corporate powers to such an agency make it a quasi corporation only. It remains an instrumentality of the State. Its members are engaged in a public work. For this reason, Act No 346 is a general act and not a local or special act within the meaning of Const 1963, art 4, § 29.
VII. Public Purpose as it Relates to the CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATION UPON THE Construction op Internal Improvements.
Setting aside for a moment the use of funds appropriated or to he appropriated by the legislature, does Act No 346 violate article 3, § 6, Constitution 1963112
*576First, is tbe construction of housing for persons of low or moderate income a “public internal improvement?”
Section 1 of Act No 346 provides as follows:
“It is hereby determined that there exists in the state of Michigan a seriously inadequate supply of safe and sanitary dwelling accommodations within the financial means of low income or moderate income families. It is further determined that to undertake the clearance of slums and blighted areas, and at the same time meet the urgent needs of the residents of these areas, it is a valid public purpose to construct such housing for low income or moderate income persons who are displaced by such programs, and who would otherwise be unable to obtain adequate dwelling accommodations which they could afford.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Courts give great weight to legislative declarations of public purpose. In this case, there is a gap between the legislative declaration and the provisions of the act. While section 1 declares that it is a public purpose to construct housing for low income persons or moderate income persons who are displaced by slum clearance, it makes no such declaration with respect to low income or moderate income persons who are not so displaced.
Section 11, suhd (g) of the act provides, among other things:
“Among low income or moderate income persons, preference shall be given to those displaced by urban renewal, slum clearance or other governmental action in accordance with regulations and procedures applicable to housing projects assisted with federally-aided mortgages.” (Emphasis supplied.)
*577Section 45 of the act likewise provides:
“Among low income or moderate income persons, preference shall be given to those displaced by urban renewal, slum clearance or other governmental action.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Thus, even if the legislative declaration were conclusive, it is not broad enough to encompass the functions to be carried out under the act.
We must, therefore, test the question of whether the construction of housing for low and moderate income persons, as envisioned in the act, is a public internal improvement without reference to the declaration quoted.
The relation between housing and health, welfare, and safety of the people of the State has been recognized in many legislative enactments and in legislative declarations of public policy. Typical of these, is the declaration contained in PA 1941, No 250, § 2, being CL 1948, § 125.902 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 5.3058[2]), as follows:
“It is hereby declared that in the cities of the state substandard and insanitary areas exist which have resulted from inadequate planning, excessive land coverage, lack of proper light, air, and open space, defective design and arrangement of buildings, lack of proper sanitary facilities, and the existence of buildings, which, by reason of age, obsolescence, inadequate or outmoded design, or physical deterioration, have become economic or social liabilities, or both; that such conditions are prevalent in areas where substandard, insanitary, outworn or outmoded industrial, commercial or residential buildings prevail, and are conducive to ill health, transmission of disease, infant mortality, juvenile delinquency, crime and poverty; that such conditions impair the economic value of large areas, infecting them with economic light [blight?].”
*578The erection of housing for persons of insufficient means has generally been upheld by the courts as a .proper legislative action, being related to the improvement of the health, morals, and safety of the people. The taking of some areas by power of eminent domain and the erection thereon of low-cost housing has been held to he a public purpose.13 It is abundantly clear that the rationale of the Brewster Street decision, and others like it, is that ■there is a logical relationship between housing and disease, between housing and crime, between housing and immorality, and between housing and poverty. The erection of low-cost housing may also serve the same public purpose long recognized in direct welfare programs in the construction and maintenance of poorhouses, and in a multitude of State legislative acts by which the corporate conscience of the- community in such matters is expressed.
But Act No 346 is not such a welfare measure. There is no test of need, in the sense that the construction of the housing contemplated by the act is the sine qua non of adequate shelter for the persons the act seeks to benefit.
Act No 346 provides for mortgage loans to be made by the State housing development authority to qualified nonprofit housing corporations and consumer housing cooperatives. Section 11, subd (k) describes a qualified nonprofit housing corporation as one incorporated pursuant to the provisions of the Michigan general corporation act and the provisions of Act No 346. It requires that such nonprofit housing corporation be organized exclusively to provide housing facilities for persons of low1 and moderate income. Section 11, subd (l) of the act defines a consumer housing cooperative *579as a nonprofit corporation organized under the laws of the State for the purpose of providing dwelling accommodations for its members which would be qualified, under Federal regulations, for Federally-aided financing.
In section 11, subd (g) of the act, low income or moderate income persons are defined as follows:
“Families and persons who cannot afford to pay the amounts at which private enterprise, without federally-aided mortgages or state-aided loans, is providing a substantial supply of decent, safe and sanitary housing. The income limits applicable for the admission of such families and persons to housing projects financed with federally-aided mortgages shall be those established pursuant to the rules applicable to such housing projects assisted with such federally-aided mortgages.”
A Federally-aided mortgage is defined in section 11, subd (c) of the act as being a below-market-interest-rate mortgage insured or purchased by the secretary of the department of housing and urban development, or a market-interest-rate mortgage insured by the secretary and augmented by a program of rent supplements authorized by the housing and urban development act of 1965.
A reading of Act No 346, with its many references to Federal rules and regulations and adaptation to Federal standards, makes it abundantly clear that one of the purposes of the legislature in enacting this law was to take advantage of Federal funds made available under the housing and urban development act of 1965 and other Federal regulations and appropriations. Ever since the case of Massachusetts v. Mellon (1923), 262 US 447 (43 S Ct 597, 67 L ed 1078), it has been generally accepted that Federal government spending is limited only by the bounds of congressional largess. Certainly, *580the Federal government is not prohibited from undertaking nonpnblic works of internal improvement as is the State of Michigan.
Under 5 USC § 624(c), being Public Law 89-174, § 5a, the powers and duties of the Federal housing administration have been transferred to the secretary of housing and urban development. Section 4a of the same act provides that there shall be an assistant secretary in that department who shall be called the Federal housing commissioner, who shall head a Federal housing administration within the department.
The definition of Federally-aided mortgage, which appears in section 11, subd (c) of Act No 346, relates to the mortgages purchased or insured by the secretary of the department of housing and urban development, which are below-market-interest-rate mortgages. These below-market-interest-rate mortgages are authorized by section 221(d) (5) of the national housing act, which provides certain types of mortgages to carry an interest rate of 3% with an increment based upon current interest rates required on certain bonds of the Federal government.
Such below-market-interest-rate mortgages are stated in that section of the national housing act to be permitted to mortgagors who are defined or described in section 221(d) (3) of the national housing act, being 12 USC, § 1715 (l) (d) (3). Mortgagors permitted to receive these low interest rate mortgages are defined as public bodies or agencies, cooperatives, limited dividend corporations, and nonprofit corporations, who are regulated as to rents, charges and methods of operation, either by local agencies or units of government or by contract with the housing commissioner. The only standard mentioned in the act as to who can occupy the housing built by these corporations or agencies is *581as follows: “low a/nd moderate income families or displaced families shall be eligible for occupa/ncy.”
The type of housing to be built under this section and by these mortgagors is generally multiple residence units. Under various conditions' they are to be permitted to cost between $8,000 per unit and $32,987.50 per unit.
The second type of Federally-aided mortgage referred to in section 11, subd (c) of Act No 346 is a market-interest-rate mortgage insured by the secretary and augmented by a program of rent supplements authorized by the housing and urban development act of 1965. That act authorizes the payment of rent supplements to owners of multiple dwelling units on behalf of qualified tenants. The qualified tenants are described therein (79 Stat 451, Public Law 89-117, being the housing and urban development act of 1965), as those who have an income below the maximum which can be established under section 2(2) and section 15(7)(b)(ii) of the United States housing act of 1937, and in addition to that income qualification are persons who are displaced by government action or 62 years of age or over, are physically handicapped, are occupying substandard housing or are living in a damaged home in a disaster area as defined by the small business administration.
This reference to an income limit contained in the housing and urban development act of 1965 refers to the housing act of 1937, and is contained in 50 Stat 888, 42 USC, § 1402(2). The description is as follows: “families who are in the lowest income group and who cannot afford to pay enough to cause private enterprise in their locality or metropolitan area to build an adequate supply of decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for their use.” The other reference, section 15(7) (b) (ii), United States housing act of 1(137, defines low income persons as those *582whose ability to pay rent represents a 20% gap between the highest•public housing, rentals and the lowest private housing rentals available in the area. 42 USC § 1415(7) (b)(ii).
Neither Act No 846 nor the Federal statutes referred to in the act contain any • limitation upon the holding’s which an eligible person may have. Thus a person .may- own a dwelling honse free and clear, he may in fact own several houses and derive rental income therefrom, and still be eligible for occupancy of one of the units constructed under this program.
In point of fact, the construction program envisioned by the statutes under consideration are not primarily designed to assist certain people, per se. The major thrust of the legislation is to fill a gap ' in the housing market. The definitions of eligibility are essential only as descriptive of the kinds of housing the acts seek to encourage. The conclusion is inescapable that the construction of housing envisioned in the act is not a work of public internal improvement.
The construction to be encouraged by the act is, however, a work of internal improvement, and it is therefore necéssary to decide whether the State will be á party to it, financially interested in it, or engaged in carrying on such work, as prohibited by article 3, § 6, Constitution 1963.
The act does not authorize the State housing development authority to build buildings. It does not anticipate that the State housing development authority will be party to building contracts. It cannot be .said then that the State agency will be a party to, nor engaged in, carrying on the construction of housing. The State housing development authority will, however, be making advances and mortgages for the purpose QÍ financing such construction.
*583Section 23 provides:
“(1) There is created and established under the jurisdiction and control of the authority a revolving fund to be known as the ‘housing development fund’.
“(2) There shall be paid into the housing development fund (a) any moneys appropriated and made available by the state for the purposes of the fund; (b) any moneys which the authority receives in repayment of advances made from the fund, and (c) any other moneys which may be made available to the authority for the purpose of the fund from any other source or sources.”
Section 39, subd (1) provides, in part:
“(1) All moneys of the authority, except as otherwise authorized or provided in this section, shall be paid to the state treasurer as agent of the authority, who shall not commingle such moneys with any other moneys. Such moneys shall be deposited in a separate bank account or accounts.”
Moneys of the State housing development authority are not moneys of the State. The funds to be established under the act are trust funds to be administered by the State housing development authority. The State has no beneficial interest in such funds, and when such funds are used to finance the construction of housing, the State cannot' be' said to be financially interested in such construction. The State government can neither gain nor lose by reason of such construction. We conclude, therefore, that while the construction of private housing is not a public work of internal improvement, the, act does not make the State party to, financially interested in, or engaged in carrying on such work, and the act does not therefore offend against Constitution 1963, art 3, § 6.
*584VIII. Public Purpose as it Relates to the APPROPRIATION OE PUBLIC FUNDS.
The final light in which the notion of public purpose must be viewed has to do with the appropriation of public funds to the State housing development authority. As has been already seen, Act No 346 is itself an appropriation bill, by reason of the provisions of section 57 providing $5,000 for the initial administration of the law. Since the creation of the State housing development authority as an agency of State government is a constitutional means to serve a proper public purpose (see subdivision VII of this opinion), an appropriation to be used purely for the administration of the authority is an appropriation for a public purpose.
But the act contemplates appropriations to the housing development fund, and to the capital reserve sinking fund as well. The housing development fund will be used to make loans and advances to private corporations. The capital reserve sinking fund will be used to repay bonds issued for the same purpose. Appropriations to these funds do not constitute appropriations for public purposes.14
This does not mean, however, that the State can, under no circumstances, appropriate public money to such funds. Constitution 1963, art 4, § 30, provides :
“The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house of the legislature shall be required for the appropriation of public money or property for local or private purposes.”
This provision of the Constitution recognizes that the doctrine of public purpose is not .an exact measuring rod for the appropriation of public moneys, *585What it says to us in effect is, that when the legislature speaks through a majority of two-thirds, it is not the function of the Court to measure the expenditure against traditional notions of public purpose. That the delegates to the Constitutional Convention have chosen to express the concept in terms of authorizing the use of public money for “private” purposes, is not fatal. The Constitution merely acknowledges that the legislature speaks for the public, and in a very broad sense its sights are always leveled upon public concerns and its purposes are always to advance the public interest.
To be sure the procedural safeguard of a two-tliirds majority makes the undertaking of novel projects of public welfare more difficult. But at the same time, the provision opens wide the vistas of governmental action whenever general agreement upon the need exists.
Summary.
1. PA 1966, No 346, is not unconstitutional.
2. The bonds of the State housing development authority are not obligations of the State.
3. The encouragement of housing construction is a proper public purpose for the creation of a State agency.
4. The State may not directly engage in the financing or construction of private housing.
5. The funds of the State housing development authority are not State funds.
6. An appropriation to the State housing development authority for the purpose of administration is a proper public purpose.
7. An appropriation to the housing development fund, or the capital reserve fund of the State housing development authority is not a proper public purpose.
*5868. An appropriation to the housing development fund or the capital reserve fund of the State housing development authority may he made upon the assent of two-thirds of the members elected to and serving in each house of the legislature.
Dethmers, C. J., and Kelly, Black, and O’Hara, JJ., concurred with BreNNAN, J.As presented to the Court, the governor’s request had no paragraph numbered 5,
Const 1963, art 9, § 14.
Const 1963, art 9, § 15.
Const 1963, art 9, § 16.
Const 1963, schedule and temporary provisions, § 14.
Const 1963, art 9, § 15:
“The state may borrow money for speeifie purposes in amounts as may be provided by acts of the legislature adopted by a vote of two- ■ thirds of thfe members eleeted to and serving in each house, and ap*567proved "by a majority of the electors voting thereon at any general election. The question submitted to the electors shall state the amount to be borrowed, the specific purpose to which the funds shall be devoted, and the method of repayment.”
The exclusion of the language of article 12, § 1, Constitution 1908, from the 1963 Constitution, was based upon the existence of article 5, § 30, Constitution 1908, which became article 4, § 29, Constitution 1963. See Official Record, Constitutional Convention of 1961, pp 598, 611, Exclusion Report 2006.
Const 1963, art 4, § 29.
The journals of the legislature indicate that Act No 346 did not carry a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives.
The act contemplates future 'appropriation, and also contains an initial appropriates-of ‡5,000, PA 1966, No @46, §57.
Const 1963, art 3, § 6:
“The state shall not be a party to, nor be financially interestéd -in, any work of internal improvement, nor engage in carrying on any such work, except for public internal improvements provided by law.”
In re Brewster Street Sousing Site (1939), 291 Mich 313.
Opinion of the Justices to the Souse of ^Representatives (1935), 291 Mass 567 (195 NE 897) .
The request, made pursuant to Const 1963, art 3, § 8, was granted over my dissent and the dissents of Justices Kavaitagh and Adams.