Pakeer v. Cleveland

[Cite as Pakeer v. Cleveland, 2023-Ohio-4213.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

KIRANMAI PAKEER, :

Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 112489
v. :

CITY OF CLEVELAND, ET AL., :

Defendants-Appellees. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 22, 2023

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-22-959201

Appearances:

Goldstein & Goldstein, L.L.C., Michael D. Goldstein, and
Kyle L. Crane, for appellant.

Mark D. Griffin, City of Cleveland Director of Law,
William Menzalora, Chief Assistant Director of Law, and
Affan Ali, and Michael J. Pike, Assistant Directors of Law,
for appellees.

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.:

Kiranmai Pakeer appeals the trial court’s decision granting summary

judgment in favor of the city of Cleveland and Angel Sampson-Hall (collectively “the
City”) upon their assertion of political subdivision immunity under

R.C. Chapter 2744 for a motor vehicle accident. For the following reasons, we

reverse the decision of the trial court and remand for further proceedings.

Pakeer was lawfully within the crosswalk at the intersection of East 21st

Street and Chester Avenue when her foot was run over by one of the City’s

emergency medical services (“EMS”) vehicles, an ambulance, which was driven by

Sampson-Hall. The vehicle’s front left tire crushed Pakeer’s right foot, causing

several fractures leading to the amputation of her big toe. Pakeer stated that she

waited on the curb until the pedestrian walk signal activated before entering the

street. The City does not dispute that. After viewing the walk signal, Pakeer took

one or two steps before she was struck by the ambulance. Pakeer had no warning of

the ambulance approaching from behind her vantage point.

Before reaching the intersection, Sampson-Hall and her partner were

responding to a 911 dispatch. At that time, they had no knowledge of the patient’s

condition. Upon arriving to assess and treat the patient, they determined that no

emergency medical care or treatment services were required. They offered to

transport that person to the hospital as a non-emergency transport. It is undisputed

that the EMS vehicle’s lights and sirens were not activated during that transport,

and the crew believed themselves to be completing what they deemed to be a

non-emergency transport. According to the police report that the City attempted to

belatedly attach to its reply brief in support of the motion for summary judgment,

the paramedic treating the patient told officers who responded to the accident with
Pakeer, that he was treating the patient for a “minor medical condition.” After

Sampson-Hall stopped to assist Pakeer, the individual being transported decided

against continuing on with the EMS personnel, telling them: “I don’t want to be

transported by you guys. You all run people over.”

Sampson-Hall told police officers that she had been travelling

westbound on Chester Avenue in completing the non-emergency transport. She

intended to make a left-hand turn at the intersection. As she approached the

intersection (with the intersection being defined by the parties as anything beyond

the painted stop bar), the left-turn signal turned yellow from green. She believed

the left-turn light would transition to red. Instead, the yellow left-turn arrow

transitioned to a solid circular green light for the left-turning traffic. At her

deposition, Sampson-Hall clarified her statement. She claimed that she was actually

in the intersection and commencing her turn when the light transitioned to yellow,

not just “approaching” it.

The City is generally immune from liability based on the allegations

advanced. That liability is removed if the plaintiffs can demonstrate the applicability

of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1): “political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to

person or property caused by the negligent operation of any motor vehicle by their

employees when the employees are engaged within the scope of their employment

and authority.” Under that exception to the general grant of immunity, as is

pertinent to the issues advanced in this appeal, a plaintiff must allege that the

damages caused by the employee were a result of a negligent act of an employee.
Garmback v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110295, 2022-Ohio-1490, ¶ 26,

citing Riveredge Dentistry Partnership v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

110275, 2021-Ohio-3817, ¶ 32, William v. Glouster, 2012-Ohio-1283, 864 N.E.2d

102, ¶ 17 (4th Dist.), and Gabel v. Miami E. School Bd., 169 Ohio App.3d 609, 2006-

Ohio-5963, 864 N.E.2d 102, ¶ 39-40 (2d Dist.). The City does not dispute the

applicability of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) in general.

Under division (B)(1), the City has additional defenses for emergency

responders. It is a full defense to the liability established under division (B)(1), if the

City can demonstrate that

[a] member of an emergency medical service owned or operated by a
political subdivision was operating a motor vehicle while responding to
or completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment, the
member was holding a valid commercial driver’s license issued
pursuant to Chapter 4506. or a driver’s license issued pursuant to
Chapter 4507. of the Revised Code, the operation of the vehicle did not
constitute willful or wanton misconduct, and the operation complies
with the precautions of section 4511.03 of the Revised Code.

R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c). An employee is individually immune from liability unless

their “acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or

reckless manner.” R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). Thus, the alleged existence of wanton

misconduct forms the basis for liability as against both the political subdivision and

its employee under the separate exceptions to immunity.

Application of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c), and any implications as to

R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), form the crux of the parties’ current dispute. According to the

City, there are no genuine issues of material fact as to whether the EMS personnel
were completing a call for emergency medical services or whether Sampson-Hall’s

conduct constituted wanton misconduct. The trial court agreed with the City and

concluded that there were no issues of material fact whether the defense to liability

under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) applied, and as a result of that conclusion, the trial

court granted judgment in favor of the defendants upon all claims.

This court must conduct a de novo review of a trial court’s decision

overruling a motion for summary judgment in which a political subdivision or its

employee seeks immunity. Hubbell v. Xenia, 115 Ohio St.3d 77, 2007-Ohio-4839,

873 N.E.2d 878, ¶ 21. “If, after that review, only questions of law remain, the court

of appeals may resolve the appeal. If a genuine issue of material fact remains, the

court of appeals can remand the case to the trial court for further development of

the facts necessary to resolve the immunity issue.” Id.

At the summary judgment stages, a plaintiff seeking to demonstrate the

existence of an exception to immunity need not prove negligence or definitively

disprove the defenses to liability under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c). Typically, a plaintiff

need only demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the political

subdivision employee, acting in the course and scope of their employment, was

negligent in operating any motor vehicle. The burden is on the political subdivision

and its employee to demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact with

respect to the claims for immunity. In the present situation, the political subdivision

must establish the absence of material fact as to the additional defense to liability

for emergency responders if applicable. Figueroa v. Greater Cleveland Regional
Transit Auth., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110069, 2021-Ohio-2268, ¶ 20-21; Perlberg

v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91913, 2009-Ohio-1788, ¶ 12.

In this case, the City does not dispute that it is potentially liable under

R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) for the motor vehicle accident the employee caused by failing to

yield to the pedestrian who had the right of way to cross the street. The sole issue

raised by the City is that it can establish the absence of a material issue of fact as to

the defense to that liability for emergency medical services providers under

R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c).1 The City primarily relies on two claims: (1) that despite the

undisputed fact that there was no emergency medical care or treatment being

provided to the patient being transported on a non-emergency basis, Sampson-Hall

was nonetheless “completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment”; and

(2) that there was no evidence that Sampson-Hall’s causing the collision with Pakeer

constituted wanton misconduct because Pakeer walked in front of the turning

ambulance. Pakeer agrees that these two elements of the (B)(1)(c) defense are the

focus of this appeal, but argues the City is mistaken. We agree in part.

1 The City cites R.C. 4765.49(B) as an additional basis to claim immunity for the motor

vehicle accident. Under that provision, a political subdivision “is not liable in damages in
a civil action for injury, death, or loss to person or property arising out of any actions” of
EMS personnel “unless the services are provided in a manner that constitutes willful or
wanton misconduct.” (Emphasis added.) The City’s reliance on R.C. 4765.49(B) is not
warranted in this case. Pakeer was not receiving services from EMS personnel. See, e.g.,
Johnson v. Cleveland, 194 Ohio App.3d 355, 2011-Ohio-2152, 956 N.E.2d 355, ¶ 19 (8th
Dist.). That provision applies to patients of EMS personnel who are receiving medical
treatment, and it does not broadly apply to all interactions with EMS personnel. The more
specific provisions of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1), 2744.02(B)(1)(c), and 2744.03(A)(6) control
the immunity question in this case.
 Before addressing the arguments, we note that the City incorrectly

refers to the “emergency call” as forming the basis of the immunity under

R.C. 744.02(B)(1)(c): according to the City, “[t]he plain language of

R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) states that an ‘emergency call’ includes ‘completing’ a call.”

Appellee Brief, p. 13. Contrary to that assertion, however, “emergency call” is a

statutory term of art, defined as “a call to duty, including, but not limited to,

communications from citizens, police dispatches, and personal observations by

peace officers of inherently dangerous situations that demand an immediate

response on the part of a peace officer.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2744.01(A).

“Emergency call” pertains to calls for emergency assistance from “peace officers.”

The City has not demonstrated that any provision of the Ohio Revised Code includes

EMS personnel under the umbrella of “peace officers.” See, contra, R.C. 2935.01;

State v. Mole, 149 Ohio St.3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124, 74 N.E.3d 368, ¶ 26, fn. 2.

In addition, R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) does not reference an “emergency

call,” but instead, discusses the potential for immunity when EMS personnel are

“responding to or completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment.”

(Emphasis added.) The term “call” is not modified by the term “emergency,” rather

it is the phrase “medical care or treatment” that is so modified. As persnickety as it

seems, we must caution against interposing statutory terms of art into other

statutory provisions or analytical discussions.

As to its first claim, the City solely relies on Bostic v. Cleveland, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79336, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 325 (Jan. 31, 2002), in which the
panel broadly interpreted the phrase “while responding to or completing a call for

emergency medical care or treatment” to mean that EMS personnel are “completing

a call for emergency medical care or treatment” when transporting patients on a

non-emergency basis. In Bostic, EMS personnel were dispatched based on a general

call for emergency assistance after a 16-year-old victim was allegedly assaulted. Id.

at 2. Upon arriving at the scene, the EMS providers noted no observable injuries to

the victim, who required no medical care or treatment, much less “emergency

medical care or treatment.” Id. The victim complained of pain, so the EMS

personnel offered to transport the victim and her mother to the hospital as a non-

emergency transport. Id. During the ride, the mother was injured when the

ambulance abruptly stopped. Id. at 3. The plaintiff claimed that because there was

no emergency medical care or treatment being provided, the EMS personnel were

not “completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment” as contemplated

under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c).

The panel disagreed, and broadly concluded that political subdivisions

have a defense to liability applicable to EMS personnel responding to calls

dispatched as an emergency response until the EMS provider returns to the station.

Id. at 8. In other words, according to the panel, EMS providers responding to and

then completing that call for emergency medical care or treatment qualify for the

additional defense to immunity established under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c). That

reading of the statutory language, however, displaces the legislature’s use of the

disjunctive phrasing meant to describe two disparate situations and creates a single
defense to liability under subdivision (B)(1)(c), that it is a defense to liability if, in

part, the EMS provider is responding to and completing the call for emergency

medical care or treatment. This reading seemingly goes too far.

The phrase “while responding to or completing a call for emergency

medical care or treatment” is stated in the disjunctive. (Emphasis added.)

R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c). “‘[D]isjunctive’ is defined as: ‘* * * pleading or marked by

mutually exclusive alternatives joined by “or” * * *.’” (Emphasis added.) State ex

rel. Rear Door Bookstore v. Tenth Dist. Court of Appeals, 63 Ohio St.3d 354, 361,

588 N.E.2d 116 (1992), citing Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 651

(1986). “The Ohio Supreme Court has defined the word ‘or’ as: ‘* * * a function word

indicating an alternative between different or unlike things.’” Id., quoting Pizza v.

Sunset Fireworks Co., 25 Ohio St.3d 1, 4-5, 494 N.E.2d 1115 (1986). Thus, this

provision of the defense to liability must be read as two separate alternatives: that it

is a defense to the liability imposed for motor vehicle accidents caused by the

negligence of an EMS employee if the accident occurs while they are “responding to

a call for emergency medical care or treatment” or if it occurs when they are

“completing a call for emergency medical care and treatment.”

Those two situations are meant in the alternative, not to be treated as

one unifying exception. In Perlberg, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91913, 2009-Ohio-

1788, ¶ 12, for example, the panel noted that EMS personnel’s accident occurred

while they were responding to the call for emergency medical care or treatment.

This established the foundation of the exception to liability under
R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) such that there was no need to analyze or discuss whether the

EMS team was completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment when the

accident occurred.

Thus, there are two phases to an emergency medical provider’s

conduct that obviate the political subdivision’s liability for a motor vehicle accident

under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c). A political subdivision may not be liable if the accident

occurred while the EMS provider was (1) responding to the call for emergency

medical care or treatment (driving to the scene); or then (2) completing a call for

emergency medical care or treatment (providing emergency medical care or

treatment during the subsequent transportation or transporting to a medical facility

for emergency treatment).

The burden is on the city to prove the existence of either exception

depending on when the accident occurs, but under the broad proposition announced

in Bostic, 2002 Ohio App. LEXIS 325, an EMS provider may assert the defense to

liability solely if it is responding to a call for emergency medical care or treatment

because the provider is actively “completing” that call until arriving back at its

original station. According to the Bostic panel, until that initial response to the

emergency is “complete,” as in the EMS personnel return to base, the defense is valid

based on the initial emergency call out. Id. That legal conclusion appears to be a

broad overreading of the legislature’s word choice. It gives no meaning to the

disjunctive phrasing of the defense and reads the phrase “emergency medical care

or treatment” from the statutory provision since Bostic concluded that the EMS
provider need not actually be providing emergency medical care or treatment to

qualify for the R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) defense to liability. The political subdivision is

essentially immune from liability from the moment of dispatch until the ambulance

arrives back at the station.

In this case it could be argued that Sampson-Hall was not completing

a call for emergency medical care and treatment. The EMS professionals

determined, after responding to a 911 dispatch, that the patient being transported

was not in need of emergency medical care or treatment. Under their stated

protocols, the EMS personnel agreed to transport the patient on a non-emergency

basis, and it was at that time that the accident with Pakeer occurred. The EMS

personnel were not “completing a call for emergency medical care or treatment” at

the time of the accident under the statutory parlance. The emergency had ended,

when through the exercise of their judgment, the EMS professionals determined

that no emergency medical care or treatment was necessary.

Although they arguably “responded” to a call for emergency medical

care and treatment through the 911 dispatch, the accident did not occur during that

phase of travel. The accident occurred while they were completing a non-emergency

transport and during a time when they were not providing emergency medical care

or treatment according to the facts presented. The paramedic riding with the patient

confirmed that they were only treating them for a “minor medical condition” during

a non-emergency transport. Bostic’s overly broad interpretation of R.C.

2744.01(B)(1)(c) injects meaning and phrasing into otherwise unambiguous
language: that completing a call for emergency medical care and treatment includes

a situation in which the EMS is not providing emergency medical care or treatment.

Notwithstanding, Pakeer has asked us to distinguish Bostic instead of

revisiting it.2 As it stands, Bostic controls on the legal question posed: EMS

personnel are considered to be completing a call for emergency medical care and

treatment throughout the entire time they are responding to a 911 dispatch, even if

it is determined that the patient was not in need of emergency medical care or

treatment. As one jurist commented, “it defies logic that the judiciary would

designate as an emergency” that which was not deemed to be an emergency by the

trained EMS personnel. Fogle v. Bentleyville, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88375, 2008-

Ohio-3660, ¶ 62. Unfortunately, and as illogical as it seems, that is where the law

currently stands in this district.

This adherence to precedent, however, does not afford the City

entitlement to summary judgment. The City is also required to demonstrate the

absence of a material issue of fact as to whether Sampson-Hall’s misconduct could

be considered wanton, defined as “the failure to exercise any care toward those to

whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great probability that

harm will result.” Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, 983

N.E.2d 266, paragraph one of the syllabus.

2 Any decision to revisit Bostic would undoubtedly create a conflict that can only

be resolved through this court’s en banc process.
 Ohio law establishes a “preferential status” for the vehicle or

pedestrian with the right-of-way, and that status determines the standard of care

owed. Johnson v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 2021-Ohio-938, 171

N.E.3d 422, ¶ 71 (8th Dist.), citing Anderson v. Schmidt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

99084, 2013-Ohio-3524, ¶ 22, and Deming v. Osinski, 21 Ohio App.2d 89, 255

N.E.2d 279 (11th Dist.1969), aff’d, 24 Ohio St.2d 179, 265 N.E.2d 554 (1970); see

also Pierce v. Vanbibber, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2639, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS

3210, 7 (June 30, 2000). “Right-of-way” is broadly defined as the “right of a * * *

pedestrian to proceed uninterruptedly in a lawful manner in the direction in which

* * * the individual is moving in preference to another vehicle, streetcar, trackless

trolley, or pedestrian approaching from a different direction into * * * the

individual’s path.” R.C. 4511.01(UU)(1). The person with the right of way “bears no

duty” to yield, avoid, or even look for other drivers who violate that right of way.

(Emphasis added.) Ramos v. Kalfas, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64806, 1994 Ohio

App. LEXIS 2171, 17-18 (May 19, 1994), see also Johnson at id. Any driver of a

vehicle or any pedestrian who is lawfully proceeding in their right of way “has the

right to assume other drivers will obey any laws requiring them to yield the right of

way and has no duty to watch for approaching vehicles that may threaten to violate

the right of way.” Johnson, citing Anderson at ¶ 24; McCullough v. Youngstown

City School Dist., 2019-Ohio-3965, 145 N.E.3d 996, ¶ 46 (7th Dist.), Lydic v.

Earnest, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 02 CA 125, 2004-Ohio-3194, ¶ 25-34, and Morris
v. Bloomgren, 127 Ohio St. 147, 187 N.E. 2 (1933), paragraphs one and five of the

syllabus.

The City is attempting to dispute Pakeer’s right of way, claiming that

Pakeer just stepped out in front of the ambulance contrary to Cleveland Codified

Ordinances 471.01(b), which provides that “[n]o pedestrian shall suddenly leave a

curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle, trackless

trolley, or streetcar which is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.”3 That

provision, however, is not applicable in light of the timing of the traffic control lights

at the E. 21st Street and Chester Avenue intersection. See, e.g., Schmidt, 8th Dist.

3 The City does not discuss the interplay between that section and Cleveland

Codified Ordinances 413.05, which expressly applies to “pedestrian control signals” and
provides that “[a] steady walking person signal indication, which symbolizes ‘walk,’
means that a pedestrian facing the signal indication is permitted to start to cross the
roadway in the direction of the signal indication, possibly in conflict with turning
vehicles.” There is an exception for situations in which the turning vehicle is already in
the intersection when the light first changes, in which case the pedestrian does not possess
the right of way. Although there is a legitimate question whether Sampson-Hall’s vehicle
was “in the intersection” at the time the pedestrian light signaled Pakeer to walk, or
merely “approaching it” as she told the police officers at the scene, R.C. 4511.13(A)(1)(a)(i)
also provides Pakeer with the absolute right of way as to any vehicle turning left facing a
solid, circular green light as occurred in this case when construing the evidence in a light
most favorable to Pakeer. Simply stated, the City has not demonstrated that Cleveland
Codified Ordinances 413.05 is the controlling authority.

The City cites a single statutory section without reference to the myriad of
controlling provisions. This court would have to impermissibly supplement the
arguments and sua sponte discuss all potentially relevant provisions to fully address the
City’s argument. This is beyond an appellate court’s role and responsibility. State v.
Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, 19 N.E.3d 900, ¶ 19, quoting State v.
Bodyke, 126 Ohio St.3d 266, 2010-Ohio-2424, 933 N.E.2d 753, ¶ 78 (O’Donnell, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part). The City has waived its right to rely on any
other statutory provisions that may be applicable to its argument by not timely advancing
them under its burden to demonstrate entitlement to summary judgment. It suffices that
Cleveland Codified Ordinances 413.05 does not control the outcome as a matter of law.
Cuyahoga No. 99084, 2013-Ohio-3524, at ¶ 36-39 (pedestrian established her right

of way to cross the intersection after the “walk” light illuminated by entering the

intersection and did not relinquish the right of way to the right-turning vehicle

controlled by the circular green light).

Pakeer presented evidence confirming the order of the varying

pedestrian and traffic control lights at the intersection. Her expert crash

reconstructionist, Henry Lipian, determined that the westbound traffic control for

Chester Avenue projects a left turn indication in following order: a green turn arrow,

followed by a yellow arrow, during which time the traffic signal for E. 21st Street

pedestrians displays a “do not walk” pictogram. The yellow arrow is lit (or active)

for three seconds. Approximately two seconds after the yellow left turn signal cycles

off becoming a circular, green light, the pedestrian’s “walk” signal illuminates. Thus,

the total time from when the yellow turn arrow illuminates to when the “walk” signal

illuminates is over five seconds. When the “walk” sign is illuminated for pedestrian

traffic crossing E. 21st Street, the signal for Chester Avenue is a solid, circular green,

indicating that westbound traffic on Chester Avenue desiring to turn left must yield

to the right of way of both the oncoming traffic heading eastbound and any

pedestrian crossing E. 21st Street.4 R.C. 4511.13(A)(1)(a)(i) (motor vehicles “facing

4 According to the police report the City belatedly attached to its reply brief in

support of the motion for summary judgment, Pakeer’s expert correctly noted the
duration and sequence of the traffic control lights. However, the City proffered the police
officer’s report for the purpose of considering the officer’s accident reconstruction
analysis to counter Pakeer’s expert. Notwithstanding the improper introduction of new
material in a reply brief, State ex rel. Evans v. Chambers-Smith, 156 Ohio St.3d 430,
2019-Ohio-1335, 128 N.E.3d 213, ¶ 12, citing In re Fuel Adjustment Clauses for Columbus
a circular green signal indication are permitted” to turn left, but must yield to

“[p]edestrians lawfully within an associated crosswalk”). Lipian also calculated

Sampson-Hall’s speed to be 28-31 m.p.h. on the surface streets with 25 m.p.h.

posted speed limits.

Pakeer’s expert established some evidence that Sampson-Hall had not

commenced her turn while the yellow left turn arrow was illuminated, which was

corroborated by Sampson-Hall’s statements to police officers responding to the

accident that she was still approaching the intersection (placing her on Chester

Avenue and not beyond the white stop bar) when the yellow-turn arrow first

illuminated. According to that statement, Sampson-Hall was not in the intersection

when the light transitioned. At her deposition, she claimed to be “in the middle of

the intersection” when the arrow light turned yellow and that she had begun to turn

through the intersection when the light changed to yellow. Her own statements

create an issue of fact as to where the ambulance was positioned when the light

transitioned.

It is also undisputed that five seconds passed before the “walk” signal

activated following the illumination of the yellow turn arrow that Sampson-Hall

witnessed as she approached the intersection. Sampson-Hall maintained that she

never stopped in the intersection despite her claim to have initiated the turn from

S. Power Co. & Ohio Power Co., 140 Ohio St.3d 352, 2014-Ohio-3764, 18 N.E.3d 1157,
¶ 37, and presuming that the officer is qualified to render an opinion as to accident
reconstruction analysis, the City has demonstrated disputed issues of expert opinions that
can only be resolved by the trier of fact. The additional argument and evidence do not
support the City’s claim for summary judgment.
the middle of the intersection just before the yellow arrow illuminated. She claims

to have slowed but kept moving in one continuous motion, and despite the five-

second delay between the pedestrian light and the yellow arrow on Chester Avenue,

Sampson-Hall still collided with Pakeer. Thus, there is an issue of fact as to the

timing of the traffic lights as they relate to Sampson-Hall’s travel.

The pedestrian’s “walk” signal illuminates five seconds after the

Chester Avenue traffic control light for turning traffic illuminates the yellow arrow.

The collision undisputedly occurred after the “walk” signal illuminated and Pakeer

took one or two steps into the intersection (meaning additional time passed after the

walk signal was illuminated). There is enough evidence, construing the disputed

evidence in Pakeer’s favor, demonstrating that she possessed the right of way to

cross the street. Schmidt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99084, 2013-Ohio-3524, at ¶ 36-

39 (pedestrian established her right of way to cross the intersection after the “walk”

light illuminated by entering the intersection and did not relinquish the right of way

to the right-turning vehicle controlled by the circular green light). This impacts the

nature of the duty owed.

Construing the facts in favor of the nonmoving party, we cannot

conclude that the City is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Sampson-Hall,

who was turning left at the controlled intersection, was on a non-emergency

transport that required her to obey all traffic control devices. She owed a duty as a

matter of law to yield to Pakeer’s right of way according to Pakeer’s statement that

the pedestrian “walk” signal had been illuminated before she took her one or two
steps into the street. Sampson-Hall failed to undertake any steps to prevent her

collision with Pakeer. She did not audibly signal to anyone that she intended to

invade the right of way of others by using her siren or horn. She did not attempt to

slow or swerve. She simply continued through the turn without regard to the

pedestrian at a time when the light controlling the intersection required her to yield.

Wanton misconduct is defined as “the failure to exercise any care

toward those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great

probability that harm will result.” Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711,

983 N.E.2d 266, at paragraph one of the syllabus. Sampson-Hall arguably failed to

exercise any care toward Pakeer, who as a pedestrian with the right of way to cross

the street was one to whom Sampson-Hall owed a duty of care. See, e.g., Folmer v.

Meigs Cty. Commrs., 4th Dist. Meigs No. 16CA17, 2018-Ohio-31, ¶ 27-28; see also

Kearns v. Meigs Cty. Emergency Med. Servs., 2017-Ohio-1354, 88 N.E.3d 438, ¶ 21

(4th Dist.). Beyond that, there is also evidence that Sampson-Hall was aware of a

blind spot when turning left caused by her seating position and the large rearview

mirror on the door of the ambulance. Approximately a year before striking Pakeer,

Sampson-Hall collided with a parked police car while operating an ambulance and

attempting to make a left turn. An ensuing accident investigation unit found her

responsible for that event and revealed the blind spot to Sampson-Hall. Thus,

Sampson-Hall was aware of her limited visibility turning left and even recognized

that the blind spot obscured Pakeer immediately upon striking her with the

ambulance.
 At the least, the City has not demonstrated the absence of genuine

issues of material fact with respect to whether Sampson-Hall’s operation of the

vehicle constituted wanton misconduct for the purposes of R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c).

That question is one for the jury to decide based on whose version of events is

deemed more credible. As it stands, for the purposes of summary judgment, Pakeer

established that she had the right of way to cross the intersection and Sampson-Hall

failed to exercise any care toward Pakeer; she turned left through the intersection

that required her to yield to pedestrians who were following the appropriate signals

and knowing she had a large blind spot that would obscure those pedestrians. There

is a genuine issue of material fact that remains, and as a result, the trier of fact must

resolve that factual dispute necessary to rendering a decision on the immunity issue.

The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in the City and Sampson-Hall’s

favor upon all claims.5

The City and Sampson-Hall have failed to demonstrate the absence of

genuine issues of material fact upon the question of their immunity from liability for

the injuries sustained by Pakeer. Under R.C. 2744.02(B)(1), the City may be liable

5 We recognize that the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of
Sampson-Hall upon Pakeer’s claims against her individually under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).
Under that provision, an employee of a political subdivision is not immune from liability
when “(a) The employee’s acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of the
employee’s employment or official responsibilities; or (b) The employee’s acts or
omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner;
or (c) Civil liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a section of the Revised
Code.” In light of the carryover between R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(c) and our above discussion
on the issues of fact surrounding the wanton misconduct, Sampson-Hall’s individual
claim for immunity presents the same factual issues necessitating a trial.
for the negligent operation of a motor vehicle by its employees unless the City can

demonstrate, in part, that the operation of the vehicle did not constitute willful or

wanton misconduct under subdivision (B)(1)(c). In this case, Pakeer has presented

some evidence upon which the trier of fact could reasonably conclude that Sampson-

Hall’s operation of the ambulance constituted wanton misconduct. Summary

judgment was not appropriate.

The trial court’s decision is reversed, and this matter is remanded for

further proceedings.

It is ordered that appellant recover from appellees costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., and
MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J., CONCUR