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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SAMUEL W. MUFSON :
:
Appellant : No. 1453 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 19, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-60-CR-0000010-2020
BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and SULLIVAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: NOVEMBER 21, 2023
Samuel W. Mufson appeals from his judgment of sentence of probation
and fines imposed for his convictions of multiple counts of driving under the
influence (“DUI”) and summary offenses. Specifically, Appellant challenges
denial of his pre-trial motion to compel the District Attorney’s Office (“DA”) to
nominate him into an Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition (“ARD”) program.
We vacate Appellant’s judgment of sentence and convictions and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this memorandum.
Appellant was charged with three counts of first-offense DUI by
complaint filed on November 26, 2019. He waived his preliminary hearing
and arraignment and submitted an application for ARD. The trial court
summarized the subsequent history of this case as follows:
[Appellant] was scheduled for [an ARD] hearing on April 6,
2020. Unfortunately, due to the imposition of a COVID related
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judicial emergency order, the ARD hearing was cancelled, with a
rescheduled date to occur after the expiration of the judicial
emergency. The Union County [DA] declined to move [Appellant]
into the ARD program in light of the holding of Commonwealth
v. Chichkin, 232 A.3d 959 (Pa. Super. 2020).[1] [Appellant] filed
a motion to reinstate [the ARD] program for first offense [DUI]
cases in Union County and motion to compel nomination for [ARD]
on September 28, 2020. The motion challenged the [DA’s]
decision to not admit [Appellant] into an [ARD] program.
President Judge Michael Hudock presided over the hearing and
argument held on [Appellant]’s Motion on November 19, 2020.
Judge Hudock promulgated an order dated January 21, 2021
dismissing [Appellant]’s motion . . on the basis of [Appellant]’s
motion being moot [because the DA had reinstated an ARD
program for first-time DUI offenders, albeit with preconditions for
nomination designed to contend with Chichkin].
On or about March 5, 2021, [Appellant] filed a motion
challenging certain pre-conditions for nomination, conditions
imposed as part of ARD program, and post-ARD completion
limitations. Judge Hudock presided over a hearing on May 19,
2021 regarding [Appellant]’s challenge . . . . [The trial court], in
its opinion and order dated June 16, 2021, sustained [Appellant]’s
challenges to the [DA’s] preconditions to entry into the ARD
program for DUI offenders. The court further ordered that the
[DA] could not require a defendant to plead guilty or acknowledge
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt or waive the right to seek
expungement for a period of ten years. The court dismissed
[Appellant]’s challenge to the length of ARD program for DUI
offenders as moot. The court denied [Appellant]’s challenge to
the use of electronic monitoring in the ARD program for DUI
offenders.
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1 In Commonwealth v. Chichkin, 232 A.3d 959 (Pa.Super. 2020), this Court
held that 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3804 and 3806(a)(1) were unconstitutional insofar as
they categorized prior acceptance into ARD as a prior conviction for purposes
of sentencing on a subsequent DUI conviction. Id. at 967 (relying upon the
requirement of Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013), that any fact
that enhances a sentence must be determined by the fact-finder beyond a
reasonable doubt). As we discuss infra, Chichkin was later overruled by
Commonwealth v. Richards, 284 A.3d 214 (Pa Super. 2022) (en banc),
appeal granted, 518 MAL 2022, 2023 WL 2520895 (Pa. March 15, 2023), and
Commonwealth v. Moroz, 284 A.3d 227 (Pa.Super. 2022) (en banc).
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[In response, the DA adopted a blanket policy of refusing to
nominate any DUI offenders for ARD. Thereafter, Appellant] filed
a renewed motion to reinstate [ARD] on August 17, 2021. On
September 2, 2021, after an on-the-record discussion with
counsel, the court continued [Appellant]’s pre-trial conference to
give [Appellant] and his counsel an opportunity to review th[e trial
c]ourt’s opinion in the case of [Commonwealth v. Vera, CP-60-
CR-0000037-2020 (Union Co. C.C.P. August 31, 2021), in which
the trial court held that while it may disagree with the DA’s
assessment, the articulated reasons validly were based upon the
protection of society and success in rehabilitation and therefore
not an abuse of discretion,] and for [Appellant] to make a
determination whether he wished to proceed on his motion to
compel ARD or to pursue a bench trial. The court held a pre-trial
conference on December 13, 2021 and directed the case proceed
to a bench trial. The court denied [Appellant]’s renewed motion
. . . on December 17, 2021.
Trial Court Opinion, 12/2/22, at unnumbered 1-3 (cleaned up). The trial court
found Appellant guilty of all counts on May 24, 2022, and sentenced him to
probation and fines on September 19, 2022. This timely appeal followed, and
both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, Appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in
denying his motion to compel nomination to the ARD program. We review a
trial court’s order declining a request to compel the prosecutor to nominate a
defendant for an ARD program for an abuse of discretion. See
Commonwealth v. Fleming, 955 A.2d 450, 453 (Pa.Super. 2008).
“Discretion is abused when the course pursued represents not merely an error
of judgment, but where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or where the
law is not applied or where the record shows that the action is a result of
partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will.” Id. (cleaned up).
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Appellant contends that the trial court should have compelled the DA to
nominate him for ARD because, inter alia, the DA’s complete Chichkin-based
policy of refusal and the reasons behind it constitute an abuse of discretion
and “an unlawful de facto termination of a legislatively mandated program
pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 1552[.]” Appellant’s brief at 9-10 (citation altered).
The trial court and the Commonwealth contend that the DA’s decision
was not an abuse of discretion for the reasons stated in Vera, supra. See
Trial Court Opinion, 12/2/22, at unnumbered 5-6; Commonwealth’s brief at
4-5. The Commonwealth asserts that “[c]learly, the Superior Court’s decision
in [Chichkin] impacted the [DA’s] policy regarding the admission of first
offense [DUI] offenders into the ARD program.” Commonwealth’s brief at 2-
3. It further observes that, although Chichkin was overruled by
Commonwealth v. Richards, 284 A.3d 214 (Pa.Super. 2022) (en banc),
appeal granted, 518 MAL 2022, 2023 WL 2520895 (Pa. March 15, 2023), and
Commonwealth v. Moroz, 284 A.3d 227 (Pa.Super. 2022) (en banc),2 while
this appeal was pending, “Chichkin was in effect at all times relevant to the
instant case and held generally that an ARD disposition could not be used as
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2 Subsequent to our overruling of Chichkin, its holding was affirmed per
curiam by an equally divided Court in Commonwealth v. Verbeck, 290 A.3d
260 (Pa. 2023). Since Verbeck has no precedential value, Richards and
Moroz are currently the controlling law such that ARD counts as a prior
offense for purposes of sentencing for a subsequent DUI offense. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Mosley, 114 A.3d 1072, 1082 (Pa.Super. 2015) (“When
a judgment of sentence is affirmed by an equally divided court, . . . no
precedent is established and the holding is not binding on other cases.”).
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a first offense when grading a second or subsequent DUI offense.”
Commonwealth’s brief at 3.
This Court recently examined the impact of Chichkin’s overruling on a
DA’s wholesale refusal to consider DUI defendants for ARD in
Commonwealth v. H.C.G., 1472 MDA 2021, 2023 WL 3451897 (Pa.Super.
May 15, 2023) (non-precedential decision), and Commonwealth v. Corson,
___ A.3d ___, 2023 PA Super 122, 2023 WL 4441637 (Pa.Super. June 11,
2023). In H.C.G., the Mifflin County DA, “in the wake of this Court’s decision
in Chichkin, . . . instituted a blanket policy of refusing ARD to all defendants
charged with DUI.” Id. at *2. When DUI defendant H.C.G. sought to compel
the DA to nominate him for ARD, the trial court denied the motion, explaining
that “it was persuaded by the Commonwealth that the denial of ARD for first
time DUI offenses in light of Chichkin is for the protection of society.” Id. at
*2 (cleaned up).
This Court addressed H.C.G.’s challenge to the trial court’s denial of his
motion to compel the DA to move for his admission to the ARD program as
follows:
Chichkin . . . is no longer controlling law in Pennsylvania.
In [Moroz, supra], this Court expressly overruled Chichkin and
held that the Motor Vehicle Code’s recognition of acceptance of
ARD as a prior conviction for purposes of imposing a [§] 3804
mandatory minimum sentence passes constitutional muster.
Since this Court has overruled Chichkin, the Commonwealth’s
blanket policy of ARD refusal to DUI defendants is arbitrary and
bears no relation to the protection of society or the potential for
successful rehabilitation of the offender. The Commonwealth’s
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refusal to admit Appellant into ARD based on this policy was, thus,
an abuse of its discretion.9
______
9 The trial court’s failure to admit Appellant into the ARD
program is likewise an abuse of discretion. We recognize
that this Court decided Moroz during the pendency of
[H.C.G.]’s direct appeal. The trial court was, thus,
proceeding according to the law in effect at the time it
rendered its decision. [H.C.G.] is nonetheless entitled to
application of Moroz on direct appeal.
Id. at *3 (cleaned up). Therefore, this Court vacated H.C.G.’s convictions and
sentence and remanded for the trial court to hold an ARD hearing pursuant to
Pa.R.Crim.P. 312 and 313.
In Corson, which involved the Union County DA as does the case sub
judice, we concluded that we were “persuaded in part by the reasoning of the
H.C.G. decision.” Corson, supra (slip. op. at 9) (noting that “[w]hile non-
precedential decisions may be cited for their persuasive value in light of the
2019 amendments to Pa.R.A.P. 126, they remain, by definition, non-binding
in other cases.”). Specifically, we determined that the H.C.G. decision
correctly observed that, “even when a trial court’s decision was not legally
erroneous at the time it was made, a criminal defendant has the right to
benefit from a change in the law on appeal when he has preserved the issue
for review.” Id. Therefore, we agreed that Corson was “entitled to relief
where the overruling of Chichkin wholly undermined the basis of the trial
court’s conclusion that the DA’s blanket policy was a fair exercise of his
discretion.” Id.
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However, rather than remand for an ARD hearing, the Corson Court
ruled that it was “more appropriate to remand for the DA to reconsider
[Corson]’s application to be nominated for ARD in light of the prevailing law
rather than proceed directly to an ARD hearing which, in accordance with Rule
312 and 313, is premised upon a DA’s prior nomination of [Corson] into ARD.”
Id. Accordingly, we vacated Corson’s “judgment of sentence and convictions
to reset the case to the pre-trial stage.” Id. (slip. op. at 9-10).
The instant case is materially indistinguishable from Corson. Indeed,
the Union County DA’s reasons for the blanket prohibition, and argument in
support of it despite Chichkin’s overruling, are identical in both cases.
Therefore, we likewise vacate Appellant’s judgment of sentence and
convictions and remand for the DA to reconsider Appellant’s application to be
nominated for ARD in light of the prevailing law.
Judgment of sentence and convictions vacated. Case remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this memorandum. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judge Stabile joins this Memorandum.
Judge Sullivan files a Concurring Statement.
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Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/21/2023
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