FILED
MAY 11, 2023
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 38736-4-III
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
C.M.W.-S.,† )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.C.J. — C.M.W.-S. (C.) appeals her adjudication of guilt
for assault in the fourth degree. She argues her adjudication should be reversed and the
charge dismissed with prejudice because the State presented insufficient evidence to
prove the absence of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree and affirm.
FACTS
C.’s mother entered her 15-year-old daughter’s bedroom one evening and saw her
daughter hide something under the covers.1 It was a cell phone. C. was not allowed to
have a cell phone. C. grabbed it and refused to give it to her mother when her mother
†
To protect the privacy interests of C.M.W.-S., we use her initials throughout this
opinion. Gen. Ord. for Ct. of Appeals, In re Changes to Case Title (Wash. Ct. App.
Aug. 22, 2018) (effective September 1, 2018), http://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_
trial_courts.
1
The parties do not dispute that C. was 15 years old.
No. 38736-4-III
State v. C.M.W.-S.
asked for it. The two scuffled for the phone. During the scuffle, C. kicked her mother
twice.
Procedure
The State charged C. with fourth degree assault with notice of a domestic violence
allegation. The testimony about the scuffle was brief.
C.’s mother testified: “[C.] wound up falling back on her bed, and it became a
struggle for the cell phone, in which I was actually able to get the cell phone away from
her. And during that she kicked me twice.” Rep. of Proc. (RP) at 11.
C. explained why she kicked her mother:
She tried to take [the phone] from me, but . . . I was trying to hold
it. . . . I was laying back on my bed, and her knee was on my leg, and . . .
the only reason I kicked her was to . . . get her off of me.
....
. . . I kicked her because she was on my leg, and it hurt. And—because I
knew at that point I knew I wasn’t going to get the phone back . . . .
RP at 23-24 (emphasis added).
C. argued self-defense at closing. The State did not respond to this argument. The
trial court orally ruled that the State had proved the elements of fourth degree assault and
the domestic violence aggravator, but its discussion of C.’s self-defense claim was
unclear. C. asked for clarification. The trial court said: “The Court does not find that
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State v. C.M.W.-S.
[C.] established . . . she was acting in self[-]defense. I’m not (inaudible) that [C.] was
acting in self[-]defense.” RP at 34. The court concluded, “I do think the State has met its
burden in this case.” RP at 35.
The trial court entered its order adjudicating C. guilty of fourth degree assault. It
later entered findings of fact and conclusions of law. Absent from the findings and
conclusions is any discussion of C.’s self-defense claim. C. timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
C. contends the State failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain her
adjudication of guilt because it presented no evidence to disprove her self-defense claim.
She argues (1) her testimony at trial was sufficient to raise the issue of self-defense,
(2) the record is devoid of findings or evidence to disprove self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt, and (3) dismissal of the charge with prejudice is required. We disagree
with her second and third arguments.
As explained below, we review the sufficiency of the evidence in deciding whether
dismissal with prejudice is required. Here, the evidence viewed in the light most
favorable to the State shows that C. kicked her mother twice because her mother had
taken the phone and C. knew she was not getting it back.
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State v. C.M.W.-S.
Self-defense at issue
To raise a claim of self-defense, the defendant must first offer some evidence,
from whatever source, that his or her actions occurred in circumstances amounting to self-
defense. State v. Grott, 195 Wn.2d 256, 266, 458 P.3d 750 (2020). “Some evidence” is a
low burden on the defendant, and the evidence need not even create a reasonable doubt.
State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d 220, 237-38, 850 P.2d 495 (1993).
Here, C. presented sufficient evidence to raise self-defense: she testified her
mother’s knee was on her leg, it hurt her, and the only reason she kicked her mother was
to get her off.
Sufficiency of evidence (to find the absence of self-defense)
It is well established that once an accused party presents some evidence of self-
defense, the burden shifts to the State to prove the absence of self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Grott, 195 Wn.2d at 266.
“[T]he Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon
proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with
which he is charged.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368
(1970). Here, the State was required to prove the absence of self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt.
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[A]n essential of the due process guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment
[is] that no person shall be made to suffer the onus of a criminal conviction
except upon sufficient proof—defined as evidence necessary to convince a
trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the existence of every element of
the offense.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979).
“The sufficiency of the evidence is a question of constitutional law that we review
de novo.” State v. Rich, 184 Wn.2d 897, 903, 365 P.3d 746 (2016). The inquiry focuses
on “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. Where sufficient evidence does not support
a conviction, such a conviction cannot constitutionally stand. Id. at 318.
In her testimony, C. offered two arguably conflicting reasons why she kicked her
mother. Her first reason was consistent with self-defense—her mother’s knee was on her
leg and it hurt. Her second reason was inconsistent with self-defense—her mother had
taken the phone and “at that point I knew I wasn’t going to get the phone back . . . .”
RP at 24. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, as we must, a
rational trier of fact could find the two reasons conflicting, discount the first, and find the
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absence of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. 2
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, A. J
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J. Staab, J.
2
The findings and conclusions entered below are deficient. We remind the State
of its obligation to prepare sufficient findings and conclusions to facilitate appellate
review of a conviction. See State v. Yallup, 3 Wn. App. 2d 546, 555-57, 416 P.3d 1250
(2018). This is especially troubling here, where the trial court seemingly misplaced the
burden of proving self-defense on C.
C. does not request remand for entry of sufficient findings of fact and conclusions
of law. If C. was to request this relief in a motion for reconsideration, we would grant her
motion and retain jurisdiction to ensure that her adjudication of guilt could stand in light
of the amended findings and conclusions.
The preferred process would have been for the State, upon receiving C. 's opening
brief, to have moved this court to authorize the trial court to enter amended findings and
conclusions on the issue of self-defense. See RAP 8.3.
6