Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
____________
FILED
November 7, 2023
No. 22-10766
____________ Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
United States of America,
Plaintiff—Appellee,
versus
Timothy Ray Vasquez,
Defendant—Appellant.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 6:20-CR-1-1
______________________________
Before Wiener, Willett, and Douglas, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Defendant–Appellant Timothy Ray Vasquez, former Police Chief for
the City of San Angelo, Texas, accepted money from a city vendor in
exchange for Vasquez’s support of the vendor’s future contracts with the
city. A jury convicted Vasquez of bribery and honest-services mail fraud. On
appeal, Vasquez challenges the district court’s jury instructions and the
sufficiency of the government’s evidence against him. We AFFIRM.
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
I.
In 2007, Vasquez was the elected Police Chief of San Angelo. He was
part of a twelve-member committee tasked with overseeing a competitive
bidding process for a new radio system for the city’s public safety agencies.
The committee awarded the contract, worth approximately $6 million, to
Dailey & Wells Communications, Inc. (“D&W”).
Vasquez was not merely a police officer: He also had a side gig in rock
and roll. His band, Funky Munky, played at events and weddings across the
San Antonio area. In April 2007—after the committee had recommended
D&W for the radio contract but before the contract had been officially
awarded—D&W began hiring Funky Munky to play at corporate events.
D&W would pay Funky Munky at least three times more than the band
usually charged. Between 2007 and 2014, D&W paid Vasquez a total of
$84,000 for ten performances. As leader of the band, Vasquez deposited
D&W’s payments into his personal bank account. D&W also gifted Vasquez
tickets to various professional sporting events.
In 2014, after two successful reelection campaigns by Vasquez, it was
again time for the city to update its radio systems. Although the city usually
used a competitive bidding model to award such contracts (as it had in 2007),
Vasquez invoked a “public safety exception” to avoid the lengthy process for
requesting proposals. At a June 2015 City Council meeting, Vasquez
advocated for D&W to receive the new contract. Although some
councilmembers had concerns about D&W, they ultimately voted to approve
the contract, again worth almost $6 million. Several councilmembers noted
that Vasquez’s support of D&W was crucial to their decision to vote in favor
of the contract. Many of the councilmembers who testified at Vasquez’s trial
stated that, had they known about his financial relationship with D&W, they
would have voted differently.
2
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
From 2016 to 2019, Vasquez received another $86,000 from D&W.
That total included a $50,000 lump sum given in December 2016, considered
a “retainer” for ten future performances, which were played over the next
three years. That payment was made soon after Vasquez discovered that he
was being investigated by law enforcement.
Vasquez was indicted in January 2020, charged with one count of
federal-programs bribery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B), and three
counts of honest-services mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and
1346. At trial, Vasquez testified that he made a mistake by failing to disclose
his relationship with D&W to the City Council, but that he saw his band’s
performances and his work on the radio contracts as “two totally different
things.” The jury found Vasquez guilty of all charges, and he was sentenced
to 186 months of imprisonment. On appeal, Vasquez contends that the
district court gave an incorrect instruction on the honest-services fraud count
and challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of bribery.
II.
Section 1346 of Title 18 of the U.S. Code proscribes using mail or wire
fraud to “deprive another of the intangible right of honest services.” This
statute was intended to reach fraud that did not result in the traditional
symmetry between benefit to the perpetrator and harm to the victim. Skilling
v. United States, 561 U.S. 358, 400 (2010) (“Skilling I”). For example, if a
city official accepts a bribe from a third party in exchange for awarding a
contract to that party, that official defrauds the public, even if the contract
resulted in savings for the city. See id. The acceptance of the bribe deprives
the public of its right to the official’s honest services. See id.
The Supreme Court has construed § 1346 to encompass only bribery
and kickback schemes. Id. at 408–09. Thus, in proving honest-services fraud,
the government must also prove that the defendant engaged in either bribery
3
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
or kickbacks, as defined by those federal statutes. Id. at 412–13 (citing 18
U.S.C. §§ 201(b) (bribery of public officials), 666(a)(2) (bribery concerning
federal programs); 41 U.S.C. § 52(2) (definition of kickback)1); see also United
States v. Nagin, 810 F.3d 348, 351 (5th Cir. 2016).
At Vasquez’s trial, the district court gave the government’s requested
jury instruction on honest-services mail fraud based on bribery or kickbacks,
which was taken from the Department of Justice’s Criminal Appellate
Division’s suggested charge:
Bribery and kickbacks involve the exchange of a thing or things
of value for official action by a public official, in other words, a
quid pro quo (a Latin phrase meaning “this for that” or “these
for those”). Bribery and kickbacks also include offers and
solicitations of things of value for official action . . . . [A]ll that
must be shown is that payments were made with the intent of
securing a specific type of official action in return. Payments
may be made with the intent to retain the official’s services on
an as needed basis so that whenever the opportunity presents
itself, the public official will take specific official actions on the
giver’s behalf.
The court further instructed that a kickback is “any money, fee, commission,
credit, gift, gratuity, thing of value, or compensation of any kind.” That
definition comes from the statute, 41 U.S.C. § 52(2), which has also been
incorporated into this court’s pattern instructions. See Fifth Circuit Pattern
Jury Instructions (Criminal) § 2.56 (2019).
_____________________
1
The definition of a kickback is now codified at 41 U.S.C. § 8701(2) (2011).
Because the cases that the parties cite predate the statutory amendment, we continue to
refer to 41 U.S.C. § 52(2) as the source of the kickback definition.
4
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
On appeal, Vasquez challenges two components of the instruction:
(1) the inclusion of the word “gratuity” in the definition of kickback, and
(2) the “whenever the opportunity presents itself” language.
A.
First, the parties dispute the appropriate standard of review for a
challenge to jury instructions. Vasquez asserts that the court should apply a
harmless error standard, given the district court’s “alternative-theory
error,” which allowed the jury to convict him on an improper theory of guilt.
The government counters that plain error analysis is appropriate because
Vasquez failed to object properly to the instruction at the charge conference.
Because Vasquez’s arguments fail even the less stringent standard of
harmless error, we decline to engage in the issues of waiver and forfeiture
raised by the government.
An alternative-theory error occurs when “a jury rendering a general
verdict was instructed on alternative theories of guilt and may have relied on
an invalid theory.” United States v. Skilling, 638 F.3d 480, 481 (5th Cir. 2011)
(“Skilling II”). Vasquez alleges that the district court wrongfully instructed
the jury that it could convict on either a bribery or a gratuity theory of honest-
services fraud. He claims the gratuity basis is an “invalid theory” of guilt of
this crime, making the district court’s instruction an alternative-theory error.
Under the harmless error standard, we will affirm the jury’s findings if we
“conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury verdict would have been
the same absent the error,” or “if the jury, in convicting on an invalid theory
of guilt, necessarily found facts establishing guilt on a valid theory.” Id. (first
quoting Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 19 (1999), then citing United States
v. Howard, 517 F.3d 731, 738 (5th Cir. 2008)).
5
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 6 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
B.
Bribery requires that an impermissible gift be given with the intent to
influence an official act, whereas a gratuity is given “for or because of” an
official act. United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of Cal., 526 U.S. 398, 404
(1999). While bribery thus requires a quid pro quo, a gratuity may be a “reward
for some future act that the public official will take . . . or for a past act that
he has already taken.” Id. at 405. Vasquez contends that the district court’s
instruction allowed the jury to convict him of honest-services fraud under an
impermissible definition of bribery and kickback, which allowed for a gratuity
(as opposed to a quid pro quo) theory of fraud.
The instruction did no such thing. Section 1346 itself does not require
a quid pro quo such that a gratuity can never satisfy its “predicate” offense.
Federal-programs bribery under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2) and bribery of public
officials under § 201(b) both require a quid pro quo, but the kickback statute,
41 U.S.C. § 52(2), does not. See Sun-Diamond, 526 U.S. at 405–06; United
States v. Hamilton, 46 F.4th 389, 398 (5th Cir. 2022). And the only mention
of the word “gratuity” by the district court came in its instructions’
definition of “kickback,” which came directly from the federal statute. See
Whitfield v. United States, 590 F.3d 325, 354 (5th Cir. 2009) (“It is well-
settled that a district court does not err by giving a charge that tracks this
Circuit’s pattern jury instructions and that is a correct statement of the
law.”). Since honest-services fraud may be based on either bribery or
kickbacks, and since we have been tasked with assessing honest services
through the lens of federal statutes “proscribing” and “defining” those
crimes, this instruction was not given in error. Skilling I, 561 U.S. at 412–13.
Furthermore, even if the instruction had been flawed in some way, the
error would have been harmless because the district court did in fact require
the jury to find Vasquez guilty of bribery before convicting him of honest-
6
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
services fraud. As the Supreme Court has made clear, the only difference
between a bribe and a gratuity is that the latter does not require a quid pro quo.
Sun-Diamond, 526 U.S. at 404–05. The district court here instructed
multiple times that the jury needed to find a quid pro quo, or an “exchange of
a thing or things of value for an official action.” The “essential idea of give-
and-take” was clearly conveyed. Whitfield, 590 F.3d at 351 (citation omitted).
This ensured that Vasquez’s conviction for honest-services fraud was based
on a valid theory of bribery. Because the jury “necessarily found facts
establishing guilt on a valid theory,” Vasquez cannot demonstrate that any
error that the district court allegedly made in mentioning the word
“gratuity” was more than harmless. See Skilling II, 638 F.3d at 481–82.
C.
Vasquez next complains that the district court’s instruction allowed
the jury to convict him under § 1346 based on an improper “as opportunities
arise” theory of bribery. He asserts that bribery requires the payor to intend
to influence a specific official act, rather than merely to build up a “reservoir
of good will” for when and if an opportunity might potentially arise in the
future. This argument is in many ways related to his complaint about the
district court’s use of the word “gratuity,” as a gratuity could be “a reward
for some future act that the public official will take.” Sun-Diamond, 526 U.S.
at 405. As discussed above, though, the jury clearly concluded that Vasquez
had accepted a bribe rather than a gratuity, because it necessarily found a quid
pro quo. Vasquez’s allegations here center instead on the relationship
between the quid and the quo.
The federal bribery statute defines an “official act” as “any decision
or action on any question, matter, cause, suit, proceeding or controversy,
which may at any time be pending, or which may by law be brought before
any public official, in such official’s official capacity, or in such official’s place
7
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 8 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
of trust or profit.” 18 U.S.C. § 201(a)(3). Here, the parties do not
meaningfully dispute whether Vasquez’s actions in advocating for D&W’s
receipt of the contract before the City Council were “official.” Nor can they,
because an official act involves “a formal exercise of governmental power
that is similar in nature to a lawsuit before a court, a determination before an
agency, or a hearing before a committee.” McDonnell v. United States, 579 U.S.
550, 574 (2016) (emphasis added). The parties do, however, disagree on
whether Vasquez needed to know, at the time that D&W hired Funky
Munky, that it did so with the expectation that Vasquez would do what he
did and testify before the Council in support of D&W’s receipt of the
contract. Vasquez contends that the district court’s instructions erroneously
permitted the jury to convict him of honest-services fraud for accepting
D&W’s payments in exchange for an agreement to take some unknown
action beneficial to D&W at some unknown time in the future.
In McDonnell v. United States, the Supreme Court considered the
relationship between quid and quo when it assessed the validity of the former
governor of Virginia’s conviction for honest-services fraud. Id. at 555. There,
a pharmaceutical executive had given almost $200,000 in gifts to the
governor and his wife in the hopes that the governor would assist him in
getting funding for specified medical studies. Id. The governor arranged
meetings for the executive, hosted events for the pharmaceutical company,
and contacted other government officials about the studies. Id. at 555–56.
The central issue in the case was whether such actions constituted “official
acts” within the meaning of honest-services fraud, defined “with reference
to the federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201.” Id. at 562. The Court further
considered whether honest-services fraud requires that, at the time that the
gifts were accepted, the governor knew that they were given with the
expectation that he would perform a specific official act in return. Id. at 572–
73.
8
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 9 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
The Court held that, to be found guilty of bribery, a public official
must have agreed to act on a particular “question, matter, cause, suit,
proceeding or controversy.” Id. at 572. It did not, however, require that the
agreement “specify the means that [the official] will use to perform his end
of the bargain.” Id. (emphasis added). All that is needed is that the official
knew that he was accepting the thing of value in exchange for some action on
a “specific and focused” question or matter. Id. at 574; see also United States
v. Silver, 948 F.3d 538, 553 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[B]ribery [does not] require [] a
promise to perform a particular official act.”). As we have explained, while
“the generalized hope or expectation of ultimate benefit on the part of the
donor does not constitute a bribe . . . the government need not show that the
defendant intended for his payments to be tied to specific official acts.”
Whitfield, 590 F.3d at 350 (quoting United States v. Jennings, 160 F.3d 1006,
1013–14 (4th Cir. 1998)).
Here, the question or matter that Vasquez was agreeing to act on when
he accepted payment from D&W was the company’s business relationship
with the city. That relationship was the genesis of Vasquez’s own association
with D&W, which hired Funky Munky after Vasquez was elected. He need
not have agreed at that time to testify before the City Council in support of
D&W’s modification contract in 2015, but simply to support D&W’s
continued economic relationship with the city whenever an opportunity to
do so should arise in the future. That agreement was for more than a general
“reservoir of goodwill,” but was instead for future support of D&W’s
financial relationship with the city. The district court’s instructions
appropriately required the jury to find this before returning a guilty verdict
on the counts for honest-services fraud.
Our holding today comports with Whitfield, in which we upheld the
conviction of a judge for bribery when the judge, at the time he accepted the
payment, did not know in which cases the payor would appear before him and
9
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 10 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
require a favorable ruling. Id. at 353.2 It was enough that the jury found a
“specific intent to give or receive something of value in exchange for an official
act” to be performed sometime in the future. Id. (quoting Sun-Diamond, 526
U.S. at 404–05); see also United States v. Hamilton, 46 F.4th at 339–40
(distinguishing Whitfield, in which “there was no debate about whether the
payor got something in return; the only debate was about whether, when the
payment was made, the payor and local official had in mind what the quo
would be”). It would have been impossible for the judge to know at the time
of payment which future cases would be relevant to the agreement, just as it
was unlikely that Vasquez knew when and how the opportunity would arise
to support D&W’s business relationship with the city. The district court’s
instructions clearly required the jury to find a quid pro quo, in which Vasquez
accepted D&W’s payments in exchange for his support, whenever in the
future the need for it might arise. Nothing more was needed.
III.
Vasquez halfheartedly raises two other issues. First, he claims that his
conviction for federal programs-bribery is “tainted by the prejudicial
spillover” from the honest-services fraud count. Because there was no error
in the district court’s instructions on the honest services count, there can be
no “prejudicial spillover.”
Vasquez also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence of a quid pro
quo to sustain his convictions. He failed to renew his motion for judgment of
acquittal at the close of all evidence, so this court reviews his contention
_____________________
2
Whitfield pre-dates the Supreme Court’s decision in McDonnell. Although we
have not specifically addressed whether the “retainer theory” survives McDonnell, other
circuits have addressed it and have concluded that it does. See, e.g., United States v. Silver,
948 F.3d 538, 552-55 (2d Cir. 2020); United States v. Roberson, 998 F.3d 1237, 1251 (11th
Cir. 2021). In any case, the instructions given here meet the requirements of McDonnell.
10
Case: 22-10766 Document: 00516960082 Page: 11 Date Filed: 11/07/2023
No. 22-10766
under the plain error standard. United States v. Cabello, 33 F.4th 281, 285 (5th
Cir. 2022). We will only reverse on plain error if there has been a
“miscarriage of justice” and “the record is devoid of evidence pointing to guilt
or if the evidence is so tenuous that a conviction is shocking.” Id. at 330–31
(citation omitted). Vasquez must therefore “demonstrate not just that the
government’s evidence of [bribery] was insufficient, but that it was obviously
insufficient.” Id. at 331.
He is unable to do so. The government presented evidence that D&W
hired Funky Munky after Vasquez was elected Police Chief, and that it paid
the band more than three times what it usually received. Later, when the
opportunity arose, Vasquez supported D&W’s continued business
relationship with the city, even going so far as to convince the City Council
to abandon its traditional process of requesting proposals. The jury
reasonably found a relationship between the payments and Vasquez’s
actions.3
As the government notes, Vasquez’s sufficiency argument is mainly a
reiteration of his earlier contention that an agreement to support the payor
“as opportunities arise” may not be a “quo.” As discussed above, that is an
inaccurate statement of the law. The government presented evidence of a
quid pro quo agreement between D&W and Vasquez: almost $180,000,
disguised as fees for band performances, in exchange for support on future
city contracts. And, as the district court instructed, that is a valid theory of
bribery.
We find no error in Vasquez’s conviction. AFFIRMED.
_____________________
3
Another strong piece of evidence of quid pro quo: the $50,000 lump sum paid to
Vasquez by D&W right after he learned he was being investigated. The government
characterized this payment as “hush money.”
11